模拟微重力诱导PC12细胞衰老的初步探讨

目的：构建模拟微重力条件下PC12细胞的培养体系,探讨模拟微重力对PC12细胞衰老的影响。方法：用Cytodex-3型微载体作为PC12细胞的贴附载体,旋转细胞培养系统所提供10-2g的微重力环境进行模拟微重力条件下的细胞培养。在倒置显微镜下观察PC12细胞的生长情况;用扫描电镜观察PC12细胞超微结构的变化;衰老相关β半乳糖苷酶（SA-β-gal）特异性染色对衰老的PC12细胞进行评估。结果：光镜下模拟微重力培养的PC12细胞表现出类衰老细胞的形态,扫描电子显微镜下观察发现其微绒毛增多。SA-β-gal染色的结果显示在模拟微重力的作用下,PC12细胞SA-β-gal的活性升高。结论：模拟微重力可以引起PC12细胞衰老样的形态变化,以及SA-β-gal的活性升高。     

TGFβ信号调控阿霉素诱导的衰老肿瘤细胞表达SA-β-gal

目的:细胞衰老是维持机体稳态的一种重要机制,表达SA-β-gal被认为是衰老细胞的一种特异性的标志,但有研究表明在衰老细胞中SA-β-gal染色阳性只是衰老细胞的溶酶体变大的结果,为了探究SA-β-gal的表达与细胞衰老之间的具体关系,我们验证了参与调节衰老细胞表达SA-β-gal的信号通路及SA-β-gal的表达情况是否会对细胞衰老的过程产生影响.方法:肿瘤细胞用低剂量的阿霉素处理24小时后,再分别给予不同的小分子抑制剂继续作用4天,观察SA-β-gal染色阳性的细胞数目及SA-β-gal表达与否对于衰老细胞在分泌细胞因子、生长阻滞等细胞生物学功能上的影响.结果:在阿霉素诱导细胞发生衰老的过程中,TGFβ抑制剂SB431542能够抑制衰老细胞表达SA-β-gal,而SA-β-gal表达的缺失并不影响细胞衰老的其他特征性改变.结论:低剂量的阿霉素作用肿瘤细胞后,细胞会进入衰老的状态.在细胞衰老的过程中,TGFβ受体Ⅰ的抑制剂SB431542可以抑制衰老细胞表达SA-β-gal,但是SA-β-gal的缺失表达并不影响细胞衰老的过程及衰老细胞的其他特性,如:不可逆的生长阻滞、分泌有活性的细胞因子等.结果表明:SA-β-gal并不能作为衰老细胞的特异性标志.     

超级干扰素抑制A549增殖诱导其衰老

该研究利用MTT和结晶紫的方法证明sIFNα对肺癌细胞A549增殖有很强的抑制作用,而同样剂量的普通干扰素IFNα2b抑制作用要小很多。与对照组相比,sIFNα处理后,细胞形态发生改变,细胞体积变大,形态呈扁平状;Hoechst33258染色发现,细胞核形态无变化并且未检测到凋亡;SA-β-gal染色发现大多数细胞呈现阳性,同时,衰老相关蛋白p53和p21表达量明显上调。而IFNα2b处理组细胞形态基本没有变化,SA-β-gal染色也只有少部分的细胞呈现弱阳性。由此说明,sIFNα比IFNα2b能更好地抑制癌细胞增殖,其机制可能为诱导癌细胞发生衰老。     

TNF-α诱导人类成纤维细胞DNA损伤及衰老的机制研究

目的:本文主要通过实验探讨TNF-α诱导人类成纤维细胞DNA损伤及衰老的相关机制。方法:本次研究在某院小儿外科手术过程中选取部分正常皮肤组织,处理之后,对其成纤维细胞采取TNF-α进行诱导,观察比较经过TNF-α短时间和长时间处理后,成纤维细胞的SA-β-gal以及DNA发生的变化。结果:经过TNF-α3天内的短时间处理,成纤维细胞的SA-β-gal以及DNA变化不明显,处理时间延长到6天以后,成纤维细胞的SA-β-gal以及DNA变化明显,具有统计学意义。结论:本次研究结果表明,成纤维细胞经过TNF-α6天以上的时间处理后,SA-β-gal阳性细胞数量明显增多,γ-H2AX阳性细胞比例数明显增多,γ-H2AX蛋白的水平在明显升高。说明TNF-α作为一种特殊的炎症因子,具有促进细胞增殖和肿瘤坏死、诱导细胞凋亡等作用。     

