利用红外相机监测四川大相岭自然保护区鸟兽物种多样性

红外相机调查技术已成为地栖兽类与鸟类物种多样性研究的重要手段之一, 2017年10月至2018年10月, 我们在四川大相岭自然保护区布设167台红外相机进行生物多样性监测。红外相机累计工作6,738个工作日, 共获得独立有效照片3,317张, 其中野生兽类2,673张、野生鸟类644张。鉴定出野生兽类5目14科23种, 野生鸟类5目11科33种。国家一级重点保护野生动物有3种, 即大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、四川羚牛(Budorcas tibetanus)和林麝(Moschus berezovskii); 国家二级重点保护野生动物有10种, 分别是藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)、黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)、黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)、中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)、水鹿(Cervus equinus)、血雉(Ithaginis cruentus)、白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)、白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)和红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)。其中, 属于《中国脊椎动物红色名录》中极危的有1种, 即林麝, 易危的有9种, 近危的有10种; 被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危的有2种, 易危的有5种, 近危的有3种; 被CITES附录I收录的有4种, 附录II收录的有6种。新记录物种7种, 分别是灰鼯鼠(Petaurista xanthotis)、水鹿、黄颈啄木鸟(Dendrocopos darjellensis)、星鸦(Nucifraga caryocatactes)、白眉鸫(Turdus obscurus)、蓝短翅鸫(Brachypteryx montana)和红翅噪鹛(Trochalopteron formosum)。物种相对丰富度最高的3种动物分别是毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus, RAI = 125.26)、藏酋猴(RAI = 64.71)和红腹角雉(RAI = 43.34)。本次监测初步掌握了四川大相岭自然保护区内大中型兽类和林下活动鸟类的种类组成和相对多度, 为野生动物的研究与保护管理提供了参考依据。     

运用红外相机调查云南巍山青华绿孔雀自然保护区的鸟兽多样性

2016年10月至2017年9月, 作者在云南巍山青华绿孔雀自然保护区的核心区和缓冲区的28个监测位点布设红外相机, 累计监测6,377台日, 共获得独立有效照片1,692张, 其中兽类563张, 鸟类1,129张。鉴定出71种鸟类和兽类, 其中兽类13种, 分属5目11科; 鸟类58种, 分属9目23科。国家一级重点保护动物有2种, 即黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)和林麝(Moschus berezovskii); 国家二级重点保护动物有7种, 分别是黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)、松雀鹰(Accipiter virgatus)、普通鵟(Buteo japonicus)、白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)、白鹇(Lophuar nycthemera)、领角鸮(Otus lettia)和灰林鸮(Strix aluco)。在《中国脊椎动物红色名录》中, 1种被评估为极危, 3种被评估为易危。CITES附录I收录的有1种, 附录II收录的有7种。物种相对丰富度最高的是黑领噪鹛(Garrulax pectoralis, 5.68), 其次是赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus, 2.81)、赤麂(Muntiacus muntjak, 1.68)。本次物种调查结果可反映本保护区大、中型兽类和地栖性鸟类本底, 为保护区管理和野生动物长期监测提供了数据。     

