基于生态-产业共生关系的林业生态安全测度方法构想

通过对林业生态安全内涵构成的研究和对现有测度方法的比较分析,发现国内外林业生态安全测度研究中存在“就生态论生态”的预警滞后性、评价指标体系及权重设定的主观性、指标体系和特征指数难以优势互补、生态安全性判据缺乏客观依据等问题.为解决这些问题,需要基于生态与产业系统的共生关系研究林业生态安全测度的新方法.首先,研究林业生态安全的压力-状态-影响-响应结构模型和结构方程模型(SEM)的构建方法,从而为评价指标体系的构建和权重的确定提供了理论依据和结构化、定量化方法.然后,通过寻求指标体系和特征指数的有机结合,得出描述林业生态安全演变趋势的性质和程度的特征指数——生态-产业共生度和成熟度.由此提出确定林业生态安全阈值和底线的定量化方法,并建立林业生态安全双特征判断矩阵,从而将林业生态安全度分为3个安全区间、6个安全等级和4个预警级别.最后,综合以上成果,构建了基于生态-产业共生关系的林业生态安全测度方法的整体框架:目标-手段树和技术路线.根据新方法的构建机理,所得出的林业生态安全测度和预警信息具有主观性弱、预测性强、特征指数值的生态经济意义明确、便于追溯问题的原因等技术优势,有利于林业生态安全的监控和管理.     

生态红线划分的理论和技术

在重要生态功能区、生态环境敏感区/脆弱区等区域划定生态红线,控制人类活动强度,对于维护区域生态完整性和生态服务功能的可持续性,解决生态环境退化和资源枯竭问题,减轻异常自然灾害不利影响具有重要意义.虽然不少省市已开展生态红线划分和管理试点工作,但生态红线划分的理论和技术尚不完善。生态红线区划和管理急需理论指导和技术支持。对生态红线的内涵进行了分析,指出了空间红线、面积红线和管理红线之间的有机联系,强调了生态安全空间格局和区域生态服务需求在生态红线划分中的重要性;在生态红线划分技术研究综述基础上剖析了生态红线的研究中存在的问题,如划分方法简单粗放、对景观和区域尺度上的空间过程和空间联系考虑不足以及由于部门和学科分割带来的(海)水陆缺乏统筹等;论述了生态适宜性评价、景观/区域安全格局理论、海陆统筹理论、干扰生态学理论、生态系统管理和适应性理论以及驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)模型框架等技术方法和理论以及它们在在生态红线划分中的潜在应用;最后提出了基于生态安全格局和区域生态服务需求的生态红线划分的技术路线,并对今后生态红线划分研究进行了展望。提出的生态红线划分技术和理论方法可为今后生态红线的研究提供有益参考。     

试论生态分类系统在我国数字林业建设中的应用

我国传统森林区划中,二类小班和三类小班两类小班体系同时存在,二者在空间上不一致;即使是同一小班体系,先后两次调查结果也不相同,不利于应用数字技术制定长期的森林管理计划.本文以辽宁东部山区为例,建立生态分类系统(ecological classification system, ECS),共得到5类生态土地类型(ecological land type, ELT),34类生态土地类型相(ecological land type phase, ELTP).以ELTP作为固定小班,设计了一致性森林资源调查方法,解决了我国数字林业建设中的基础技术问题.以生态分类系统和空间信息技术为依托的生态系统管理方法,加上计算机模型和辅助决策界面的支持,构成了数字林业的基本框架.     

生态保护地空间重叠与发展冲突问题研究

不同类型生态保护地的空间用地冲突问题已成为国家生态保护地体系管理面临的共性问题,是国家公园体制建设必须面对的核心问题之一。分析了我国主要类型生态保护地的发展、功能分类及空间用地冲突现状,结合案例地区对承载不同功能的生态保护地空间发展冲突分析,提出以"核心目标协同管理"为基础框架的多类型生态保护地精细管控体系和管理对策建议,为科学开展全国自然保护区"绿盾行动"专项执法检查、完善国家公园管理体制建设提供参考。     

自然生态空间格局构建与规划理论研究

广义的生态空间是指具有自然属性,以提供生态系统服务为主导功能的空间,包括自然生态空间、城镇生态空间和农业生态空间。自然生态空间是指与城镇空间、农业空间并列的,分布在城镇空间与农业空间之外的国土空间,在分布上具有完整性和连续性。探讨了自然生态空间的定义、内涵以及自然生态空间格局构建的理论和技术要点,提出以重要生态功能维护格局、人居环境屏障格局和生物多样性保护格局为主体,构建自然生态空间格局体系的思路。自然生态空间格局构建的最终目的是对国土空间开发行为进行管控,理顺保护与发展的关系,最终达到保护重要生态空间及促进区域可持续发展的目的。在落实生态文明战略、维护国家生态安全的背景下,构建自然生态空间格局对于优化国土空间开发格局,指导生态保护与建设具有重要意义。     

关于生态文明建设与评价的理论思考

基于近代人类社会发展的主线,本文认为生态文明是指具有保持和改善生态系统服务,并能够为民众提供可持续福利的文明形态.进一步可以认为,生态文明是指能够实现可持续发展的文明形态.基于这样的理解,本文阐述了生态文明的内涵,分析了生态文明建设的内容,建立了生态文明建设的基本评价框架和趋善化模型评价框架,探讨了生态文明建设的保障体系.     

