无载体酶稳定化——交联酶晶体

本文涉及到无载体稳定化问题,介绍无载体稳定化新方法－交联酶晶体（Ｃｒｏｓｓ－ＬｉｎｋｅｄＥｎｚｙｍｅＣｒｙｓｔａｌｓ,ＣＬＥＣｓ）它是近年发展起来的新型酶晶体催化剂,具有酶的一般特性,催化活性和选择性高,在温和条件下反应等,又具有非均相化学催化剂的操作稳定性高,易回收利用的特点,ＣＬＥＣｓ技术是将酶结晶技术和化学交联技术结合,提高酶抵抗极端条件以及有机溶剂中的稳定性,并广泛适应于各种各样的蛋白质及     

酶固化技术最新研究进展(英文)

酶的本质是一种具有催化功能的蛋白质,能影响化学反应。然而,与传统的天然酶分子比较,固化酶相对更为脆弱,而传统的有机或无机催化剂其活性则比较固定。固化酶对于优化产业生产过程非常重要,近几十年来已开发出多种新型固化酶。本文在回顾酶固定化技术最新发展的同时。着重将其最新技术分别从吸附于载体,诱惑侦查及交联等三个方面进行综述。     

酶固化技术最新研究进展

酶的本质是一种具有催化功能的蛋白质,能影响化学反应。然而,与传统的天然酶分子比较,固化酶相对更为脆弱,而传统的有机或无机催化剂其活性则比较固定。固化酶对于优化产业生产过程非常重要,近几十年来已开发出多种新型固化酶。本文在回顾酶固定化技术最新发展的同时。着重将其最新技术分别从吸附于载体,诱惑侦查及交联等三个方面进行综述。     

天然产物的生物合成专刊序言

天然产物是创新药物、食品、香料和日化产品等的重要来源,和人民的健康生活息息相关。近年来,随着现代生物学技术和天然产物化学技术的发展和融合,天然产物生物合成研究得到了迅猛的发展。一批天然产物的生物合成途径被解析,许多天然产物生物合成相关的途径酶与后修饰酶被挖掘和功能表征。进一步,这些参与天然产物生物合成的途径酶编码基因被组装到不同的底盘细胞中,利用合成生物学技术构建细胞工厂,用于天然产物的生物合成。此外,包括基因组编辑等新技术在内的生物技术也被用于天然产物的生物合成。为了进一步促进天然产物生物合成研究的发展,《生物工程学报》特组织出版"天然产物的生物合成"专刊,重点阐述了在天然产物生物合成途径的解析,工具酶的挖掘和功能表征以及生物合成技术制备天然产物三方面所取得的研究进展,并展望未来的发展趋势,为天然产物生物合成的进一步发展提供借鉴和指导。     

香蕉采后炭疽病发生与几丁酶,β—1,3—葡聚糖酶和多巴胺的关系

几丁酶,β－１,３－葡聚糖酶随着香蕉采后炭疽病的发展过程,活性逐渐增加。但当果实出现明显病害症状时活性略有下降。施保功处理在抑制香蕉 采后炭疽病发生的同时也抑制了香焦采后炭疽病发生的同时也抑制了芭蕉炭疽菌可能诱导的几丁酶和β－１,－３葡聚糖酶活性的增加。     

微体的概念及其发展

微体是一种细胞器,其种类主要包括过氧化物酶体、糖酵解酶体和乙醛酸循环体。本文主要介绍了微体的概念及其发展,乙醛酸循环体和过氧化物酶体之间的关系,过氧化物酶体、糖酵解酶体和乙醛酸循环体的功能。     

蛇毒抗栓酶研究进展

本文对蛇毒抗栓酶抗栓作用原理、国内外研究概况、国内生产、研制和质量控制情况进行了详细介绍。根据我们抽检的１８个生产厂家的９３批成品、半成品质量情况,发现在安全、有效和制品纯度方面都存在着较突出的质量问题,有效成分类凝血酶的活性检查是国际上通用的检查指标。我国的地方法规和生产厂家内控质量都未列入该项检查。我们从９３批制剂中只查到６７．７％类凝血酶阳性,没有类凝血酶活性的制品,与我们查到的江浙蝮蛇毒中不含类凝血酶相关。对天然蛇毒的研究,作者建议向综合利用的研究方向发展。     

酶的开发利用与酶工程

近几十年来,由于酶的不断发展,酶的开发利用技术日趋成熟,形成了一门新的技术学科－酶工程．本文对酶工程所涉及的技术范围、研究内容、现状、发展趋向特别是酶的开发利用进行了较为全面的综述。     