拟建川藏铁路(康定至巴塘段)沿线野生鸟兽的红外相机调查

野生动物调查是开展生物多样性研究和保护的基础。本研究以国家重大工程建设为契机, 于2019年3月至2020年3月, 利用红外相机技术对拟建川藏铁路(康定至巴塘段)沿线的兽类和鸟类进行了初步调查。共布设相机85台, 获得56台相机数据,累计获得20,440个相机工作日, 共获得独立有效照片3,656张, 其中野生兽类2,571张, 野生鸟类565张。记录到野生兽类与鸟类共57种, 其中兽类26种, 隶属5目12科, 鸟类31种, 隶属4目14科。国家I级重点保护野生动物有5种, 即金钱豹(Panthera pardus)、马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)、荒漠猫(Felis bieti)、黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)和黄喉雉鹑(Tetraophasis szechenyii), 国家II级重点保护野生动物有棕熊(Ursus arctos)、猕猴(Macaca mulatta)等18种。被IUCN评估为濒危(EN)的物种2种, 即马麝和矮岩羊(Pseudois schaeferi); 易危(VU)和近危(NT)的物种分别为7种和5种。被CITES纳入附录I、附录II和附录III的物种分别为7种、8种和4种。兽类中相对多度指数(relative abundance index, RAI)最高的为毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus, RAI = 8.366), 鸟类中相对多度指数最高的为血雉(Ithaginis cruentus, RAI = 0.861)。本研究利用红外相机对拟建川藏铁路沿线(康定至巴塘段)非保护区区域进行兽类和鸟类的调查研究, 确定了物种丰富度较高的4处区域, 为后续铁路建设中的保护措施提供了科学依据。     

四川白河国家级自然保护区鸟兽红外相机监测

为了调查四川白河国家级自然保护区及其周边区域兽类及鸟类多样性, 2018年11月至2019年9月, 我们利用GIS将调查区域划分成1 km × 1 km的网格, 并布设了110台红外相机, 每3-6个月回收一次数据。累计获得19,748个相机工作日, 采集可辨别鸟兽照片和视频55,858份, 独立有效探测6,856次, 共记录到野生兽类4目12科17种, 鸟类5目12科33种。其中, 国家I级重点保护野生动物5种, 即川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)、林麝(Moschus berezovskii)、四川羚牛(Budorcas tibetanus)、红喉雉鹑(Tetraophasis obscurus)和绿尾虹雉(Lophophorus lhuysii); 国家II级重点保护野生动物有黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)和中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)等15种, 合计占野生物种总数的40.0%; 被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)的2种, 易危(VU)的5种, 近危(NT)的2种, 合计占野生物种总数的18.0%; 被《中国脊椎动物红色名录》评估为极危(CR)的1种, 濒危(EN)的1种, 易危(VU)的8种, 近危(NT)的9种, 合计占野生物种总数的38.0%。相对多度指数较高的前5种兽类为毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)、野猪(Sus scrofa)和川金丝猴, 相对多度指数较高的前5种鸟类为红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)、红嘴蓝鹊(Urocissa erythrorhyncha)、紫啸鸫(Myophonus caeruleus)、勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)和橙翅噪鹛(Trochalopteron elliotii)。本调查为白河国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性研究提供了基础数据, 为后续保护区的保护和管理工作提供了支持。     

利用红外相机公里网格调查钱江源国家公园的兽类及鸟类多样性

2014年5月至2019年4月, 作者采用红外相机技术调查了浙江省钱江源国家公园的兽类及鸟类多样性。将整个国家公园划分为267个1 km × 1 km的调查网格, 每个网格内设置3个固定调查位点, 使用1台红外相机定期在同一网格内的位点之间进行轮换。其中, 古田山片区在5年内共完成14轮次调查, 古田山以外的区域自2018年7月纳入调查范围, 何田、长虹片区完成2次轮换, 齐溪片区完成1次轮换。在253个网格内的741个有效位点上共获得140,413个相机工作日的数据, 采集兽类和鸟类的照片和视频268,833份, 有效探测数74,368次, 鉴定出21种野生兽类, 72种野生鸟类, 5种家畜及家禽。包括国家一级重点保护野生动物2种, 即黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)、白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti); 国家二级重点保护野生动物17种, 合计占野生物种总数的20.4%。被IUCN物种红色名录评估为易危(VU)的5种, 近危(NT)的4种, 合计占物种总数的9.7%。被中国脊椎动物红色名录评估为濒危(EN)的1种, 易危(VU)的9种, 近危(NT)的10种, 合计占物种总数的21.5%。相对多度指数最高的大中型兽类为小麂(Muntiacus reevesi), 鸟类为白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)。本次调查获得了国家公园内兽类和鸟类的多样性组成、空间分布和相对多度, 为长期科研监测和科学管理提供了基础数据。     