海洋生态红线区划--以海南省为例

随我国沿海地区社会经济迅速发展,各种不合理的资源开发活动已使海洋生态系统遭受严重威胁,亟需实施海洋生态红线制度为海洋生态保护与生态建设、优化区域开发与产业布局提供合理空间边界。介绍了生态红线概念的起源和内涵,提出了海洋生态红线的定义和基本原则,并以海南省为例介绍了海洋生态红线区划的技术框架,同时针对海洋生态红线区划面临的若干问题进行探讨,以期为我国海洋生态红线区划研究提供参考。     

基于城市生态系统研究范式构建生态功能红线理论方法及其应用

生态红线是保障区域生态系统健康和生态服务可持续性供给所必须严格保护的最小空间范围,科学划定生态红线是提高区域生态功能的重要举措。本文总结了生态红线的内涵和研究进展,重新搭建了以生态功能、环境和资源为对象,落在时间、空间、管理三维度上三条红线的组合理论框架体系,包括"生态功能红线"、"环境红线"和"资源红线"。以生态功能红线为例,从生态系统自身出发,基于城市生态系统的格局、过程、功能与宜人性的研究范式提出其划定方法,并以天津蓟县为案例,结合区域特征,区划出蓟县县域生态功能红线面积共11425 hm~2,主要分布在蓟县北部山区和河流流域。并针对相应红线区提出了对应的管控措施。本文是对生态功能红线理论、方法、模型和应用的初探,以期为后续生态红线的研究提供理论和方法支撑。     

生态林业与林业可持续发展的有效途径分析

生态林业与林业的可持续发展,对经济、社会、经济都具有非常重要的意义,因此要重点关注。本文从生态林业与本质出发与本质出发,论述了生态可持续发展的主要途径,并详细分析了生态林业可持续发展的有效措施。     

辽宁东部山区林地生态分类系统

以数字高程模型和SPOT-5遥感数据为数据源,通过地理信息系统的空间分析,在辽宁东部山区有代表性实验区域内,完成了生态土地类型(ELT)和生态土地类型相(ELTP)两个等级的分类和绘图,构成了生态分类系统(ECS)等级结构中最低的两个层次.实验区域内共得到5种ELT和34种ELTP.ELT的划分以环境特征为基础,表征了植被分布的潜在状况和森林生态系统潜在的生产力.ELTP是对ELT的再划分,是生态分类系统的最小单元,相当于我国林业区划中的小班.ELTP既包含ELT中的环境信息又包含现存植被构成的信息,具有空间精准、生态学含义明确的优点.在森林管理活动中,采用ELTP代替小班可以从景观尺度科学地指导森林经营计划编制,调整森林管理方式,实现对森林生态系统的有效管理.     

面向生态系统服务的森林生态系统经营:现状、挑战与展望

森林生态系统是地球陆地生态系统的主体,它具有很高的生物生产力和生物量以及丰富的生物多样性,对全球生态系统和人类经济社会发展起着至关重要和无可替代的作用。伴随着人口的不断增长和经济社会的迅猛发展,对森林资源和森林生态系统服务的需求不断高涨,而且人类对森林资源价值的认识也发生了很大程度的改变。推进森林资源可持续经营,增加森林总量、提高森林质量、增强生态功能,已成为中国林业可持续发展乃至推进中国生态文明建设和建设美丽中国的战略任务。本文全面综述了森林生态系统经营发展历程,分析了森林生态系统经营的现状和存在问题,在此基础上,提出整合基于生态系统管理与满足现代人类福祉对森林多重需求的新的森林生态系统经营理念,面向生态系统服务的森林生态系统经营理念是未来的发展趋势。森林经营发展战略表现为:1)从单纯的森林面积数量扩张,转变到提高单位面积的森林生产力和森林质量;2)从单一追求木材生产逐步转变为多目标经营,将森林林产品单一的经营目标转变为广泛的生态、经济和社会等多目标经营;3)森林经营重点从林分水平转变为森林景观的经营,强调森林景观的时空异质性和动态变化,权衡和协同多种生态系统的服务功能,倡导森林景观的多样性和连通性,提高森林与其它土地利用模式镶嵌构成的复合景观的可持续性和稳定性,增强森林生态系统对气候变化影响的适应能力;4)森林生态系统经营将从依赖传统经验的主观决策转变为信息化、数字化和智能化的决策,发展森林生态系统经营决策支持系统和森林景观恢复与空间经营规划系统。     