酶工程专刊序言

酶工程是酶学与工程科学融合的综合性科学技术,是现代生物技术的支柱之一。近年来我国在酶工程研究方面取得了较大进步,为促进国内酶工程研究的发展,本期"酶工程专刊"集中展现了我国酶工程专家学者在酶促生物转化、医药用酶、饲料用酶、环境修复用酶和生物能源用酶等领域所取得的最新进展。     

酰胺酶高通量筛选方法研究进展

酰胺酶是一种合成手性羧酸和酰胺衍生物的重要工具酶,在不对称合成中具有巨大应用潜力.传统的色谱分析方法通过检测底物及相应的产物去测定酰胺酶活性及立体选择性,十分费时费力.根据显色法、荧光法、NMR等原理,较为全面地综述了近年来国内外发展起来的高通量酰胺酶筛选方法.为酰胺酶筛选中筛选效率低、可靠性差等难题提供借鉴,也可为其他水解酶筛选模型的建立提供思路.     

Parameters necessary to define an immobilized enzyme preparation

Biocatalytic processes continue to find increasing application in industry. Therefore enzyme immobilization has also become of increasing importance as a means of allowing enzyme containment within reactors operating in continuous mode or else separation of enzyme after use in (fed-)batch reactors, as well as potential recycle. Whilst much has been reported in the scientific literature about enzyme immobilization methods, in many cases the protocol leads to losses in enzyme activity. In this review we outline the reasons for loss of activity during immobilization and highlight suitable diagnostic tests to elucidate the precise cause and thereby methods to restore activity. The need for standardized reporting of immobilization methods is also emphasized as a means of benchmarking alternative approaches.     

Characterization of CIM monoliths as enzyme reactors

The immobilization of the enzymes citrate lyase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase to CIM monolithic supports was performed. The long-term stability, reproducibility, and linear response range of the immobilized enzyme reactors were investigated along with the determination of the kinetic behavior of the enzymes immobilized on the CIM monoliths. The Michaelis-Menten constant K(m) and the turnover number k(3) of the immobilized enzymes were found to be flow-unaffected. Furthermore, the K(m) values of the soluble and immobilized enzyme were found to be comparable. Both facts indicate the absence of a diffusional limitation in immobilized CIM enzyme reactors.     

The empirical valence bond as an effective strategy for computer-aided enzyme design

The ability of the empirical valence bond (EVB) to be used in screening active site residues in enzyme design is explored in a preliminary way. This validation is done by comparing the ability of this approach to evaluate the catalytic contributions of various residues in chorismate mutase. It is demonstrated that the EVB model can serve as an accurate tool in the final stages of computer-aided enzyme design (CAED). The ability of the model to predict quantitatively the catalytic power of enzymes should augment the capacity of current approaches for enzyme design.     

Divergence and convergence in enzyme evolution

Comparative analysis of the sequences of enzymes encoded in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes reveals convergence and divergence at several levels. Functional convergence can be inferred when structurally distinct and hence non-homologous enzymes show the ability to catalyze the same biochemical reaction. In contrast, as a result of functional diversification, many structurally similar enzyme molecules act on substantially distinct substrates and catalyze diverse biochemical reactions. Here, we present updates on the ATP-grasp, alkaline phosphatase, cupin, HD hydrolase, and N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolase enzyme superfamilies and discuss the patterns of sequence and structural conservation and diversity within these superfamilies. Typically, enzymes within a superfamily possess common sequence motifs and key active site residues, as well as (predicted) reaction mechanisms. These observations suggest that the strained conformation (the entatic state) of the active site, which is responsible for the substrate binding and formation of the transition complex, tends to be conserved within enzyme superfamilies. The subsequent fate of the transition complex is not necessarily conserved and depends on the details of the structures of the enzyme and the substrate. This variability of reaction outcomes limits the ability of sequence analysis to predict the exact enzymatic activities of newly sequenced gene products. Nevertheless, sequence-based (super)family assignments and generic functional predictions, even if imprecise, provide valuable leads for experimental studies and remain the best approach to the functional annotation of uncharacterized proteins from new genomes.     