龙溪—虹口国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性红外相机调查结果初报

掌握野生动植物本底资源是各级自然保护区生物多样性监测研究和保护管理的重要环节。为了建立龙溪-虹口国家级自然保护区内兽类和鸟类多样性资源的长期监测机制,于2013年9月至2014年11月,我们采用红外相机技术在龙溪沟和虹口峡谷等区域按公里网格布设了57个监测点,调查地面活动的兽类和鸟类。红外相机累计工作达11,847个工作日,共记录到兽类和鸟类物种61种,其中兽类5目12科21种,鸟类3目10科40种,包括猎隼（Falco cherrug）、光背地鸫（Zoothera mollissima）、长尾地鸫（Zoothera dixoni）、灰翅鸫（Turdus boulboul）、锈脸钩嘴鹛（Pomatorhinus erythrogenys）、红嘴鸦雀（Conostoma aemodium）和褐鸦雀（Paradoxornis unicolor）7种鸟类为保护区新记录种。调查到的兽类被列为国家I级和II级重点保护野生动物的分别为4种和5种,被IUCN红色名录评估为“濒危EN”和“易危VU” 的物种各3种,被评为 “近危NT”级别的物种有4种;鸟类被列为国家II级重点保护野生动物的有5种,被IUCN红色名录评估为“濒危EN”的物种有1种。本次调查补充更新了龙溪-虹口自然保护区地栖息鸟类名录,初步了解了保护区内地面活动大中型兽类和鸟类的物种组成和分布,为保护区建立野生动物红外相机常规监测和保护管理提供了基础数据。     

新疆阿尔泰山喀纳斯河谷鸟兽物种的红外相机监测

2014年6月至2016年8月, 利用红外相机技术对新疆喀纳斯国家级自然保护区内喀纳斯河谷的兽类和鸟类多样性进行了调查, 共布设36个相机位点, 累计12,006个拍摄日, 收集独立有效照片2,038张, 共鉴定野生动物51种, 其中兽类4目8科15种, 鸟类9目15科36种。记录到国家I级重点保护野生动物3种, 即紫貂(Martes zibellina)、貂熊(Gulo gulo)和黑鹳(Ciconia nigra); 国家II级保护动物11种。9种被中国脊椎动物红色名录列为受威胁物种, 其中极危(CR) 1种, 即驼鹿(Alces alces); 濒危(EN) 3种, 即貂熊、马鹿(Cervus canadensis)和松鸡(Tetrao urogallus); 易危(VU) 5种。白背啄木鸟(Dendrocopos leucotos)等14种鸟类为保护区新记录, 我们首次在野外拍摄到驼鹿指名亚种(A. a. alces)。物种相对多度指数(relative abundance index, RAI)分析结果显示, 马鹿为喀纳斯河谷兽类优势种(RAI = 9.878), 鸟类中星鸦(Nucifraga caryocatactes)相对多度最高(0.258)。我们建议保护区进一步对雪豹(Panthera uncia)、原麝(Moschus moschiferus)等物种开展专项调查和评估。本论文为阿尔泰山喀纳斯河谷鸟兽多样性研究提供了基础数据, 有助于后续物种保护和管理计划的开展。     

四川老河沟保护地2011-2015年野生动物红外相机监测数据集

红外相机技术目前已成为调查、记录陆生大中型兽类和地栖鸟类的最有效方法之一, 为自然保护地的生物多样性编目、野生动物本底调查提供了可靠的数据基础。老河沟保护地位于四川省平武县, 地处岷山山脉中段, 面积110 km², 是大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)、红喉雉鹑(Tetraophasis obscurus)等珍稀濒危野生动物的自然栖息地。本文汇总、整理了老河沟保护地2011-2015年的红外相机监测记录, 提供了完整的红外相机监测数据集。数据集包括红外相机有效位点130个, 海拔跨度1,317-3,265 m, 总有效相机工作日10,185 d。红外相机拍摄记录159,694条, 其中兽类记录91,839条, 独立有效照片3,017张, 包括分属5目15科的野生兽类28种; 鸟类记录37,775条, 独立有效照片1,311张, 包括分属7目19科的野生鸟类60种; 两栖类记录8条, 独立有效照片2张, 包括1目1科1种; 家畜记录47条, 独立有效照片5张。     

贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区鸟兽红外相机监测

红外相机监测是了解野生动物多样性现状、动态变化和面临威胁的重要手段。本研究采用网格抽样调查法, 在贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区内选取2个监测样区共40个监测位点布设红外相机, 对区内兽类和鸟类物种进行监测调查。2017年4月至2018年12月间, 红外相机累积监测14,808个相机工作日, 共收集有效照片14,119张, 独立有效物种照片3,199张。共鉴定野生动物9目22科61种, 其中兽类26种, 隶属于4目12科; 鸟类35种, 隶属于5目10科。记录到国家I级重点保护野生动物2种: 黔金丝猴(Rhinopithecus brelichi)和白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti), 国家II级重点保护野生动物9种; 被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危(EN)的1种、易危(VU)的5种、近危(NT)的8种。物种的相对多度指数(relative abundance index, RAI)分析结果显示, 藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana, RAI = 28.23)、毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus, RAI = 15.46)、野猪(Sus scrofa, RAI = 11.82)、小麂(Muntiacus reevesi, RAI = 9.05)、黔金丝猴(RAI = 7.70)为相对多度最高的5种兽类; 紫啸鸫(Myophonus insularis, RAI = 10.33)、红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii, RAI = 9.59)、红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus, RAI = 6.96)、白颈长尾雉(RAI = 3.71)、勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha, RAI = 1.55)为相对多度最高的5种鸟类。另外, 红外相机还监测到较多的家畜活动(RAI = 11.14)和人为活动(RAI = 12.90), 保护区管理部门仍需采取相应管理措施, 进一步提高周边居民的保护意识, 促进保护区与社区的协调发展。     

江西武夷山国家级自然保护区林下鸟类和兽类资源的红外相机监测

红外相机技术已成为野生动物监测的一种有效手段, 在自然保护区物种资源的清查中具有重要的应用价值。为了进一步完善江西武夷山国家级自然保护区鸟兽的编目信息, 2016年11月至2018年8月, 我们按样线法布设了52台红外相机进行连续监测。本次调查累计18,417个相机工作日, 拍摄到独立有效照片8,908张, 记录到野生兽类与鸟类共62种, 其中兽类20种, 隶属5目13科, 鸟类42种, 隶属5目14科。国家I级重点保护野生动物有2种, 即黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)和黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti), 国家II级重点保护野生动物有亚洲黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)和中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)等10种。被IUCN红色名录评估为易危的有4种, 近危的5种。兽类相对多度指数居于前三位的依次为小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)和野猪(Sus scrofa); 鸟类相对多度指数位于前三位的是白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)、紫啸鸫(Myophonus caeruleus)和黑领噪鹛(Garrulax pectoralis)。物种相对多度指数沿海拔梯度呈现中部高、两侧低的单峰模式, 以800-1,200 m的区域最高。本文结果可为保护区的野生动物资源清查提供基础数据, 也为后续保护区管理政策的制定提供参考。     

