高空气球搭载实验对鸡冠花黄酮类化合物成分的影响

利用高空气球搭载了2个品种鸡冠花（Celosia cristataL.)的种子,进行空间诱变处理,飞行高度为40.112km,飞行时间近4h,回收后播种栽培,采收子一代（SP1）花序,将各组样品花序的乙醇提取物与Mg HCl,Zn HCl,1?Cl3-乙醇液,2%AlCl3-乙醇液,1%NaOH进行显色反应,呈现黄酮类化合物性质特征颜色,又以槲皮素,山柰酚,异鼠李素为对照品,采用HPLC法测定分析了各搭载组花序中黄酮醇的含是,并与地面对照组比较,结果表明,2个品种鸡冠花搭载组花序黄酮醇总量分别为0.859%,0.864%,比对照组分别提高90.04%,142.02%。高空环境诱变处理对鸡冠花花序中黄酮类化合物合成产生了显著效应。     

水杉落叶中黄酮类化合物的测定与抗氧化作用的初步研究

水杉落叶乙醇提取物用Mg HCl,Zn HCl,1?Cl3-乙醇液,2%AlCl3-乙醇液,1%NaOH进行显色反应,呈现黄酮类化合物性质特征颜色,其样品提取物甲醇溶液具有紫外光谱特征吸收蜂带.采用比色法检测样品水提取液对羟自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基O-·2的清除作用.结果表明,水杉落叶中含有黄酮类化合物,其水提取液能降低·OH引发的还原型细胞色素C[Cyt·C(II)]氧化作用和O-·2对羟胺的氧化作用,其抗氧化能力随样品水提液用量的增加而提高.     

氮素营养对药用菊花氮代谢及产量品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,以药用菊花为供试材料,选用酰胺态氮[CO(NH_2)_2-N]、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)为供试氮肥,分别设定3个氮素水平,采用L9(34)正交设计,研究氮素营养对药用菊花氮代谢、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:氮素形态对药用菊花氮代谢、产量和品质的影响存在较大差异。酰胺态氮和硝态氮混合施用时药用菊花单株花序干重最大,铵态氮对菊花叶片NR活性、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白以及花序中绿原酸含量的影响较大,酰胺态氮对菊花叶片GS活性和花序中总黄酮含量的影响大于铵态氮和硝态氮,硝态氮对菊花花序木犀草苷含量的影响最大;处理5即施酰胺态氮1.5 g·pot~(-1)、铵态氮1.5 g·pot~(-1)、硝态氮3.0 g·pot~(-1)、总氮量6.0 g·pot~(-1)时,菊花花序中3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸含量高于缺氮处理近1倍。可见,氮素营养可提高药用菊花氮代谢关键酶活性和氮代谢产物,提高药用菊花成分含量和单株花序干重。     

普通鸡冠花序中黄酮类化合物的研究

红色普通鸡冠（Ｃｅｌｏｓｉａ ａｒｇｅｎｔｅａ Ｌ．,ｒｅｄ ｆｌｏｗｅｒ）花序乙醇提取物用Ｍｇ＋ＨＣｌ,Ｚｎ＋ＨＣｌ,１％ＦｅＣｌ３－乙醇液,２％ＡｌＣｌ３－乙醇液,１％ＮａＯＨ进行显色反应,呈现黄酮类化合物性质特征颜色。又以槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素为对照品,采用ＨＰＬＣ法测定分析了不同花期花序中黄酮醇的含量。结果表明,晚期花序干品中总黄酮含量（以甙元计）为０．７６１％。     

赤楠果实红色素的性质及提取工艺

本实验探讨赤楠果实红色素的理化性质及提取条件。结果表明,该色素属花色苷类;其最佳提取工艺是:1%HCl-乙醇(1ml HCl:99ml 95%乙醇)溶液作为提取剂,料液比1/10,温度35℃,提取时间3h,提取次数3次。     