细胞周期抑制因子p19ARF对人二倍体细胞衰老的影响

为了探讨细胞周期抑制因子p19ARF对人二倍体细胞复制性衰老的影响, 构建了重组p19ARF真核表达载体, 并通过脂质体的介导将p19ARF基因转染到人二倍体成纤维细胞WI-38中过表达, 观察其对WI-38细胞衰老的影响. 结果发现与对照细胞相比, 在p19ARF基因导入后, 细胞中p53和p21的表达水平明显上调, 细胞传代数减少10~12代, 生长速率降低, 细胞周期阻滞于G₁期, 衰老标志物SA-β-gal染色阳性率上升, 线粒体膜电位下降, 细胞形态呈衰老细胞样变化, 这些结果表明p19ARF高表达可促进人二倍体细胞的衰老进程.     

AFAP1在博来霉素诱导的A549细胞衰老中的作用机制研究

目的:研究AFAP1在博来霉素诱导的A549细胞衰老模型中的作用及分子机制。方法:用50μg/m L的博来霉素处理A549细胞5天建立细胞衰老模型。用相同浓度的博来霉素处理细胞1-5天观察细胞从周期阻滞到衰老的过程,SA-β-Gal染色检测衰老细胞数目,用Western blot方法检测AFAP1、p21、c-Src等蛋白表达。过表达AFAP1后,观察细胞衰老状态及各蛋白表达水平变化。结果:50μg/m L的博来霉素处理A549细胞5天后可以建立细胞衰老模型,表现为BLM组SA-β-Gal阳性细胞数升高(P0.01)且细胞体积显著增大(P0.01),p21表达水平升高。在衰老的A549细胞中,AFAP1和激活型(Src p Y416)表达水平变化一致,从BLM处理后出现升高第4天开始明显下降在第5天最低,c-Src和Src p Y527表达水平不变。过表达AFAP1后再用博来霉素诱导,SA-β-Gal阳性细胞数及细胞体积、Src p Y416和p21表达与空载对照比较未发现有明显差异(P0.05)。结论:衰老的A549细胞中AFAP1表达下调,c-Src活性降低;过表达AFAP1不能减轻博来霉素诱导的A549细胞衰老,也不能抑制衰老细胞中的c-Src的活性下降。     

有丝分裂诱导基因6(MIG-6)可诱导人成纤维细胞发生提前衰老

年老细胞许多基因表达发生变化,其中有些基因的表达可以诱导成纤维细胞早衰.癌基因诱导的衰老(oncogene-induced senescence,OIS)是由一些连续癌症基因的信号,以阻止细胞增殖造成的反应.有丝分裂诱导基因6(mitogen-inducible gene-6,MIG-6)是一个抑癌基因,是ErbB RTK通路的负调控因子,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖.本文以人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞为对象,研究MIG-6蛋白在细胞衰老中的作用.通过Western印迹发现,在老年细胞中MIG-6表达升高.利用逆转录病毒载体将MIG-6基因转入年轻的人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞中,通过Western印迹方法检测是否过表达MIG-6,然后通过SA-β-gal染色检测其阳性率,发现转染MIG-6基因后的成纤维细胞SA-β-gal染色率明显高于对照组,生长缓慢.实验结果证实,MIG-6蛋白可以诱导人二倍体成纤维细胞提前衰老.     

衰老程度评价生物学指标在人胚肺二倍体细胞的筛选研究

目的:通过在微观结构水平和分子水平检测不同代次人胚肺二倍体细胞衰老相关的指标值,筛选出能够系统性评价人胚肺二倍体细胞衰老程度的生物学指标。方法:将Walvax-2细胞分成16个代次,在倒置显微镜下观察不同代次Walvax-2细胞生长情况及形态学变化;在透射电镜下观察不同代次Walvax-2细胞生长情况和衰老情况;通过检测SA-β-gal染色阳性率,分析不同代次Walvax-2细胞β-半乳糖苷酶的表达水平。结果:细胞可传58代。倒置显微镜下:随细胞代次的增加,可见颜色逐渐加深,色素积累;透射电子显微镜观察到:P20到P43细胞正常且骨架结构明显,细胞核完整,具有较高的核质比,P44和P45开始出现衰老现象,细胞质色素积聚加深,核膜不同程度内折,P50和P55细胞衰老更加明显;β-半乳糖苷酶的阳性染色率和细胞代龄之间呈显著相关(P0.01)。结论:细胞形态学变化,β-半乳糖苷酶阳性率变化与Walvax-2细胞代龄增长显著相关,可选择作为Walvax-2细胞衰老程度评价的生物学指标。     