生物多样性事业需要科学、可操作的物种概念

物种概念(species concept)是生物学家们持续关注的中心问题。物种概念决定物种划分, 而物种划分的合理性关系到生物多样性的研究、保护和可持续利用。本文把现有较流行的物种概念分为6类, 并对它们予以述评后指出: 虽然生物学物种概念、遗传学物种概念、进化物种概念、系统发生物种概念等从不同方面认识了物种的客观真实性和物种的本质, 但在实践中都难以操作。绝大多数物种是由分类学家划分的, 但目前所有的分类学物种概念都包含有不同程度的主观因素, 从而造成物种划分的人为性, 对生物多样性研究造成负面影响。因此, 生物多样性事业需要科学、可操作的物种概念。本文在吸收了生物学物种概念、遗传学物种概念、进化物种概念以及系统发生物种概念等的长处, 也分析了它们的不足和问题的基础上提出一个新的物种概念, 即形态-生物学物种概念。最后, 以芍药属(Paeonia)几个物种的处理为例, 说明这一新的物种概念是可操作的, 划分的物种在形态上区别分明, 易于鉴别。更重要的是, 其结果得到基于25或26个单拷贝或寡拷贝核基因DNA序列所作的系统发生分析的强有力支持。各个物种在系统发生树上形成单系和独立的谱系, 表明其间各自形成独立的基因库, 没有基因交换, 它们独立进化, 有各自的生态位和独立的分布区。因此, 利用这一新的物种概念能够达到预期目标。     

Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges

Freshwater biodiversity is the over‐riding conservation priority during the International Decade for Action ‐‘Water for Life’ ‐ 2005 to 2015. Fresh water makes up only 0.01% of the World's water and approximately 0.8 % of the Earth's surface, yet this tiny fraction of global water supports at least 100 000 species out of approximately 1.8 million ‐ almost 6% of all described species. Inland waters and freshwater biodiversity constitute a valuable natural resource, in economic, cultural, aesthetic, scientific and educational terms. Their conservation and management are critical to the interests of all humans, nations and governments. Yet this precious heritage is in crisis. Fresh waters are experiencing declines in biodiversity far greater than those in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems, and if trends in human demands for water remain unaltered and species losses continue at current rates, the opportunity to conserve much of the remaining biodiversity in fresh water will vanish before the ‘Water for Life’ decade ends in 2015. Why is this so, and what is being done about it? This article explores the special features of freshwater habitats and the biodiversity they support that makes them especially vulnerable to human activities. We document threats to global freshwater biodiversity under five headings: overexploitation; water pollution; flow modification; destruction or degradation of habitat; and invasion by exotic species. Their combined and interacting influences have resulted in population declines and range reduction of freshwater biodiversity worldwide. Conservation of biodiversity is complicated by the landscape position of rivers and wetlands as ‘receivers’ of land‐use effluents, and the problems posed by endemism and thus non‐substitutability. In addition, in many parts of the world, fresh water is subject to severe competition among multiple human stakeholders. Protection of freshwater biodiversity is perhaps the ultimate conservation challenge because it is influenced by the upstream drainage network, the surrounding land, the riparian zone, and ‐ in the case of migrating aquatic fauna ‐ downstream reaches. Such prerequisites are hardly ever met. Immediate action is needed where opportunities exist to set aside intact lake and river ecosystems within large protected areas. For most of the global land surface, trade‐offs between conservation of freshwater biodiversity and human use of ecosystem goods and services are necessary. We advocate continuing attempts to check species loss but, in many situations, urge adoption of a compromise position of management for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem functioning and resilience, and human livelihoods in order to provide a viable long‐term basis for freshwater conservation. Recognition of this need will require adoption of a new paradigm for biodiversity protection and freshwater ecosystem management ‐ one that has been appropriately termed ‘reconciliation ecology’.     

