普通鸡冠花序中黄酮类化合物的研究

红色普通鸡冠（Ｃｅｌｏｓｉａ ａｒｇｅｎｔｅａ Ｌ．,ｒｅｄ ｆｌｏｗｅｒ）花序乙醇提取物用Ｍｇ＋ＨＣｌ,Ｚｎ＋ＨＣｌ,１％ＦｅＣｌ３－乙醇液,２％ＡｌＣｌ３－乙醇液,１％ＮａＯＨ进行显色反应,呈现黄酮类化合物性质特征颜色。又以槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素为对照品,采用ＨＰＬＣ法测定分析了不同花期花序中黄酮醇的含量。结果表明,晚期花序干品中总黄酮含量（以甙元计）为０．７６１％。     

新疆呼图壁种牛场地区13种优势植物水溶性盐分的含量特点及数量分析

通过对新疆呼图壁种牛场地区１３种耐盐植物水溶性盐分含量的分析,结果阐述了盐分分布和积累的特点：１）大部分植物在盐分含量水平上是：Ｎａ＾＋〉Ｋ＾＋〉Ｍｇ＾２＋〉Ｃａ＾２＋,Ｃｌ＾－〉ＳＯ４＾２－〉ＨＣＯ３＾－〉ＣＯ３＾２－,Ｎａ＾＋超过２００００μｇ／ｇ,Ｃａ＾２＋不足８００μｇ／ｇ;Ｃｌ＾－达４．１６％,ＣＯ３＾２－仅为０．１１％。全盐量平均为２５．８１％;２）ＣＯ３＾２－、ＨＣＯ３＾－和Ｃａ＾２     

盐度和CO2倍增环境下碱蓬幼苗呼吸酶活性的变化

研究了生长在正常大气ＣＯ２和ＣＯ２倍增环境中的盐生植物碱蓬（Ｓｕａｅｄａｓａｌｓａ）幼苗呼吸酶活性对ＫＣｌ和ＮａＣｌ的反应．结果表明,在ＣＯ２倍增（７００μｌ·Ｌ－１）和正常大气ＣＯ２（３５０μｌ·Ｌ－１）下,３００ｍｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＫＣｌ和ＮａＣｌ均能抑制琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）和苹果酸脱氢酶（ＭＤＨ）活性,而异柠檬酸脱氢酶（ＩＤＨ）活性为ＮａＣｌ抑制、ＫＣｌ促进;ＮａＣｌ和ＫＣｌ明显抑制细胞色素氧化酶（ＣＯ）和光呼吸中乙醇酸氧化酶（ＧＯ）、羟基丙酮酸还原酶（ＨＰＲ）活性;并指出在ＫＣｌ胁迫下,ＣＯ２使三羧酸循环（ＴＣＡＣ）的运行变慢,ＮａＣｌ胁迫下使其加快,ＴＣＡＣ运行限速步骤与ＭＤＨ无关,ＣＯ为盐对呼吸代谢影响的重要位点．另外,Ｋ＋、Ｎａ＋对蛋白表达的影响有差异,ＣＯ２可使盐胁迫下的碱蓬幼苗蛋白表达降低．     

糖的测定中值得注意的负值

糖的测定中值得注意的负值测定植物材料中的各类糖,多是先用８０％乙醇制备提取液,测出还原糖含量;尔后取一定量提取液,加ＨＣｌ使系统酸度达２％,置沸水浴中水解１０ｍｉｎ,测出可溶性糖含量;两项相减即得非还原糖含量;另取植物材料,加２％ＨＣｌ或３％Ｈ＿２Ｓ...     

不同培养基对杜氏藻（DunaliellaSalina）生长和无机离子含量的影响

培养在Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ培养液、Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ＋０．３％ＮａＣｌ培养液、海水和卤水中的杜氏藻,其生长速度有区别,在Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ＋０．３％ＮａＣｌ培养液中生长较好,Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ培养液和卤水次之,海水中生长较差。杜氏藻生沃的盐度范围为０～１２％,当培养基中ＮａＣｌ浓度超过１２％时,细胞数几乎不增加,甚至略有降低。在不同培养基中藻细胞Ｈ￣＋含量较稳定,而积累ｃａ￣（２＋）,在Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ＋０．３％ＮａＣｌ培养液中,杜氏藻细胞Ｎａ￣＋含量增加;而在含高浓度Ｎａ￣＋的海水和卤水中杜氏藻细胞中Ｎａ￣＋的含量低于培养液。     

