果胶酶固定化方法的研究

用海藻酸钠、二醋酸纤维、明胶分别作为固定化果胶酶的载体,研究比较载体的用量、交联剂的浓度、用酶量、制备的ｐＨ。结果表明,选择１５％浓度的明胶为载体,５％浓度的戊二醛为交联剂,用酶量５％,在ｐＨ３．５条件下制备固定化果胶酶,其酶活力回收率可达６７．７４％,重复回收使用１０次后,酶活力还可保留８０％以上,是果胶酶固定化的一种较好的方法。     

果胶酶固定化方法的研究

用海藻酸钠、二醋酸纤维、明胶分别作为固定化果胶酶的载体,研究比较载体的用量、交联剂的浓度、用酶量、制备的ｐＨ。结果表明,选择１５％浓度的明胶为载体,５％浓度的戊二醛为交联剂,用酶量５％,在ｐＨ３．５条件下制备固定化果胶酶,其酶活力回收率可达６７．７４％,重复回收使用１０次后,酶活力还可保留８０％以上,是果胶酶固定化的一种较好的方法。     

果胶酶的固定化研究

本文研究了以重氮化的对—氨基苯磺酰乙基纤维素为载体制各固定化果胶酶的最适条件,并比较了固定化果胶酶与游离酶的性质。结果表明,最适的固定化果胶酶的条件是：在ｐＨ７．００．１５Ｍ的磷酸盐缓冲液中,按每克载体加入２１６３活力单位的酶的比例进行偶联反应１２小时。在以上最适条件下,固定化果胶酶的表观活力为１９８０Ｕ／ｇ,活力回收率为８７％。与游离酶相比,固定化果过酶作用的最适ｐＨ由４．６移至４．２,最适温度变宽,酶的热稳定性增强,操作稳定性良好,半衰期为３２．５天。     

大孔吸附树脂固定猪胰脂酶的初步研究

目的：为促进脂肪酶在工业上的应用,对以大孔吸附树脂为载体的猪胰脂酶固定进行了研究。方法：以吸附法固定,用单因素法考察了吸附条件对固定的影响。按Eadie—HOfstee法测定了固定化酶及游离酶的表观米氏常数,并具体研究了固定化酶的操作稳定性、热稳定性等性质。结果：固定化酶的比酯交换能力比游离酶上升6倍;最优的吸附条件为：pH7．0,酶加量300mg/g,水分含量20％;吸附时间4h;固定化酶在含水量10％时可稳定操作5批次;同时固定化酶有比游离酶有更好的热稳定性。结论：以大孔吸附树脂为载体对猪胰脂酶进行固定是可行的;与游离酶相比,所得固定化酶有着更高的比酯交换能力和更好的稳定性,更为适用于工业化生产。     

白腐真菌漆酶的固定化及其应用研究*

以尼龙网为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,进行固定化真菌漆酶的条件优化和性质研究,优化条件为：尼龙网在5％的戊二醛溶液中交联6h后,加入30U漆酶溶液固定8h,酶活回收率为50．3％。与游离酶相比,固定化漆酶的热稳定性明显提高,最适pH值略有下降。用该固定化漆酶处理低浓度造纸废水,经过8批次连续试验,酶活保留52％。     

海藻酸钠包埋法制备固定化菠萝蛋白酶

以海藻酸钠为载体,包埋法固定菠萝蛋白酶,对固定化奈件进行优化,同时探讨固定化菠萝蛋白酶的部分酶学性能。结果表明：固定化菠萝蛋白酶的质量受海藻酸钠质量分数、固定化酶量、固定化时间以及CaCl2质量分数的影响,其最佳固定化条件为：海藻酸钠质量分数1．0％,CaCl2质量分数3％,固定化酶液量与海藻酸钠体积之比1：2,固定化时间60min,在此条件下,制备的固定化菠萝蛋白酶的比活力为211．8U／g（湿质量载体）,由此制得的固定化酶的最适pH为7．6,与游离酶相比,升高了0．8个pH单位,同时显示固定化菠萝蛋白酶能耐受较高的碱性环境,固定化酶最适温度与游离酶相同,均为50℃,固定化酶在较高温度范围内,仍能保持较高的相对活力。     