加强森林经营,实现森林保护与木材供应双赢

中国森林目前面临木材自给和生态安全的严重挑战.我国用1.2×108 hm2耕地养活了13亿人口,能否用2×108 hm2森林提供13亿人的用材,实现木材基本自给和森林保护的"双赢"?本文在分析我国林业的基本形势和实现木材自给必要性的基础上,从生产潜力和技术方面论证了实现木材自给和生态服务双赢的可能性.认为只要坚持以"森林经营"为核心,以培育稳定健康的森林生态系统为目标,以模拟森林的自然过程为手段重建森林生态系统,科学编制和执行森林经营规划,并加强林区基础建设和完善相应的林业政策,中国完全有可能实现生态保护与木材自给的"双赢".     

Producing wood at least cost to biodiversity: integrating Triad and sharing–sparing approaches to inform forest landscape management

Forest loss and degradation are the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Rising global wood demand threatens further damage to remaining native forests. Contrasting solutions across a continuum of options have been proposed, yet which of these offers most promise remains unresolved. Expansion of high-yielding tree plantations could free up forest land for conservation provided this is implemented in tandem with stronger policies for conserving native forests. Because plantations and other intensively managed forests often support far less biodiversity than native forests, a second approach argues for widespread adoption of extensive management, or ‘ecological forestry’, which better simulates natural forest structure and disturbance regimes – albeit with compromised wood yields and hence a need to harvest over a larger area. A third, hybrid suggestion involves ‘Triad’ zoning where the landscape is divided into three sorts of management (reserve, ecological/extensive management, and intensive plantation). Progress towards resolving which of these approaches holds the most promise has been hampered by the absence of a conceptual framework and of sufficient empirical data formally to identify the most appropriate landscape-scale proportions of reserves, extensive, and intensive management to minimize biodiversity impacts while meeting a given level of demand for wood. In this review, we argue that this central challenge for sustainable forestry is analogous to that facing food-production systems, and that the land sharing–sparing framework devised to establish which approach to farming could meet food demand at least cost to wild species can be readily adapted to assess contrasting forest management regimes. We develop this argument in four ways: (i) we set out the relevance of the sharing–sparing framework for forestry and explore the degree to which concepts from agriculture can translate to a forest management context; (ii) we make design recommendations for empirical research on sustainable forestry to enable application of the sharing–sparing framework; (iii) we present overarching hypotheses which such studies could test; and (iv) we discuss potential pitfalls and opportunities in conceptualizing landscape management through a sharing–sparing lens. The framework we propose will enable forest managers worldwide to assess trade-offs directly between conservation and wood production and to determine the mix of management approaches that best balances these (and other) competing objectives. The results will inform ecologically sustainable forest policy and management, reduce risks of local and global extinctions from forestry, and potentially improve a valuable sector's social license to operate.     

Sustainable use of tropical forests by reduced-impact logging in Deramakot Forest Reserve,Sabah, Malaysia

In pursuance of economic growth and development, logging has exhausted the natural timber resource in the tropical rainforest of Sabah, Malaysia. Realizing the forest depletion, the Sabah Forestry Department, with technical support from the German Agency for Technical Cooperation, begun developing a management system with the intent of managing all commercial forest reserves in a way that mimics natural processes for sustainable production of low volume, high quality, and high priced timber products in 1989. As dictated by a forest management plan based on forest zoning, about 51,000 ha of the entire area is set aside for log production and 4,000 ha for conservation in Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. This Forest Management Plan has served as the blueprint for operational work and biodiversity conservation in Deramakot to the present. A strict protection area is set aside for biodiversity conservation within the reserve. A reduced-impact logging system is being employed for harvesting with minimal impacts on the physical environment. Deramakot Forest Reserve was certified as “well managed” by an international certification body, the Forest Stewardship Council, in 1997 and is the first natural forest reserve in Southeast Asia managed in accordance with sustainable forestry principles. In addition to providing a "green premium," certification provides easier market access, evidence of legality, multi-stakeholder participation, conservation of biodiversity and best forest management practices, particularly reduced-impact logging techniques. Deramakot Forest Reserve is the flagship of the Sabah Forestry Department and serves as a symbol of what can be achieved with political support and institutional commitment.     