遮光对地被菊花色苷含量和CmUFGT基因表达的影响

以地被菊品种‘紫重楼’为试材,设置4种光环境梯度:L0(CK,全光照)、L1(80%全光照)、L2(60%全光照)和L3(40%全光照),研究花序不同发育期遮光处理对‘紫重楼’开花过程中叶绿素含量、干重、干重比、花色苷含量、可溶性糖含量和CmUFGT基因表达量的影响,以探讨光在花色苷合成和降解过程中的作用。结果表明:(1)现蕾期、露色期遮光处理下,叶绿素a、b含量随光照强度的降低而逐渐增加,其中L3处理下叶绿素a、b含量显著高于其他处理;盛花期遮光处理下,叶绿素a、b含量随光照强度的降低呈先增后降的趋势,其中L1处理下叶绿素a、b含量极显著高于其他处理。(2)花序干重随着光照强度的降低呈下降趋势,花序干重比呈先升后降的趋势,其中L1处理下花序干重比增加。(3)现蕾期、露色期遮光处理下花色苷含量随着花序发育呈先升后降的变化趋势,盛花期遮光处理下呈下降趋势;花序发育第3、4阶段,光照越强花色苷含量越高;第7、8阶段,光照越弱花色苷含量越高。(4)遮光处理下舌状花可溶性糖含量随着花序发育呈先升后降趋势,其中L1处理下可溶性糖含量增加。(5)遮光处理极显著抑制花序发育第5阶段CmUFGT基因的表达,且表达量随着光照强度的降低而逐渐降低;现蕾期、露色期L1处理下,花序发育第3、4阶段CmUFGT基因表达量降低。研究表明,地被菊花序发育中期(第3、4阶段)轻度遮光(L1)抑制CmUFGT基因表达,促进可溶性糖含量增加,有利于花色苷的合成;花序发育后期(第7、8阶段)重度遮光(L3)有利于缓解花色苷的降解。     

盘龙参组织培养与快繁研究

以野生花卉植物盘龙参Spiranthes sinensis的芽、花序为外植体,探讨不同消毒处理及植物生长调节剂对盘龙参组织培养的影响,建立组织培养快繁体系。结果显示,以0.1%升汞消毒6 min处理效果较好;丛生芽形成、花序愈伤组织诱导最适合的培养基组合为1/2MS+6-BA 2.5 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.25 mg·L~(-1);最佳增殖培养基组合为1/2MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.75 mg·L~(-1);最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 1.25 mg·L~(-1)。     

玫瑰切花保鲜剂配方研究

以蔗糖(S)、8-羟基喹啉(8-HQ)、柠檬酸(CA)为保鲜液的基本配方,分别加入CaCl2 、NaCl、Al2(SO4)3、CaCl2+KAl(SO4)2 组成四种保鲜液,进行玫瑰切花保鲜实验。对切花瓶插寿命、花径、水分平衡值、可溶性蛋白含量和还原糖含量进行分析。结果表明,各种配方保鲜液均能延长玫瑰切花的瓶插寿命、增大花径、改善切花水分代谢状况、降低切花蛋白质和还原糖的分解速度。其中,保鲜液2% S + 280 mg/L CA + 200 mg/L 8-HQ + 1% CaCl2的保鲜效果最好。     

黑小豆种皮花色苷的提取及体外抗氧化活性研究

为了探索新的花色苷资源,以黑小豆种皮为原料,对其花色苷类色素的提取工艺进行了研究。通过单因素和L_9(3~4)正交试验,考察了乙醇浓度、料液比、温度和p H对粗提液中花色苷含量的影响。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:乙醇浓度60%、料液比1∶20(g∶m L)、温度50℃、p H=2.0。此条件下,黑小豆种皮粗提液中花色苷的含量最大(5.912 mg/g);黑小豆种皮花色苷粗提物得率为19.1%,纯度为3.06%;粗提物具有一定的总抗氧化能力和清除O~(-·)_2、·OH和DPPH自由基的能力。黑小豆种皮可作为一种新型花色苷资源加以利用。     

(乙醇+丙酮)/硫酸铵二元双水相萃取分离螺旋藻中β-胡萝卜素

采用(乙醇+丙酮)(v/v=1:2)/硫酸铵双水相体系分离螺旋藻β-胡萝卜素,确定其体系组成为15%(乙醇+丙酮)(v/v=1∶2)和24%硫酸铵。通过单因素和Box-Behnken实验探讨β-胡萝卜素粗提液、p H、萃取温度对萃取效果的影响。结果表明:β-胡萝卜素粗提液质量分数为6%、体系p H 8.0、萃取温度30℃时,萃取率可达94.55%。研究结果为β-胡萝卜素提取分离提供了新途径,双水相萃取技术在天然β-胡萝卜素提取中具有良好应用前景。     