盐分对碱蓬幼苗离子含量,甜菜碱水平和BADH活性的效应

研究了盐生植物碱蓬（Ｓｕａｅｄａ ｓａｌｓａ）生长在不同浓度的ＮａＣｌ和ＫＣｌ溶液中体内Ｎａ＋ 、Ｋ＋ 含量、甜菜碱水平和甜菜碱醛脱氢酶（ＢＡＤＨ）活性的动态变化。ＮａＣｌ处理９６ 小时后,碱蓬地上部Ｋ＋ 含量低于对照,而Ｎａ＋ 明显高于对照,并分别随外界盐度增加而升、降;ＫＣｌ处理的植株,Ｋ＋ 、Ｎａ＋ 含量变化与ＮａＣｌ处理的相反;甜菜碱水平和ＢＡＤＨ 活性随外界ＮａＣｌ浓度增加而升高,甜菜碱水平随处理时间延长而增大,ＫＣｌ对甜菜碱水平和ＢＡＤＨ 活性的效应类似ＮａＣｌ。证明ＮａＣｌ和ＫＣｌ均能促进盐生植物碱蓬体内甜菜碱的积累,初步证明ＢＡＤＨ 与甜菜碱的积累有关     

氧化修饰使HDL促动脉平滑肌细胞胆固醇流出减少

为了研究氧化修饰对高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）转运细胞胆固醇地＾３Ｈ－胆固醇负荷的培养人动脉平滑肌细胞（ＳＭＣ）分别与天然ＨＤＬ及Ｃｕ＾２＋ａｋｇ ＨＯＣｌ氧化修饰的ＨＤＬ在３７℃温育不同时间后,分别测定细胞＾３Ｈ－胆固醇清除率。结果发现,温育２４ｈ后,经Ｃｕ＾２＋或ＨＯＬｌ氧修饰后的ＨＤＬ其细胞胆因醇清除率分别较天然ＨＤＬ下降了３０．０％和４３．１％（ｐ〈０．０１）。结果还发现,Ｃｕ＾２＋或ＨＯＣｌ氧     

不同钙-醇溶解体系丝素蛋白的制备及表征研究

采用 ４种中性盐溶液 Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２４Ｈ２Ｏ 甲醇、Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２４Ｈ２Ｏ 乙醇、ＣａＣｌ２ 甲醇 水和 ＣａＣｌ２ 乙醇 水（摩尔比分别为 １∶２、１∶２、１∶２∶８、１∶２∶８）处理蚕丝纤维,透析后经冷冻干燥制成固体,利用ＳＤＳ ＰＡＧＥ、电镜扫描和红外光谱对制得的固体进行表征。ＳＤＳ ＰＡＧＥ结果表明：Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２４Ｈ２Ｏ 醇体系降解丝素蛋白较 ＣａＣｌ２ 醇 水体系降解程度高;电镜扫描的结果表明 Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２４Ｈ２Ｏ 甲醇和 ＣａＣｌ２ 乙醇 水溶解体系处理的丝素蛋白溶解比较完全,Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２４Ｈ２Ｏ 甲醇处理的丝素蛋白冻干后为颗粒状,而 ＣａＣｌ２ 乙醇 水处理的丝素蛋白冻干后为片状。红外光谱的结果表明：４种溶液处理后的丝素蛋白构象均介于 β折叠和无规则卷曲之间,从而为丝素蛋白在药物缓释载体领域的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

Kl LAC4用作白色念珠菌的报告基因

由于ｌａｃＺ基因在白色念珠菌中不能工作。将克氏酵母的β－半乳糖苷酶基因Ｋｌ ＬＡＣ４构建了能在白色念珠菌中工作的报告基因。Ｋｌ ＬＡＣ４基因融合到白色念珠菌乙醇脱氢酶基因（ＡＤＨ１）的启动子后面,在ＡＤＨ１终止子的共同控制下构建Ｋｌ ＬＡＣ４的表达质粒ｐＹＰＢ１－ＬＡＣ４。ＰＹＯＢ１－ＬＡＣ４转化白色念珠菌并测定了在固体培养基中的β－半乳糖苷酶活性以及在液体增减基的β－半乳糖苷酶活力。结果表明Ｋｌ     

小鼠卵激活过程中胞质游离Ca^2＋的变化及孤雌发育研究

乙醇和电刺激均可使小鼠ＭⅡ期卵母细胞激活并在体外孤雌发育至囊胚。小鼠卵对乙醇十分敏感。用７％－８％乙醇处理５ｍｉｎ后９５％以上的卵母细胞（卵龄为ＨＣＧ注射后１８－１９ｈ）内形成原核。３－４次电刺激后卵的激活率为６３．６３％。乙醇刺激可诱导卵内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度出现多次升高;单一电刺激仅能诱导卵内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度出现１次升高;多次电刺激可诱导卵内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度多次升高,而且电刺激次数与Ｃａ＾２     