生态土地分类研究进展

土地分类是土地评价,替代和管理的基础,对林业资源可持续利用具有重要的意义。生态土地分类是目前土地分类的主要方向和趋势。国际上早已开展此项研究。随着景观生态学和3S技术的发展,生态分类系统的研制已成为生态土地分类的重点。本文对生态土地分类的定义,特点,发展历史,生态分类系统理论,以及国际生态分类系统的发展趋势进行了系统的综述,并指出以资源（森林,土地,水域等）多目标管理为基础,定量与定性相结合的多因子多层次综合是未来生态土地研究发展的总趋势,有必要在我国大力开展相关研究。     

生态土地分类研究进展

土地分类是土地评价、规划和管理的基础,对林业资源可持续利用具有重要的意义.生态土地分类是目前土地分类的主要方向和趋势,国际上早已开展此项研究.随着景观生态学和3S技术的发展,生态分类系统的研制已成为生态土地分类的重点.本文对生态土地分类的定义、特点、发展历史、生态分类系统理论,以及国际生态分类系统的发展趋势进行了系统的综述,并指出以资源(森林、土地、水域等)多目标管理为基础,定量与定性相结合的多因子多层次综合是未来生态土地研究发展的总趋势,有必要在我国大力开展相关研究.     

试论生态分类系统在我国天然林保护与经营中的应用

我国林业的发展正面临前所未有的机遇和挑战,现有资料表明,一方面,我国林业的宏观政策以及森林的采伐更新过程缺乏基本生态学原理的支持;另一方面,仅研究生态学理论还不够,还要研究生态学理论转化为生产力的工具,生产态分类系统是确定、描述和纵制生态系统类型图的方法。应用这种多层次系统的目的是用图的形式是把森景观的生物和环境特征抽象化,综合化、标准化和整体化,以实现生态系统管理的目标。通过纵绘制各种景观特征、林业人员可以根据土地承载力及适应性 确定森林的经营方向和经营措施,生态分类系统在吉林省东部针阔混交林区试验应用。     

A system-wide assessment of forest biomass production,markets, and carbon

This study examines the effects of supplying forest biomass on forest ecosystem services and goods with a dynamic systems model. This unique analysis models dynamic trade and investments in forestry, thereby capturing price changes from increased forest biomass demand on current and future flows of forest ecosystem services and natural capital stocks. Forests across the globe are interconnected through timber and forest biomass markets, which influence forest management decisions, land rents, and policy responses. Results indicate that expanding forest biomass consumption, even at relatively low levels, will have important impacts on ecosystem services, particularly the benefits of terrestrial carbon sequestration and timber outputs. Increased forest biomass production can be achieved with smaller impacts on ecosystem services through policies targeting natural forest preservation. However, policies that encourage residual biomass use for energy or discourage forest plantation expansion could potentially compromise carbon benefits.     

Transitional forestry in New Zealand: re-evaluating the design and management of forest systems through the lens of forest purpose

Forestry management worldwide has become increasingly effective at obtaining high timber yields from productive forests. In New Zealand, a focus on improving an increasingly successful and largely Pinus radiata plantation forestry model over the last 150 years has resulted in some of the most productive timber forests in the temperate zone. In contrast to this success, the full range of forested landscapes across New Zealand, including native forests, are impacted by an array of pressures from introduced pests, diseases, and a changing climate, presenting a collective risk of losses in biological, social and economic value. As the national government policies incentivise reforestation and afforestation, the social acceptability of some forms of newly planted forests is also being challenged. Here, we review relevant literature in the area of integrated forest landscape management to optimise forests as nature-based solutions, presenting ‘transitional forestry’ as a model design and management paradigm appropriate to a range of forest types, where forest purpose is placed at the heart of decision making. We use New Zealand as a case study region, describing how this purpose-led transitional forestry model can benefit a cross section of forest types, from industrialised forest plantations to dedicated conservation forests and a range of multiple-purpose forests in between. Transitional forestry is an ongoing multi-decade process of change from current ‘business-as-usual’ forest management to future systems of forest management, embedded across a continuum of forest types. This holistic framework incorporates elements to enhance efficiencies of timber production, improve overall forest landscape resilience, and reduce some potential negative environmental impacts of commercial plantation forestry, while allowing the ecosystem functioning of commercial and non-commercial forests to be maximised, with increased public and biodiversity conservation value. Implementation of transitional forestry addresses tensions that arise between meeting climate mitigation targets and improving biodiversity criteria through afforestation, alongside increasing demand for forest biomass feedstocks to meet the demands of near-term bioenergy and bioeconomy goals. As ambitious government international targets are set for reforestation and afforestation using both native and exotic species, there is an increasing opportunity to make such transitions via integrated thinking that optimises forest values across a continuum of forest types, while embracing the diversity of ways in which such targets can be reached.