青霉素酰化酶在新型复合载体上的固定化研究

通过γ-氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷的媒介,将聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)化学偶联在硅胶微粒表面,制备了新型复合载体PEI/silica gel,然后通过双官能团试剂戊二醛的作用,将青霉素酰化酶固定在复合载体上;考察了戊二醛用量、pH值、固定化温度、固定化时间及给酶量等条件对固定化青霉素酰化酶表观活力、活性回收率等性能的影响;并通过测定复合载体在固定化前的ζ电位,探索了复合载体PEI/silica gel固定化酶的作用机理。研究结果表明,由于PEI分子链中含有大量胺基,共价键联与物理吸附相结合,使青霉素酰化酶被快速稳定地固定化,并具有高的催化活性与活力回收率。复合载体PEI/silica gel(0.5 g)固定青霉素酰化酶的适宜固定化条件为:固定化温度为30℃;固定化时间为14~15 h;戊二醛用量为1.2 mmol/g;pH=7.92;给酶量为0.1 mL/g。     

N-氨甲酰基-D-氨基酸酰胺水解酶的固定化工艺

以TJS环氧基树脂作为载体对N-氨甲酰基-D-氨基酸酰胺水解酶进行固定化,最佳工艺条件为：1g树脂载体大约对应133U酶液,蛋白质量浓度0.35mg/mL,固定时间15h,温度28℃,pH7.5,固定化酶活达到58.5U。蛋白固定率可达97.4%,酶活回收率达到49.3%,得到的固定化酶使用半衰期达到26批。     

金属框架结构材料MOF-199对漆酶的固定化及其性质

以金属框架结构材料MOF-199为载体对漆酶进行固定化,并对固定化酶的性质进行初步研究。首先,以3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷对载体MOF-199进行表面氨基化修饰,再用戊二醛对载体进行活化,最后对漆酶进行固定化。固定化条件优化结果表明:在漆酶质量浓度0.3 g/L,戊二醛用量1%(体积分数),pH 4.8下固定7 h,制得固定化酶活性最高。对固定化酶的研究发现:最适反应温度为40℃,最适pH为5.2,在连续操作7次后,固定化酶的活力仍能保持在51%。固定化漆酶热稳定性,pH耐受性,贮存稳定性均明显高于游离漆酶。     

以环氧乙烷为活性基的多孔颗粒状固定化青霉素酰化酶的制备

报道了用以环氧乙烷为活性基的多孔颗粒状载体（Eupergit-C）制备固定由巨大芽孢杆菌（B．megaterium）产生的青霉素酰化酶的研究。用已二胺,赖氨酸对载体进行化学修饰后制备固定化酶,获得了较好的固定结果。用未修饰的载体制备固化酶,经24h固定反应,酶活力达176．5IU／g（wet）,酶活力总叫率达53．7％,酶蛋白的固定量为19＝7mg/g（dr）,酶蛋白的固定效率达87．5％。游离酶的酶浓度对制备固定化酶的活力无显影响。当加酶量从312IU/g（dry）上升到6250IU／g（dry）时,固定化酶活力从89IU／g(wet）上升到475IU／g（wet）,总收率和固定化效率分别从99％和99％下降到26．5％和32．5％,酶蛋白的固定量从6．9mg/g（dry）上升到112mg/g（dry）,酶蛋白的固定效率从99％下降至80．5％。以酶活力为155IU/g(wet）,酶蛋白固定量为22mg/g(dry）的固定化酶水解青霉素G钾盐,经过20批循环水解后,剩余酶活力为92．5％。     

树脂载体固定S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的研究

目的:筛选一种适合S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶固定化的树脂载体,进行固定化工艺优化及固定化酶性质研究。方法:以固定化率和表观酶活回收率为指标,筛选固定化效果最佳的一种树脂,采用单因素实验对固定化条件进行优化。结果:阴离子交换树脂载体ESR-2表现出最优的固定化率(94.03%)和酶活回收率(47.45%);最佳固定化条件为加酶量4U/g、pH 8.0、15℃吸附10h,最佳条件下固定化酶表观酶活为2.1U/g,表观酶活回收率达51.6%。固定化酶的最适pH为8.5,最适温度为35℃,连续反应10批次后酶活剩余77.92%。结论:树脂载体ESR-2固定化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶酶活及稳定性较好,能够用于S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的工业化大规模生产。     