普通鸡冠花序中黄酮类化合物的研究

红色普通鸡冠(Celosia argentea L., red flower)花序乙醇提取物用Mg+HCl,Zn+HCl,1%FeCl3-乙醇液,2%AlCl3-乙醇液,1%NaOH进行显色反应,呈现黄酮类化合物性质特征颜色。又以槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素为对照品,采用HPLC法测定分析了不同花期花序中黄酮醇的含量。结果表明,晚期花序干品中总黄酮含量(以甙元计)为0.761%。     

高空气球搭载实验对鸡冠花黄酮类化合物成分的影响

利用高空气球搭载了2个品种鸡冠花（Celosia cristataL.)的种子,进行空间诱变处理,飞行高度为40.112km,飞行时间近4h,回收后播种栽培,采收子一代（SP1）花序,将各组样品花序的乙醇提取物与Mg HCl,Zn HCl,1?Cl3-乙醇液,2%AlCl3-乙醇液,1%NaOH进行显色反应,呈现黄酮类化合物性质特征颜色,又以槲皮素,山柰酚,异鼠李素为对照品,采用HPLC法测定分析了各搭载组花序中黄酮醇的含是,并与地面对照组比较,结果表明,2个品种鸡冠花搭载组花序黄酮醇总量分别为0.859%,0.864%,比对照组分别提高90.04%,142.02%。高空环境诱变处理对鸡冠花花序中黄酮类化合物合成产生了显著效应。     

Analysis of flavonoids in flower petals of soybean near-isogenic lines for flower and pubescence color genes

W1, W3, W4, and Wm genes control flower color, whereas T and Td genes control pubescence color in soybean. W1, W3, Wm, and T are presumed to encode flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.88), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (EC 1.1.1.219), flavonol synthase (EC 1.14.11.23), and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.21), respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the structure of the primary anthocyanin, flavonol, and dihydroflavonol in flower petals. Primary component of anthocyanin in purple flower cultivars Clark (W1W1 w3w3 W4W4 WmWm TT TdTd) and Harosoy (W1W1 w3w3 W4W4 WmWm tt TdTd) was malvidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside with delphinidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside as a minor compound. Primary flavonol and dihydroflavonol were kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside and aromadendrin 3-O-glucoside, respectively. Quantitative analysis of near-isogenic lines (NILs) for flower or pubescence color genes, Clark-w1 (white flower), Clark-w4 (near-white flower), Clark-W3w4 (dilute purple flower), Clark-t (gray pubescence), Clark-td (near-gray pubescence), Harosoy-wm (magenta flower), and Harosoy-T (tawny pubescence) was carried out. No anthocyanins were detected in Clark-w1 and Clark-w4, whereas a trace amount was detected in Clark-W3w4. Amount of flavonols and dihydroflavonol in NILs with w1 or w4 were largely similar to the NILs with purple flower suggesting that W1 and W4 affect only anthocyanin biosynthesis. Amount of flavonol glycosides was substantially reduced and dihydroflavonol was increased in Harosoy-wm suggesting that Wm is responsible for the production of flavonol from dihydroflavonol. The recessive wm allele reduces flavonol amount and inhibits co-pigmentation between anthocyanins and flavonols resulting in less bluer (magenta) flower color. Pubescence color genes, T or Td, had no apparent effect on flavonoid biosynthesis in flower petals.     

Perianth bottom-specific blue color development in Tulip cv. Murasakizuisho requires ferric ions

The entire flower of Tulipa gesneriana cv. Murasakizuisho is purple, except the bottom, which is blue. To elucidate the mechanism of the different color development in the same petal, we prepared protoplasts from the purple and blue epidermal regions and measured the flavonoid composition by HPLC, the vacuolar pH by a proton-selective microelectrode, and element contents by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. Chemical analyses revealed that the anthocyanin and flavonol compositions in both purple and blue colored protoplasts were the same; delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside (1) and major three flavonol glycosides, manghaslin (2), rutin (3) and mauritianin (4). The vacuolar pH values of the purple and blue protoplasts were 5.5 and 5.6, respectively, without any significant difference. However, the Fe(3+) content in the blue protoplast was approximately 9.5 mM, which was 25 times higher than that in the purple protoplasts. We could reproduce the purple solution by mixing 1 with two equimolar concentrations of flavonol with lambda(vismax) = 539 nm, which was identical to that of the purple protoplasts. Furthermore, addition of Fe(3+) to the mixture of 1-4 gave the blue solution with lambda(vismax) = 615 nm identical to that of the blue protoplasts. We have established that Fe(3+) is essential for blue color development in the tulip.     