一种应用流式细胞术快速分选活的衰老细胞的方法

衰老细胞是细胞老化研究的重要模型,目前还缺乏从混合细胞群中分选活的衰老细胞的有效方法。该研究以1.0μg/m L顺铂诱导的人鼻咽癌CNE 2细胞衰老为研究模型,根据细胞大小和自发荧光(脂褐素积累)两项物理特征,采用FACS Aria III流式细胞仪在Purity模式下设门分选活的衰老细胞(SEN)和增殖细胞(PROL),收集细胞,再分别进行回测分析和衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-gal)染色验证。结果从SEN门控获得分选纯度为74.7%的活的衰老细胞,分选出的细胞可重新贴壁;其中,72.1%的细胞呈SA-β-gal染色阳性,与PROL门控分选获得的细胞(8.01%)相比较有显著差异(P0.01)。该研究提供了一种基于流式细胞仪快速分选活的衰老细胞的方法。     

MnSOD过表达对t-BHP诱导间充质干细胞凋亡的保护作用

通过重组慢病毒系统感染人间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stromal cells,MSCs),建立了能够稳定、高效表达锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)的细胞株MnSOD-MSCs．从胎儿肝脏组织克隆MnSOD基因,构建重组慢病毒MnSOD的表达载体,感染MSCs．根据荧光表达进行流式分选,获得能够继续稳定传代的高表达MnSOD基因的MSCs,RT-PCR和Western blot结果证实细胞株中的MnSOD基因稳定高表达．用不同浓度的第三丁基过氧化氢(t-BHP)处理细胞,通过CCK-8法检测细胞的存活率,SA-β-gal染色观察细胞的衰老情况,流式细胞技术分析细胞的凋亡率,实时荧光定量PCR分析p53和p53正向细胞凋亡调控因子(PUMA)的表达．结果发现,MnSOD过表达可提高细胞的存活率,抑制细胞的凋亡,SA-β-gal染色阳性率降低,且p53和PUMA表达下调．这提示MnSOD过表达对t-BHP诱导的细胞凋亡具有保护作用．     

Effect of culture in a rotating wall bioreactor on the physiology of differentiated neuron-like PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells.

A variety of evidence suggests that nervous system function is altered during microgravity, however, assessing changes in neuronal physiology during space flight is a non-trivial task. We have used a rotating wall bioreactor with a high aspect ratio vessel (HARV), which simulates the microgravity environment, to investigate the how the viability, neurite extension, and signaling of differentiated neuron-like cells changes in different culture environments. We show that culture of differentiated PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells in the simulated microgravity HARV bioreactor resulted in high cell viability, moderate neurite extension, and cell aggregation accompanied by NO production. Neurite extension was less than that seen in static cultures, suggesting that less than optimal differentiation occurs in simulated microgravity relative to normal gravity. Cells grown in a mixed vessel under normal gravity (a spinner flask) had low viability, low neurite extension, and high glutamate release. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using a rotating wall bioreactor to explore the effects of simulated microgravity on differentiation and physiology of neuron-like cells.     

NASA-approved rotary bioreactor enhances proliferation of human epidermal stem cells and supports formation of 3D epidermis-like structure

The skin is susceptible to different injuries and diseases. One major obstacle in skin tissue engineering is how to develop functional three-dimensional (3D) substitute for damaged skin. Previous studies have proved a 3D dynamic simulated microgravity (SMG) culture system as a "stimulatory" environment for the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. Here, we employed the NASA-approved rotary bioreactor to investigate the proliferation and differentiation of human epidermal stem cells (hEpSCs). hEpSCs were isolated from children foreskins and enriched by collecting epidermal stem cell colonies. Cytodex-3 micro-carriers and hEpSCs were co-cultured in the rotary bioreactor and 6-well dish for 15 days. The result showed that hEpSCs cultured in rotary bioreactor exhibited enhanced proliferation and viability surpassing those cultured in static conditions. Additionally, immunostaining analysis confirmed higher percentage of ki67 positive cells in rotary bioreactor compared with the static culture. In contrast, comparing with static culture, cells in the rotary bioreactor displayed a low expression of involucrin at day 10. Histological analysis revealed that cells cultured in rotary bioreactor aggregated on the micro-carriers and formed multilayer 3D epidermis structures. In conclusion, our research suggests that NASA-approved rotary bioreactor can support the proliferation of hEpSCs and provide a strategy to form multilayer epidermis structure.     