诸葛菜茎叶中黄酮类化合物的研究

诸葛菜茎叶乙醇提取物用Ｍｇ＋ＨＣｌ,Ｚｎ＋ＨＣｌ,１％ＦｅＣｌ３－乙醇液,１％ＮａＯＨ进行显色反应,呈现黄酮类化合物性质特征颜色。又以槲皮素,山柰酚,异鼠李素为对照品,采用ＨＰＬＣ法分析测定了其茎叶中黄酮醇的含量。结果表明干品中总黄酮含量（以甙元计）为０．５６８％。     

Analysis of flavonoids in flower petals of soybean near-isogenic lines for flower and pubescence color genes

W1, W3, W4, and Wm genes control flower color, whereas T and Td genes control pubescence color in soybean. W1, W3, Wm, and T are presumed to encode flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.88), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (EC 1.1.1.219), flavonol synthase (EC 1.14.11.23), and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.21), respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the structure of the primary anthocyanin, flavonol, and dihydroflavonol in flower petals. Primary component of anthocyanin in purple flower cultivars Clark (W1W1 w3w3 W4W4 WmWm TT TdTd) and Harosoy (W1W1 w3w3 W4W4 WmWm tt TdTd) was malvidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside with delphinidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside as a minor compound. Primary flavonol and dihydroflavonol were kaempferol 3-O-gentiobioside and aromadendrin 3-O-glucoside, respectively. Quantitative analysis of near-isogenic lines (NILs) for flower or pubescence color genes, Clark-w1 (white flower), Clark-w4 (near-white flower), Clark-W3w4 (dilute purple flower), Clark-t (gray pubescence), Clark-td (near-gray pubescence), Harosoy-wm (magenta flower), and Harosoy-T (tawny pubescence) was carried out. No anthocyanins were detected in Clark-w1 and Clark-w4, whereas a trace amount was detected in Clark-W3w4. Amount of flavonols and dihydroflavonol in NILs with w1 or w4 were largely similar to the NILs with purple flower suggesting that W1 and W4 affect only anthocyanin biosynthesis. Amount of flavonol glycosides was substantially reduced and dihydroflavonol was increased in Harosoy-wm suggesting that Wm is responsible for the production of flavonol from dihydroflavonol. The recessive wm allele reduces flavonol amount and inhibits co-pigmentation between anthocyanins and flavonols resulting in less bluer (magenta) flower color. Pubescence color genes, T or Td, had no apparent effect on flavonoid biosynthesis in flower petals.     

Biochemical and molecular characterization of flavonoid 7-sulfotransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana

Flavonoid compounds play important roles as flower pigments, stress metabolites formed in response to UV, during pollen germination and for polar auxin transport (Trends Plant Sci. 1 (1996) 377). Flavonoid sulfate esters are common in plants, especially the Asteraceae; however, due to the lack of information regarding the factors that regulate their accumulation, their exact role remains to be elucidated. The biosynthesis of flavonol sulfate esters is catalyzed by a number of position specific flavonol sulfotransferases (STs). An Arabidopsis thaliana database search has allowed us to identify and classify 18 putative ST coding sequences. We report here the cloning and characterization of the AtST3a member of this family that is expressed at early stages of seedling development and in the inflorescence stem and siliques of mature plants. The recombinant AtST3a protein exhibits strict specificity for position 7 of flavonoids. In contrast to previously characterized flavonol 7-ST from Flaveria bidentis that sulfonates only flavonol disulfates, AtST3a was found to accept as substrates a number of flavonols and flavone aglycones, as well as their monosulfate esters. The discovery of a flavonol ST from A. thaliana suggests that flavonol sulfates are more widely distributed than originally believed and this model plant could be used to study their biological significance.     

Perianth bottom-specific blue color development in Tulip cv. Murasakizuisho requires ferric ions

The entire flower of Tulipa gesneriana cv. Murasakizuisho is purple, except the bottom, which is blue. To elucidate the mechanism of the different color development in the same petal, we prepared protoplasts from the purple and blue epidermal regions and measured the flavonoid composition by HPLC, the vacuolar pH by a proton-selective microelectrode, and element contents by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. Chemical analyses revealed that the anthocyanin and flavonol compositions in both purple and blue colored protoplasts were the same; delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside (1) and major three flavonol glycosides, manghaslin (2), rutin (3) and mauritianin (4). The vacuolar pH values of the purple and blue protoplasts were 5.5 and 5.6, respectively, without any significant difference. However, the Fe(3+) content in the blue protoplast was approximately 9.5 mM, which was 25 times higher than that in the purple protoplasts. We could reproduce the purple solution by mixing 1 with two equimolar concentrations of flavonol with lambda(vismax) = 539 nm, which was identical to that of the purple protoplasts. Furthermore, addition of Fe(3+) to the mixture of 1-4 gave the blue solution with lambda(vismax) = 615 nm identical to that of the blue protoplasts. We have established that Fe(3+) is essential for blue color development in the tulip.     