Flavonols in the Pollen of Tea Flowers

A new flavonol and its glycosides were isolated from the pollen of tea flowers. Their UV, IR, MS, and NMR spectra, alkaline degradation and color reactions have supported that the chemical structure of the flavonol is 3,5,8,4’-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone and that two glycosides were its 3-rhamnoglucoside and 3-monoglucoside, respectively. But another glycoside remained unidentified as to the sugar moiety. This flavonol, its rhamno-glucoside, monoglucoside and undetermined glycoside were named pollenitin, pollenin a, b, and c, respectively.     

The identification of poinsettia cultivars by HPLC analysis of their flavonol content

The flavonols from each of 38 poinsettia cultivars were quantitatively resolved by HPLC. Careful selection of samples revealed significant quantitative differences in flavonol content. While all cultivars of seedling origin could be differentiated on the basis of their flavonols, several families of sports could not. Most new commercial poinsettia cultivars have been selected from among somatic mutants exhibiting different bract color. Such changes in color were usually the results of change in anthocyanin content rather than flavonol content. The flavonol content increased in color sports with less anthocyanin. Three of the flavonols were absent from a few of the cultivars but most differences between cultivars were only quantitative. Genetic data suggested independent assortment of control of quercetin 3-rhamnoside and quercetin 3-galactoside synthesis but linkage of quercetin 3-rhamnoside and kaempferol 3-rhamnoside synthesis.     

Flavonoids from seeds of Camellia semiserrata Chi. and their estrogenic activity

Two new flavonol glycosides and three known flavonoids were isolated from seeds of Camellia semiserrata Chi. The structures of these new flavonol glycosides were established as kaempferol 3-O-[(2',3',4'-triacetyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)(2',4'-diacetyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] and kaempferol 3-O-[(3',4'-diacetyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->3)(2',4'-diacetyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] by spectroscopic methods. The estrogenic activity of these compounds was investigated by a recombinant yeast screening assay.     

The Flavonoid Pathway Regulates the Petal Colors of Cotton Flower

Although biochemists and geneticists have studied the cotton flower for more than one century, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the dramatic color change that occurs during its short developmental life following blooming. Through the analysis of world cotton germplasms, we found that all of the flowers underwent color changes post-anthesis, but there is a diverse array of petal colors among cotton species, with cream, yellow and red colors dominating the color scheme. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicated that both the original cream and red colors and the color changes post-anthesis were related to flavonoid content. The anthocyanin content and the expression of biosynthesis genes were both increased from blooming to one day post-anthesis (DPA) when the flower was withering and undergoing abscission. Our results indicated that the color changes and flavonoid biosynthesis of cotton flowers were precisely controlled and genetically regulated. In addition, flavonol synthase (FLS) genes involved in flavonol biosynthesis showed specific expression at 11 am when the flowers were fully opened. The anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) genes, which are responsible for proanthocyanidins biosynthesis, showed the highest expression at 6 pm on 0 DPA, when the flowers were withered. Light showed primary, moderate and little effects on flavonol, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, respectively. Flavonol biosynthesis was in response to light exposure, while anthocyanin biosynthesis was involved in flower color changes. Further expression analysis of flavonoid genes in flowers of wild type and a flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) silenced line showed that the development of cotton flower color was controlled by a complex interaction between genes and light. These results present novel information regarding flavonoids metabolism and flower development.     

Novel flavonol 3-sulfotransferase. Purification, kinetic properties, and partial amino acid sequence.

A flavonol sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.-), which catalyzes the transfer of the sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the 3-hydroxyl group of flavonol aglycones, has been purified to apparent homogeneity from Flaveria chloraefolia. The specific activity of flavonol 3-sulfotransferase was enriched 2000-fold, as compared with the homogenate, with a recovery of 9%. The molecular mass of the native and denatured enzyme was found to be 34.5 kDa, suggesting that the active from of the enzyme is a monomer. The enzyme exhibited expressed specificity for position 3 of flavonol aglycones, showed two activity optima at pH 6.0 and 8.5, did not require divalent cations, and was not inhibited by either EDTA or sulfhydryl group reagents. The results of substrate interaction kinetics and product inhibition are consistent with an Ordered Bi Bi mechanism where 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate is the first substrate to bind to the enzyme and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate is the final product to be released. The amino acid sequence of two peptides representing 17 and 33 amino acids showed no significant sequence similarity with the amino acid sequences reported for animal sulfotransferases. Antibodies raised against F. chloraefolia 3-sulfotransferase were found to cross-react with the 3'- and 4'-sulfotransferase activities of the same plant, suggesting that the three enzymes are structurally related.