蟹栖异阿脑虫寄生大菱鲆及其组织病理学研究

论文首次报道了蟹栖异阿脑虫(Mesanophrys carcini)在养殖大菱鲆体内的寄生情况以及所引起宿主的组织病理学变化。观察结果表明,感染的苗期大菱鲆的大部分器官组织包括皮肤、鳍、鳃、眼、脑、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、胰腺和消化道等以及器官组织间隙中都发现了寄生的蟹栖异阿脑虫,属于全身性感染;而对于成鱼,蟹栖异阿脑虫主要寄生于皮肤、鳍和鳃等器官组织;严重感染者,蟹栖异阿脑虫可侵入其脑、肝脏、肾脏和心脏等器官组织,但数量不多。蟹栖异阿脑虫在大菱鲆体内的寄生能够引起病鱼各器官组织发生不同程度的组织病理学改变。该病在幼鱼和成鱼身上所表现出较一致的病理学特征为:鳃小叶呼吸上皮细胞增生;脑膜炎和脑组织液化性坏死;肾脏和脾脏造血组织坏死;肝脏中央静脉和窦状隙扩张;肌纤维发生凝固性坏死和眼的脉络膜充血、水肿;单核巨噬细胞浸润。研究认为,蟹栖异阿脑虫寄生引起的鳃损害使病鱼呼吸困难,窒息是病鱼发生死亡的主要原因,而虫体寄生导致的各器官组织变性,坏死,使得病鱼器官功能衰竭可加速鱼的死亡。另外,文中还探讨了蟹栖异阿脑虫入侵大菱鲆的可能途径,认为破损的皮肤和鳃是入侵的主要途径。研究结果告诉我们,在大菱鲆养殖过程中防止鱼体擦伤,保持池底清洁对于预防疾病的发生非常重要;对该病的治疗应采取外部杀虫和内部口服药物相结合的方式。     

常见眼部寄生虫感染概况和研究进展

人体寄生虫有原虫、蠕虫和节肢动物三大种类,其感染可见于全身大部分组织器官,亦可与眼部组织相互作用。寄生虫可寄生在眼球、眼眶软组织及睫毛根部等部位,致盲率较高。眼睛可与外界直接接触感染病原体,且随着获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者增多和角膜接触镜(隐形眼镜)佩戴人数增加,眼部寄生虫感染病例数量呈上升趋势,引起人们的广泛关注。本文选取原虫、蠕虫和节肢动物中能寄生于人眼,并导致眼部病变的几种典型寄生虫(棘阿米巴、刚地弓形虫、猪囊尾蚴、曼氏裂头蚴、结膜吸吮线虫、蠕形螨、蝇蛆、阴虱)进行介绍,并针对其最新病例及研究进展进行综述。     

罗氏沼虾苗肌肉白浊病病原的初步研究

收集罗氏沼虾肌肉白浊病典型病虾苗 ,进行细菌分离、除菌组织悬液制备及人工感染试验、超薄切片、病毒粗提取 ,结果表明 :从白浊病病虾的肌肉、肝胰腺中分离到的细菌以5× 1 0 8CFU/mL浓度浸泡感染正常沼虾苗不能复制疾病 ;病虾除菌组织过滤液以 1∶5 0、1∶2 5 0浓度浸泡感染正常虾苗 ,7d后可发病 ,并出现典型的肌肉白浊病症状 ,氯仿处理不能破坏病毒的感染力 ;病虾超薄切片电镜观察发现肌肉间隙组织中存在 2 1— 2 3nm大小的球状病毒 ,病虾组织浆经氯仿处理、PEG沉淀、磷钨酸负染后可见到大量 2 2— 2 4nm大小的球状病毒颗粒。上述结果表明罗氏沼虾肌肉白浊病是一种由病毒引起的疾病。     

中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺坏死综合症病原及病理学研究

为了探讨中华绒螯蟹“水瘪子”病病因, 对病蟹进行了寄生虫检查、病原生物分离、回接攻毒及电镜观察等病原学研究, 同时采用常规石蜡切片技术, 以健康蟹为对照, 对病蟹的不同组织进行了病理学观察。结果表明, 病原分析未见致病性生物; 病蟹的鳃、肌肉和肝胰腺发生了不同程度的病变, 主要的病理特征为鳃组织增厚, 鳃腔增大, 血细胞增多, 细胞核边缘化; 肝胰腺组织中单层上皮细胞空泡化, 并出现转运泡, 随着病情的加重, 肝细胞排列紊乱, 转运泡和空泡的数量增多, 体积增大, 且转运泡内内容物增多, 更甚者肝小管基膜破裂、内容物外流, 细胞核解体, 肝细胞出现坏死; 肌细胞的病变特征主要是肌丝松弛变性、细胞核固缩深染。病原学研究和发病情况调查表明该病为非生物性疾病, 依据该病的临床症状、病理变化以及发病原因, 将该病命名为中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺坏死综合症。     

什么是噬菌体、病原体、沙眼衣原体?