Thematic minireview series on enzyme evolution in the post-genomic era

The emergence of genomics; ongoing computational advances; and the development of large-scale sequence, structural, and functional databases have created important new interdisciplinary linkages between molecular evolution, molecular biology, and enzymology. The five minireviews in this series survey advances and challenges in this burgeoning field from complementary perspectives. The series has three major themes. The first is the evolution of enzyme superfamilies, in which members exhibit increasing sequence, structural, and functional divergence with increasing time of divergence from a common ancestor. The second is the evolutionary role of promiscuous enzymes, which, in addition to their primary function, have adventitious secondary activities that frequently provide the starting point for the evolution of new enzymes. The third is the importance of in silico approaches to the daunting challenge of assigning and predicting the functions of the many uncharacterized proteins in the large-scale sequence and structural databases that are now available. A recent computational advance, the use of protein similarity networks that map functional data onto proteins clustered by similarity, is presented as an approach that can improve functional insight and inference. The three themes are illustrated with several examples of enzyme superfamilies, including the amidohydrolase, metallo-β-lactamase, and enolase superfamilies.     

酶分子设计常用策略和进展

酶分子的生物学功能很大程度上是由其三维空间结构和所处溶剂环境共同决定的。因此,优化酶分子的结构性质以及探索其性质最优的溶剂环境是改善酶分子功能以及进行理性设计的一个可行途径。从实际应用的角度来看,分子设计方法可以为酶工程提供一种有效的解决方案。目前,酶分子设计有两个重要的研究方向,包括提高酶分子的催化活力和优化其稳定性。同时,对酶分子设计方法的研究也有助于对蛋白质生物学机理的探索。在近些年的学术界酶分子设计案例中,生物信息学方法得到广泛的应用。本文系统地总结基于生物信息学的酶分子设计方法的背景、策略和一些经典案例。     

The use of reaction timecourses to determine the level of minor contaminants in enzyme preparations

Enzyme mutagenesis is a commonly used tool to investigate the structure and activity of enzymes. However, even minute contamination of a weakly active mutant enzyme by a considerably more active wild-type enzyme can partially or completely obscure the activity of the mutant enzyme. In this work, we propose a theoretical approach using reaction timecourses and initial velocity measurements to determine the actual contamination level of an undesired wild-type enzyme. To test this method, we applied it to a batch of the Q215A/R235A double mutant of orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that was inadvertently contaminated by the more active wild-type OMPDC from Escherichia coli. The enzyme preparation showed significant deviations from the expected kinetic behavior at contamination levels as low as 0.093 mol%. We then confirmed the origin of the unexpected kinetic behavior by deliberately contaminating a sample of the mutant OMPDC from yeast that was known to be pure, with 0.015% wild-type OMPDC from E. coli and reproducing the same hybrid kinetic behavior.     

Sucrose phosphorylase as cross-linked enzyme aggregate: Improved thermal stability for industrial applications

Sucrose phosphorylase is an interesting biocatalyst that can glycosylate a variety of small molecules using sucrose as a cheap but efficient donor substrate. The low thermostability of the enzyme, however, limits its industrial applications, as these are preferably performed at 60°C to avoid microbial contamination. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of the sucrose phosphorylase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis were found to have a temperature optimum that is 17°C higher than that of the soluble enzyme. Furthermore, the immobilized enzyme displays an exceptional thermostability, retaining all of its activity after 1 week incubation at 60°C. Recycling of the biocatalyst allows its use in at least ten consecutive reactions, which should dramatically increase the commercial potential of its glycosylating activity.     

血脂异常相关酶的研究进展

血脂异常在临床上最常见的是高脂蛋白血症。随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,高脂血症作为心脑血管疾病的重要危险因素,更加威胁着人类健康,对脂质异常和相关酶的研究也在逐渐深入。本文综述了几种与脂质代谢异常相关的关键酶及其研究进展。     

Enzymatic hydrolysate of geniposide directly acts as cross-linking agent for enzyme immobilization

Enzyme immobilization is a routine biotechnology of many industries such as pharmaceutical, chemical and food. Among the different techniques of enzyme immobilization, cross-linking methods are often used. Geniposide is a natural product extracted from gardenia and its hydrolysate genipin is one of green cross-linking agent for enzyme immobilization, but the environmental pollution and cost of the genipin extraction process have become the main obstacle to its wide application. Enzyme β-glucosidase was immobilized on chitosan by self-catalysis and further used to hydrolyze geniposide. The laccase was immobilized on Nano-SiO₂ through the hydrolysate of geniposide directly acts as cross-linking agent. The simplification of the extraction steps overcomes the obstacles to the widespread use of genipin. Compared with the free laccase, the Nano-SiO₂@laccase exhibited better pH stability and thermal stability. The Nano-SiO₂@laccase was used to degrade Bisphenol A (BPA) and the biodegradation efficiency of the Nano-SiO₂@laccase was 84.3 % after 10 cycles of reusing.