Integrating DNA data and traditional taxonomy to streamline biodiversity assessment: an example from edaphic beetles in the Klamath ecoregion, California, USA

Conservation and land management decisions may be misguided by inaccurate or misinterpreted knowledge of biodiversity. Non‐systematists often lack taxonomic expertise necessary for an accurate assessment of biodiversity. Additionally, there are far too few taxonomists to contribute significantly to the task of identifying species for specimens collected in biodiversity studies. While species level identification is desirable for making informed management decisions concerning biodiversity, little progress has been made to reduce this taxonomic deficiency. Involvement of non‐systematists in the identification process could hasten species identification. Incorporation of DNA sequence data has been recognized as one way to enhance biodiversity assessment and species identification. DNA data are now technologically and economically feasible for most scientists to apply in biodiversity studies. However, its use is not widespread and means of its application has not been extensively addressed. This paper illustrates how such data can be used to hasten biodiversity assessment of species using a little‐known group of edaphic beetles. Partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I was sequenced for 171 individuals of feather‐wing beetles (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae) from the Klamath ecoregion, which is part of a biodiversity hotspot, the California Floristic Province. A phylogram of these data was reconstructed via parsimony and the strict consensus of 28,000 equally parsimonious trees was well resolved except for peripheral nodes. Forty‐two voucher specimens were selected for further identification from clades that were associated with many synonymous and non‐synonymous nucleotide changes. A ptiliid taxonomic expert identified nine species that corresponded to monophyletic groups. These results allowed for a more accurate assessment of ptiliid species diversity in the Klamath ecoregion. In addition, we found that the number of amino acid changes or percentage nucleotide difference did not associate with species limits. This study demonstrates that the complementary use of taxonomic expertise and molecular data can improve both the speed and the accuracy of species‐level biodiversity assessment. We believe this represents a means for non‐systematists to collaborate directly with taxonomists in species identification and represents an improvement over methods that rely solely on parataxonomy or sequence data.     

Targeted control of widespread exotic species for biodiversity conservation: The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) in New South Wales, Australia

Summary   Widespread exotic species provide one of the greatest challenges to biodiversity conservation because they often have devastating impacts on native biota but are near impossible to eradicate. The Red Fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) is established across most of mainland Australia, where it has been linked to severe declines and extinctions of a broad suite of native fauna. A targeted approach to reducing the impacts of Foxes on biodiversity was instigated in New South Wales in 2001 under the New South Wales Fox Threat Abatement Plan. It is based on three simple steps. First, explicit priorities for Fox control are established by identifying which native species are at greatest risk from Fox predation and at which sites Fox control for these species is most critical. Second, high-frequency broad-area Fox-control programmes are established across all land tenures at these priority sites. Third, monitoring programmes are established to measure the response of targeted native fauna and Foxes to Fox control. Monitoring helps refine the priorities for control and the methods used over time. This approach provides a model for the strategic control of widespread exotic pests which threaten biodiversity.     

安徽省苔藓植物名录

物种名录是一个地区生物多样性的本底性资料, 及时更新生物物种名录对生物多样性的保护及促进基础数据共享都具有重要意义。为了及时总结安徽省苔藓植物的分类学研究成果, 本文通过对文献的收集和分析, 整理出安徽省苔藓植物名录。结果显示, 安徽省共有苔藓植物95科253属777种, 其中角苔类3科3属3种, 苔类36科62属185种, 藓类56科188属589种。种数多于25的科为青藓科、细鳞苔科、丛藓科、真藓科、灰藓科、提灯藓科、白发藓科、绢藓科和蔓藓科。种数多于15的属为青藓属(Brachythecium)、真藓属(Bryum)、绢藓属(Entodon)、光萼苔属(Porella)、羽苔属(Plagiochila)、灰藓属(Hypnum)、凤尾藓属(Fissidens)、棉藓属(Plagiothecium)和耳叶苔属(Frullania)。区系成分组成上, 安徽苔藓植物以东亚成分占优势, 达到44.40%, 温带成分占31.53% (其中以北温带型最多, 占25.61%), 热带成分占18.92% (其中以热带亚洲成分最多, 达到10.30%)。安徽省共有中国特有苔藓55种, 濒危种1个, 易危种8个。安徽苔藓植物调查呈现出地区不均衡性, 建议在广泛调查的同时加强名录修订和专科专属研究, 对有条件的地区开展时空变化下物种多样性比较研究。     

Conflicting demands on wetland ecosystem services: nutrient retention,biodiversity or both?