金属螯合载体定向固定化木瓜蛋白酶的研究

以磁性金属螯合琼脂糖微球为载体,利用金属螯合配体（IDACu²⁺）与蛋白质表面供电子氨基酸相互作用的原理,定向固定了木瓜蛋白酶。固定化最适条件为Cu²⁺1.5×10^-2mol/g载体、固定化时间4h、固定化pH7.0、给酶量30mg/g载体。固定化酶的最适反应温度70℃、最适反应pH8.0,固定化酶的热稳定性明显高于溶液酶,固定化酶活力回收为68.4％,且有较好的操作稳定性,载体重复使用5次后固定化酶酶活为首次固定化酶79.71%。     

Properties of papain, immobilized on organosilica

Papain, a proteolytic enzyme, is used in the reactions of organic synthesis for preparing peptides. The use of immobilized papain with this aim is very promising. Preparations of papain immobilized by organosilica have been studied for their physicochemical properties as well kinetics of the papain immobilization by amino-organosilica activated by cyanuric chloride. Retention of the enzyme activity of immobilized papain reached 40% and depended on the amount of enzyme bound with the carrier. Kmobs of the immobilized enzyme did not differ significantly from that of the soluble enzyme. After immobilization the pH-optimum an pH-profile of the catalytical activity of papain remained unchangeable. For the period of 20 days immobilized papain has lost 20-50% activity.     

High-performance affinity chromatography for characterization of human immunoglobulin G digestion with papain

Reactive continuous rods of macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) were prepared within the confines of a stainless steel column. Then papain was immobilized on these monoliths either directly or linked by a spacer arm. In a further step, a protein A affinity column was used for the characterization of the digestion products of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) by papain. The results showed that papain immobilized on the monolithic rod through a spacer arm exhibits higher activity for the digestion of human IgG than that without a spacer arm. The apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants of free and immobilized papain, K(m) and V(max), were determined. The digestion conditions of human IgG with free and immobilized papain were optimized. Comparison of the thermal stability of free and immobilized papain showed that the immobilized papain exhibited higher thermal stability than the free enzyme. The half-time of immobilized papain reaches about a week under optimum pH and temperature conditions.     

Application and characterization of magnetic chitosan microspheres for enhanced immobilization of cellulase

In this study, a unique carrier magnetic chitosan microspheres (MCTS) was simply synthesized by anchoring Fe₃O₄ onto chitosan for direct immobilization of cellulases cross-linked by gluteraldehye. The structure and morphology were characterized using FT-IR, TGA, VSM and SEM. The optimum immobilization conditions were investigated: immobilized pH 7.0, amount of enzyme 15?mL (0.1?mg/mL), immobilization temperature 30?°C, immobilization time 5?h. At optimum conditions, MCTS achieved maximum enzyme solid loading rate of 73.5?mg/g, while recovery of enzyme activity approached to 71.6%. In the recycle test, immobilized cellulases operated without significant loss in its initial performances after 3 cycles, which indicated that immobilized cellulases can be regenerated and reused. The immobilized enzyme has better values of thermal and storage stability than that of free enzyme. Therefore, MCTS may be considered as a candidate with potential value of application in large-scale operations for cellulases immobilization.     

Spin labeling and kinetic studies of a membrane-immobilized proteolytic enzyme.

Membrane-based bioreactors can greatly influence the rate and extent of chemical reactions and consequently lower the costs associated with the corresponding engineering processes. However, in order to progress in this area, greater understanding of the relationship of the structure and function of bioreactor systems is required. In this study, a proteolytic enzyme, papain (EC 3.4.22.2), was covalently coupled onto the surface of a vinyl alcohol/vinyl butyral copolymer (PVB) membrane employing either glutaraldehyde (GA) or 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). Various kinetic and performance properties of the immobilized papain were studied. It was found that these characteristics of the membrane-bound papain depended on the immobilization method. The CDI-immobilized papain bioreactor was used, although the apparent Michaelis constant, Km, of the CDI-immobilized papain was larger than that of the GA-immobilized enzyme. In separate experiments, a six-carbon spacer was also used between the membrane support and the covalently-linked enzyme. It was found that the insertion of the spacer reduced the disturbance of the enzyme system, resulting in a decreased Km, which was now closer to the value for the free enzyme. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques of spin labeling were used for the first time to examine the conformational change and the active site structure of an enzyme covalently immobilized to a membrane. The structural changes of the active site of papain upon immobilization with and without a spacer were in agreement with the functional properties of the enzyme.     