The identification of poinsettia cultivars by HPLC analysis of their flavonol content

The flavonols from each of 38 poinsettia cultivars were quantitatively resolved by HPLC. Careful selection of samples revealed significant quantitative differences in flavonol content. While all cultivars of seedling origin could be differentiated on the basis of their flavonols, several families of sports could not. Most new commercial poinsettia cultivars have been selected from among somatic mutants exhibiting different bract color. Such changes in color were usually the results of change in anthocyanin content rather than flavonol content. The flavonol content increased in color sports with less anthocyanin. Three of the flavonols were absent from a few of the cultivars but most differences between cultivars were only quantitative. Genetic data suggested independent assortment of control of quercetin 3-rhamnoside and quercetin 3-galactoside synthesis but linkage of quercetin 3-rhamnoside and kaempferol 3-rhamnoside synthesis.     

Flavonols in the Pollen of Tea Flowers

A new flavonol and its glycosides were isolated from the pollen of tea flowers. Their UV, IR, MS, and NMR spectra, alkaline degradation and color reactions have supported that the chemical structure of the flavonol is 3,5,8,4’-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone and that two glycosides were its 3-rhamnoglucoside and 3-monoglucoside, respectively. But another glycoside remained unidentified as to the sugar moiety. This flavonol, its rhamno-glucoside, monoglucoside and undetermined glycoside were named pollenitin, pollenin a, b, and c, respectively.     

The Flavonoid Pathway Regulates the Petal Colors of Cotton Flower

Although biochemists and geneticists have studied the cotton flower for more than one century, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the dramatic color change that occurs during its short developmental life following blooming. Through the analysis of world cotton germplasms, we found that all of the flowers underwent color changes post-anthesis, but there is a diverse array of petal colors among cotton species, with cream, yellow and red colors dominating the color scheme. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicated that both the original cream and red colors and the color changes post-anthesis were related to flavonoid content. The anthocyanin content and the expression of biosynthesis genes were both increased from blooming to one day post-anthesis (DPA) when the flower was withering and undergoing abscission. Our results indicated that the color changes and flavonoid biosynthesis of cotton flowers were precisely controlled and genetically regulated. In addition, flavonol synthase (FLS) genes involved in flavonol biosynthesis showed specific expression at 11 am when the flowers were fully opened. The anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) genes, which are responsible for proanthocyanidins biosynthesis, showed the highest expression at 6 pm on 0 DPA, when the flowers were withered. Light showed primary, moderate and little effects on flavonol, anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, respectively. Flavonol biosynthesis was in response to light exposure, while anthocyanin biosynthesis was involved in flower color changes. Further expression analysis of flavonoid genes in flowers of wild type and a flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) silenced line showed that the development of cotton flower color was controlled by a complex interaction between genes and light. These results present novel information regarding flavonoids metabolism and flower development.     

Inflorescence scent,color, and nectar properties of “butterfly bush” (Buddleja davidii) in its native range

In this study, flower color, nectar properties, and inflorescence scent composition of eight natural and one introduced Buddleja davidii populations were investigated. Flower color of B. davidii was determined using the Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart and ranged from purple to white. Volume of nectar produced by a single flower ranged from 0.36 μl to 0.64 μl and total sugar concentration produced by inflorescence ranged from 17.0% to 33.5% in all populations. Floral nectar volume and sugar concentration were not significantly different between two flower color morphs in the B. davidii populations. Floral scents of B. davidii were collected using dynamic headspace adsorption and identified with coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In total, 33 compounds were identified from the inflorescences of B. davidii. The identified scents were divided into five chemical classes based on their biosynthetic origin: irregular terpenes, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, fatty acid derivatives, and benzenoids. The scent profiles in all populations were dominated by few components, such as: 4-oxoisophorone, E,E-α-farnesene, and 1-octen-3-ol. Given that inflorescence scents from natural and introduced individuals coming from the same population have discrepant chemical composition, we infer that phenotype plasticity may mediate floral scent composition. Based on the comparison of present and other data available on floral scent in B. davidii, we conclude that inflorescence scent may serve as a specific signal helping to attract pollinating butterflies to locate flowers as nectar sources, and may have evolved in conjunction with the sensory capabilities of butterflies and moths as a specific group of pollinators.