锰对PC12 细胞的增殖抑制与凋亡研究

目的:研究锰作用下PC12细胞的增殖抑制作用与凋亡相关的形态学、生化指标改变。方法:用200,400,600,800μmol/LMnCl2的培养液,分别作用对数生长期PC12细胞1,2,3,4d后,用MTT筛选锰的细胞毒性剂量;透射电镜观察细胞形态学变化;琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测MnCl2对PC12细胞基因组DNA的影响。结果:MTT实验显示200-800μmol/L MnCl2作用4天对PC12有显著的抑制作用,呈剂量和时间依赖趋势,600μmol/L MnCl2作用4d对PC12的抑制率可达50%以上。600μmol/L MnCl2作用4d电镜可见细胞凋亡,同样条件下细胞DNA碎片化。结论:PC12细胞在锰作用下发生增殖抑制,原因是锰诱导PC12细胞凋亡。     

Protein nitration increased by simulated weightlessness and decreased by melatonin and quercetin in PC12 cells.

A variety of experiments suggest that space flight is associated with an increase in oxidative stress in organism. To explore the effects of oxidative stress on neuronal cells during microgravity, we used rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells as a neuronal cell model, cultured in a clinostat, which could simulate microgravity, to investigate the effects of reactive nitrogen species on protein nitration in PC12 cells during clinorotation. The effects of melatonin and quercetin on protein nitration in PC12 cells were also assayed to evaluate the possible protective role of melatonin or quercetin as an antioxidant. The results of immunological staining showed that after the 3 days' clinorotation the protein expressions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthesis were up-regulated. Our data also reflected that the concentrations of nitric oxide and nitrotyrosine were significantly increased after clinorotation, and they were reduced markedly in cells that were treated with 50 micromol/L melatonin or 0.5 micromol/L quercetin during simulated microgravity, when compared to those of control cells. These results suggest that clinorotation-induced weightlessness increases oxidative stress responses in PC12 cells, and melatonin or quercetin was shown to protect PC12 cells from oxidative damage during simulated weightlessness.     

模拟失重对白假丝酵母菌增殖和毒性的影响

【背景】近年来研究发现,失重条件可对一些致病微生物的增殖和毒性产生影响,白假丝酵母菌(Candida albicans)是典型的条件性致病真菌,在太空环境和人体中普遍存在,研究失重条件下白假丝酵母菌的增殖和毒性意义重大。【目的】利用旋转细胞培养系统(Rotary cell culture system,RCCS)模拟失重环境对白假丝酵母菌进行连续传代培养,检测模拟失重环境对白假丝酵母菌增殖情况、毒性以及基因表达的变化。【方法】将白假丝酵母菌接种在旋转生物反应器(High aspect rotating vessel,HARV)中,利用旋转细胞培养系统连续传代培养14 d,然后对菌株进行增殖速率测定、不同pH条件下增殖能力测定、生物膜相对形成能力测定和细胞毒性和动物毒力测定;利用转录组测序技术找出差异表达基因,结合性状分析模拟失重可能对白假丝酵母菌增殖和毒力的影响。【结果】与对照组相比,模拟失重组白假丝酵母菌对数期提前,增殖速率加快,在适宜pH条件下的增殖能力普遍提高,但其生物膜形成能力相对减弱,对LoVo细胞和小鼠的毒性减弱;转录组测序发现,模拟失重组共有280个基因表达差异达1.5倍以上(P0.05),其中248个上调、32个下调。差异基因经基因功能注释(Gene ontology,GO)和京都基因及基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析发现,相关胞膜形成及细胞分裂基因表达上调,生物膜形成、细胞黏附及共生粘连宿主基因表达下调。【结论】模拟失重环境可引起白假丝酵母菌增殖和毒性水平发生变化,相关改变可为研究失重环境对微生物的影响提供参考。     

模拟微重力条件下WB-F344细胞的三维培养

与传统的单层平面培养相比,细胞三维培养可更好地模拟生物体内细胞的生长状态和微环境。以Cytodex-3微载体为支持物,利用旋转式细胞培养系统(RCCS)模拟微重力条件,悬浮培养法构建大鼠WB-F344细胞微重力三维培养模型。并通过细胞计数、光学显微镜、透射电镜、逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和流式细胞术等方法分析了细胞增殖、显微结构、粘附分子及钙粘蛋白(E-cadherin)表达情况。结果表明,模拟微重力三维培养条件下WB-F344细胞增殖块,呈紧密多层排列、可见丰富的微绒毛和线粒体、胞间有桥粒和紧密连接形成,细胞粘着力加强、表现出良好的三维生长特征;与静置三维培养相比,纤粘连蛋白(Fn)mRNA表达呈上调趋势,细胞内E-cadherin表达量增加,这可能是微重力效应下细胞粘附力增强的部分机制。该培养体系可能有利于细胞之间,细胞与胞外基质之间相互作用及其作用机制的研究。     