Polymer materials for enzyme immobilization and their application in bioreactors

Enzymatic catalysis has been pursued extensively in a wide range of important chemical processes for their unparalleled selectivity and mild reaction conditions. However, enzymes are usually costly and easy to inactivate in their free forms. Immobilization is the key to optimizing the in-service performance of an enzyme in industrial processes, particularly in the field of non-aqueous phase catalysis. Since the immobilization process for enzymes will inevitably result in some loss of activity, improving the activity retention of the immobilized enzyme is critical. To some extent, the performance of an immobilized enzyme is mainly governed by the supports used for immobilization, thus it is important to fully understand the properties of supporting materials and immobilization processes. In recent years, there has been growing concern in using polymeric materials as supports for their good mechanical and easily adjustable properties. Furthermore, a great many work has been done in order to improve the activity retention and stabilities of immobilized enzymes. Some introduce a spacer arm onto the support surface to improve the enzyme mobility. The support surface is also modified towards biocompatibility to reduce non-biospecific interactions between the enzyme and support. Besides, natural materials can be used directly as supporting materials owning to their inert and biocompatible properties. This review is focused on recent advances in using polymeric materials as hosts for lipase immobilization by two different methods, surface attachment and encapsulation. Polymeric materials of different forms, such as particles, membranes and nanofibers, are discussed in detail. The prospective applications of immobilized enzymes, especially the enzyme-immobilized membrane bioreactors (EMBR) are also discussed.     

Preparation and properties of soluble-insoluble immobilized proteases

In order to carry out an effective enzyme reaction, the preparation of soluble-insoluble immobilized enzyme was investigated. Proteases were selected as model enzymes, and their immobilization was carried out by using an enteric coating polymer as a carrier. Among the polymers tested, methacrylic acid-methylacrylate-methylmethacrylate copolymer (MPM-06) gave the most active soluble-insoluble immobilized papain. This immobilized papain showed insoluble from below pH 4.8 and soluble form above pH 5.8; it was also soluble in water-miscible organic solvent. It was reusable and more stable with heat and water-miscible organic solvents than native proteases. Furthermore, various proteases could be immobilized by using MPM-06 with high activity. Chymotrypsin immobilized by this method catalyzed the effective peptide synthesis in a heterogeneous reaction system containing water-miscible organic solvent.     

壳聚糖固定化木瓜蛋白酶的研究

以自制的壳聚糖作为载体,用戊二醛作交联剂,优化了固定化条件,研制成壳聚糖固定化木瓜蛋白酶。其活性回收率达到42—53％,操作半衰期达到一个月以上,对热、乙醇以及尿素的稳定性有很大的提高,Km值为0.67×10~2mg/mL,最适温度65—70℃,最适pH8.0,能使啤酒中的蛋白质浓度从56.5mg/L减少到2.7mg/L,可以消除啤酒的低温混浊现象。     

Evaluation of man-tailored cellulose-based carriers in glucoamylase immobilization

Covalent immobilization of glucoamylase on the cellulose-based carrier Granocel was optimized by changing the anchor groups and the methods of activation/immobilization. Binding of the enzyme was via its primary amino groups. It was shown that using carbodiimide and divinyl sulfone for the activation of -COOH and -OH groups on the carrier resulted in the preparations with very low activity. A third method, using pentaethylenehexamine with glutaraldehyde, led to the attachment through a long spacer arm and to the preparations with the highest activity. Further optimization of the carrier's structure consisted of changing pore diameters and amount of functional groups on the carrier surface. The highest activity of bound glucoamylase was obtained by linking the protein via glutaraldehyde on NH(2)-Granocel having high pore size and high number of functional groups. The immobilized enzyme was stable throughout extended storage and possessed higher thermal stability.