1. Wetland ecosystems may, besides having considerable economical value, increase landscape biodiversity and function as traps for nutrients from land to freshwater‐ and marine systems. As a result of these features, wetlands are nowadays often protected and restored, and many countries have even initiated wetland construction programmes. 2. In the present study, we aim at increasing the knowledge on how to improve the design of a wetland with respect to both biodiversity and nutrient retention, by analysing physical, chemical and biological features of a large set of constructed wetlands. 3. Our results show that a combination of the wetland features, namely shallow depth, large surface area and high shoreline complexity are likely to provide a high biodiversity of birds, benthic invertebrates and macrophytes and to have high nitrogen retention, whereas a small, deep wetland is likely to be more efficient in phosphorus retention, but less valuable in terms of biodiversity. 4. Hence, among the features used to design new wetlands, area, depth and shoreline complexity have fundamental, and sometimes conflicting, effects on nutrient retention and biodiversity. This means that there are, within limits, possibilities to direct the ecosystem function of a specific wetland in desired directions.     

Monitoring change in aquatic invertebrate biodiversity: sample size, faunal elements and analytical methods

Replication is usually regarded as an integral part of biological sampling, yet the cost of extensive within-wetland replication prohibits its use in broad-scale monitoring of trends in aquatic invertebrate biodiversity. In this paper, we report results of testing an alternative protocol, whereby only two samples are collected from a wetland per monitoring event and then analysed using ordination to detect any changes in invertebrate biodiversity over time. Simulated data suggested ordination of combined data from the two samples would detect 20% species turnover and be a cost-effective method of monitoring changes in biodiversity, whereas power analyses showed about 10 samples were required to detect 20% change in species richness using ANOVA. Errors will be higher if years with extreme climatic events (e.g. drought), which often have dramatic short-term effects on invertebrate communities, are included in analyses. We also suggest that protocols for monitoring aquatic invertebrate biodiversity should include microinvertebrates. Almost half the species collected from the wetlands in this study were microinvertebrates and their biodiversity was poorly predicted by macroinvertebrate data.     

生物多样性理论最新进展

生物多样性是生态系统复杂性的重要特征, 理解多样性的形成和维持机制一直是理论生态学研究的核心议题。本文从三方面概述了生物多样性理论的最新进展。一是物种共存和群落构建, 总结了现代共存理论和基于过程的群落构建理论的新进展。二是物种相互作用, 综述了利用经验数据推断物种相互作用关系和强度的最新方法。三是生态-进化动态, 介绍了生态-进化模型的一般框架及其在生物多样性研究中的应用。最后对生物多样性理论的发展趋势做了展望, 特别是多尺度整合理论和全球变化下的预测理论。     

种间互作网络的结构、生态系统功能及稳定性机制研究

生态群落中不同物种间发生多样化的相互作用, 形成了复杂的种间互作网络。复杂生态网络的结构如何影响群落的生态系统功能及稳定性是群落生态学的核心问题之一。种间互作直接影响到物质和能量在生态系统不同组分之间的流动和循环以及群落构建过程, 使得网络结构与生态系统功能和群落稳定性密切相关。在群落及生态系统水平上开展种间互作网络研究将为群落的构建机制、生物多样性维持、生态系统稳定性、物种协同进化和性状分化等领域提供新的视野。当前生物多样性及生态系统功能受到全球变化的极大影响, 研究种间互作网络的拓扑结构、构建机制、稳定性和生态功能也可为生物多样性的保护和管理提供依据。该文从网络结构、构建机制、网络结构和稳定性关系、种间互作对生态系统功能的影响等4个方面综述当前种间网络研究进展, 并提出在今后的研究中利用机器学习和多层网络等来探究环境变化对种间互作网络结构和功能的影响, 并实现理论和实证研究的有效整合。