模拟微重力条件下 WB-F344细胞的三维培养

与传统的单层平面培养相比,细胞三维培养可更好地模拟生物体内细胞的生长状态和微环境.以Cytodex-3微载体为支持物,利用旋转式细胞培养系统（RCCS）模拟微重力条件,悬浮培养法构建大鼠WB-F344细胞微重力三维培养模型.并通过细胞计数、光学显微镜、透射电镜、逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和流式细胞术等方法分析了细胞增殖、显微结构、粘附分子及钙粘蛋白（E-cadherin）表达情况.结果表明,模拟微重力三维培养条件下WB-F344细胞增殖块,呈紧密多层排列、可见丰富的微绒毛和线粒体、胞间有桥粒和紧密连接形成,细胞粘着力加强、表现出良好的三维生长特征;与静置三维培养相比,纤粘连蛋白（Fn）mRNA表达呈上调趋势,细胞内E-cadherin表达量增加,这可能是微重力效应下细胞粘附力增强的部分机制.该培养体系可能有利于细胞之间,细胞与胞外基质之间相互作用及其作用机制的研究.     

The effect of simulated microgravity on osteoblasts is independent of the induction of apoptosis

Bone loss during spaceflight has been attributed, in part, to a reduction in osteoblast number, altered gene expression, and an increase in cell death. To test the hypothesis that microgravity induces osteoblast apoptosis and suppresses the mature phenotype, we created a novel system to simulate spaceflight microgravity combining control and experimental cells within the same in vitro environment. Cells were encapsulated into two types of alginate carriers: non-rotationally stabilized (simulated microgravity) and rotationally stabilized (normal gravity). Using these specialized carriers, we were able to culture MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells for 1-14 days in simulated microgravity and normal gravity in the same rotating wall vessel (RWV). The viability of cells was not affected by simulated microgravity, nor was the reductive reserve. To determine if simulated microgravity sensitized the osteoblasts to apoptogens, cells were challenged with staurosporine or sodium nitroprusside and the cell death was measured. Simulated microgravity did not alter the sensitivity of C3H10T-1/2 stem cells, MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells, or MLO-A5 osteocyte-like cells to the action of these agents. RT-PCR analysis indicated that MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts maintained expression of RUNX2, osteocalcin, and collagen type I, but alkaline phosphatase expression was decreased in cells subjected to simulated microgravity for 5 days. We conclude that osteoblast apoptosis is not induced by vector-averaged gravity, thus suggesting that microgravity does not directly induce osteoblast death.     

Simulated Microgravity Compromises Mouse Oocyte Maturation by Disrupting Meiotic Spindle Organization and Inducing Cytoplasmic Blebbing

In the present study, we discovered that mouse oocyte maturation was inhibited by simulated microgravity via disturbing spindle organization. We cultured mouse oocytes under microgravity condition simulated by NASA''s rotary cell culture system, examined the maturation rate and observed the spindle morphology (organization of cytoskeleton) during the mouse oocytes meiotic maturation. While the rate of germinal vesicle breakdown did not differ between 1 g gravity and simulated microgravity, rate of oocyte maturation decreased significantly in simulated microgravity. The rate of maturation was 8.94% in simulated microgravity and was 73.0% in 1 g gravity. The results show that the maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro was inhibited by the simulated microgravity. The spindle morphology observation shows that the microtubules and chromosomes can not form a complete spindle during oocyte meiotic maturation under simulated microgravity. And the disorder of γ-tubulin may partially result in disorganization of microtubules under simulated microgravity. These observations suggest that the meiotic spindle organization is gravity dependent. Although the spindle organization was disrupted by simulated microgravity, the function and organization of microfilaments were not pronouncedly affected by simulated microgravity. And we found that simulated microgravity induced oocytes cytoplasmic blebbing via an unknown mechanism. Transmission electron microscope detection showed that the components of the blebs were identified with the cytoplasm. Collectively, these results indicated that the simulated microgravity inhibits mouse oocyte maturation via disturbing spindle organization and inducing cytoplasmic blebbing.