答:噬菌体又称菌病毒,无细胞结构,主要由蛋白质和DNA构成。它可以侵入细菌、放线菌体内,并在其中大量繁殖,引起细菌裂解。病原体是能引起人和动植物传染病的微生物和寄生虫的统称。如细菌、寄生虫、沙眼衣原体等。沙眼衣原体主要由蛋白质、DNA、RNA、脂类和多糖构成。具有象细菌类型的细胞壁,主要以分裂方式进行繁殖,行寄生生活,只能在活细胞内才能生长繁殖。衣原体是鸟类和哺乳动物、包括人类的许多     

两种不同产地养殖三疣梭子蟹肌肉中营养成分比较分析

目的：评价不同产地养殖三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）肌肉的营养品质及其风味物质含量差异性。方法：采用生化分析方法,对浙江省台州市和山东省日照市三疣梭子蟹肌肉中的基本营养成分,以及氨基酸、脂肪酸、核苷酸及矿物质元素等营养物质的含量进行检测和对比分析。结果：山东省日照市养殖雌性三疣梭子蟹肌肉中脯氨酸含量显著高于浙江省台州市养殖雌性三疣梭子蟹（P＜0.05）;山东省日照市养殖三疣梭子蟹肌肉中SFA、MUFA和PUFA含量均显著高于浙江省台州市养殖三疣梭子蟹（P＜0.05）;山东省日照市养殖三疣梭子蟹肌肉中肌苷酸（IMP）和腺苷酸（AMP）含量均显著高于浙江省台州市养殖三疣梭子蟹（P＜0.05）;山东省日照市养殖雌性三疣梭子蟹肌肉中甜菜碱含量显著高于浙江省台州市养殖雌性三疣梭子蟹（P＜0.05）。结论：不同产地养殖三疣梭子蟹肌肉中营养成分含量存在一定差异,并对其风味及营养价值产生影响,可能与水域环境、遗传基因等因素有关。本研究可为三疣梭子蟹的品质评价及养殖繁育工作提供科学依据。     

血传感染食蟹猴疟原虫B株后虫血症消长类型

血传感染食蟹猴疟原虫Ｂ株后虫血症消长类型宋宗臣第三军医大学寄生虫学教研室重庆６３００３８食蟹猴疟原虫Ｂ株（简称Ｂ株猴疟）是研究筛选疟疾根治药物较好的虫株,多种按蚊对该原虫具高敏感性￣［１］。１９８４年我们引进Ｂ株猴疟后,曾报告血传感染猴虫血症自然消长...     

眼斑拟石首鱼虹彩病毒病的诊断

对广东省珠海市每年6—10月池塘养殖的眼斑拟石首鱼(Sciaenop socellatus)暴发不明原因疾病进行了研究。通过对该病的流行病学调查,结合症状观察、病原分离鉴定、病理学变化,结果显示:该病具有明显的传染性,解剖病鱼可见鳃丝贫血、脾脏和肾脏肿大、出血,通过镜检未检测到大量的寄生虫;从发病鱼的肝、脾、肾脏和肠中未分离到致病菌;在病鱼肝、脾和肾组织病理切片中观察到有大量肿大细胞;通过使用OIE 推荐的虹彩病毒特异性引物进行PCR扩增出570 bp左右的目的片段,MCP基因序列比对显示扩增获得的基因序列与真鲷虹彩病毒(RSIV)的基因序列同源性高达99.2%。综合以上结果表明导致眼斑拟石首鱼发病死亡的原因是感染了细胞肿大属虹彩病毒而引起的虹彩病毒病。     

鲤浮肿病毒Ⅱb基因亚型的鉴定

2018年6月,河南某鲤养殖场部分池塘暴发"鲤急性烂鳃病"疫情,发病水温25℃,死亡率为50％.从该养殖场分别采集发病鲤和无症状鲤共4个样品进行鱼体解剖、细菌和寄生虫检测、病理组织观察、PCR检测和系统进化分析.结果显示,发病鲤鱼体出血、头萎缩变形、吻端与鼻之间凹陷、头部骨骼不平整、体色发黑、鳃边发白坏死,肾脏肿大至鳔间隔;组织病理学检查可见鳃小片间隙及鳃小片顶端大量细胞增生,鳃丝呈棒状;病鱼体表和鳃中并未见任何寄生虫,细菌学检测也未分离到任何与鲤烂鳃病相关的病原菌;Real-time PCR和nested PCR方法从发病鲤和无症状鲤中检出鲤浮肿病毒(Carp edema virus,CEV)核酸阳性;基于CEV P4a的357 bp基因片段的遗传进化分析结果表明,本次试验检测到两种基因亚型CEV,从发病鲤中检出Ⅱa基因亚型CEV,从无症状鲤中检出Ⅱb基因亚型CEV,这是中国首次报道检出Ⅱb基因亚型CEV.     

三疣梭子蟹肌肉组织中甜菜碱、糖原及无机盐变化研究

为了探讨甜菜碱、糖原及无机盐含量对三疣梭子蟹肌肉口感品质的影响,采用可见分光光度法、蒽酮比色法和原子分光光度法,分别测定了3个发育阶段（8月份幼蟹阶段、10月份交配前和12月份交配后）的野生三疣梭子蟹肌肉组织中甜菜碱、糖原及无机盐含量。结果表明：1）肌肉中甜菜碱含量在第一阶段（8月幼蟹）甜菜碱含量最低,为172 mg/100 g,10月交配前雌蟹肌肉甜菜碱含量最高,达473 mg/100 g,但12月份交配后含量减半;雄蟹肌肉则表现为从第1到第3阶段逐渐升高趋势。2）幼蟹的糖原含量极低,仅为0.8μg/mg,交配前雌雄蟹仍保持较低水平,交配后糖原含量急剧升高,雌雄蟹分别上升至11.26μg/mg和9.61μg/mg,各是交配前的6.5倍和10倍。3）肌肉无机盐中K、Na是宏量元素,含量最高,K含量336~457 mg/100 g,Na含量131~185 mg/100 g,Fe为微量元素,含量最低,仅有1.12~1.26 mg/100 g。三疣梭子蟹肌肉中的甜菜碱含量远高于一般水产品,故蟹肉入口爽滑带有甜味,且随着肌肉中糖原含量不断增加,其风味也更佳。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.