生态红线划分的理论和技术

在重要生态功能区、生态环境敏感区/脆弱区等区域划定生态红线,控制人类活动强度,对于维护区域生态完整性和生态服务功能的可持续性,解决生态环境退化和资源枯竭问题,减轻异常自然灾害不利影响具有重要意义.虽然不少省市已开展生态红线划分和管理试点工作,但生态红线划分的理论和技术尚不完善。生态红线区划和管理急需理论指导和技术支持。对生态红线的内涵进行了分析,指出了空间红线、面积红线和管理红线之间的有机联系,强调了生态安全空间格局和区域生态服务需求在生态红线划分中的重要性;在生态红线划分技术研究综述基础上剖析了生态红线的研究中存在的问题,如划分方法简单粗放、对景观和区域尺度上的空间过程和空间联系考虑不足以及由于部门和学科分割带来的(海)水陆缺乏统筹等;论述了生态适宜性评价、景观/区域安全格局理论、海陆统筹理论、干扰生态学理论、生态系统管理和适应性理论以及驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)模型框架等技术方法和理论以及它们在在生态红线划分中的潜在应用;最后提出了基于生态安全格局和区域生态服务需求的生态红线划分的技术路线,并对今后生态红线划分研究进行了展望。提出的生态红线划分技术和理论方法可为今后生态红线的研究提供有益参考。

Primary exploration of ecological theories and technologies for delineation of ecological redline zones

Delineation and management of ecological redline zones in important eco-functional areas and ecological sensitive/fragile areas are necessary for maintaining regional ecological integrity and for sustaining ecosystem functions and services. Ecological redline zones are expected to help to solve the problems of environmental degradation and natural resource depletion and to alleviate the adverse effects of natural disasters. In spite of the many practices of planning of ecological redline zones, delineation and management of ecological redline zones are still far from mature. Therefore, ecological theories and technologies for delineation and management of ecological redline zones are urgently needed. In this paper, the concept and connotation of an ecological redline zone are addressed, emphasizing the roles of a landscape or a regional spatial security pattern and necessity of regional ecological services in delineation of ecological redline zones. The review and discussion on the advancement of ecological redline research at home and abroad are then presented, highlighting the reference values of foreign researches in the title of ecosystem-based management, marine spatial planning, site selection for nature reserves, and protection level classification of nature reserves for ecological redline research at home. We address the problems with delineation of ecological redline zones including simple adoption of the current zonation map without adequate consideration of the issue of scale, inadequate consideration of the spatial process and connections in the landscape or regional context, the lack of ecosystem process simulation based human impact assessment and sea-land overall planning. According to our understanding of ecological redline zones, we elaborate the ecological theories and technologies such as ecological-suitability analysis, disturbance theory, ecosystem-based management, landscape/regional security pattern, sea-land overall planning, the driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework, and their implications for delineation and management of ecological redline zones. Subsequently, we propose a technology chart that is based on an ecological security pattern and on urgency of regional ecological service requirements for delineation of ecological redline zones, thus showing how to apply these theories and technologies to delineation and management of ecological redline zones. Finally, we discuss possible future hot spots for ecological redline research and provide some suggestions on how to improve research level of ecological redline in China. The theories and technologies, especially the flow chart for delineation and management of ecological redline zones, are expected to serve as valuable references for future studies related to ecological redline zones.