模拟微重力条件下 WB-F344细胞的三维培养

与传统的单层平面培养相比,细胞三维培养可更好地模拟生物体内细胞的生长状态和微环境.以Cytodex-3微载体为支持物,利用旋转式细胞培养系统（RCCS）模拟微重力条件,悬浮培养法构建大鼠WB-F344细胞微重力三维培养模型.并通过细胞计数、光学显微镜、透射电镜、逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和流式细胞术等方法分析了细胞增殖、显微结构、粘附分子及钙粘蛋白（E-cadherin）表达情况.结果表明,模拟微重力三维培养条件下WB-F344细胞增殖块,呈紧密多层排列、可见丰富的微绒毛和线粒体、胞间有桥粒和紧密连接形成,细胞粘着力加强、表现出良好的三维生长特征;与静置三维培养相比,纤粘连蛋白（Fn）mRNA表达呈上调趋势,细胞内E-cadherin表达量增加,这可能是微重力效应下细胞粘附力增强的部分机制.该培养体系可能有利于细胞之间,细胞与胞外基质之间相互作用及其作用机制的研究.     

模拟微重力条件下对WB-F344肝干细胞表征分子表达的影响

研究大鼠WB-F344肝干细胞在旋转式细胞培养系统（RCCS）中培养进行细胞大规模扩增并保持干细胞的特性的可能性,为干细胞治疗疾病及肝组织工程提供理想的细胞来源。以WB-F344肝干细胞在RCCS中培养,以平面单层培养为对照,在培养后不同时间分别进行形态观察、流式细胞仪测细胞周期、逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测肝干细胞特异性基因甲胎蛋白（AFP）和白蛋白（ALB）的表达, 免疫荧光染色检测 AFP、ALB蛋白的表达。结果表明,RCCS培养的WB-F344细胞粘附在Cytodex-3微载体上状态生长良好,细胞增殖较平面培养有明显增加;RT-PCR和免疫荧光染色检测结果一致：模拟微重力培养组AFP的mRNA表达强度及AFP阳性细胞均显著高于平面培养组,而ALB mRNA表达强度和ALB阳性细胞均低于对照组。说明模拟微重力 培养条件下,能较好的维持肝干细胞特性,进一步证明我们建立的这种培养体系是成功的,是一种理想的肝干细胞培养模式。     

复方861对大鼠肝脏卵圆细胞分化的影响

目的探讨复方861对大鼠肝脏卵圆细胞分化的影响,了解其在肝纤维化治疗过程中促进肝细胞再生的可能机制。方法不同浓度(1.95,3.90,7.81,15.62,31.25,62.50,125,250,500,1000μg/mL)的复方861在无血清培养条件下作用于WB-F344细胞24 h,MTT法分析法检测细胞生长情况。500μg/mL复方861在无血清条件下作用WB-F344细胞72 h后,通过RT-PCR观察CK-19、AFP、ALB、αmRNA表达的变化。以同期未作处理的WB-F344作为空白对照组。结果 WB-F344细胞经过不同复方861作用后,除1000μg/mL外,各组细胞生长均未受到抑制,500μg/mL时细胞生存活性最佳。无血清条件下作用72 h后,半定量RT-PCR发现861组AFP mRNA的表达显著增加,CK-19 mRNA的表达显著减少,同时发现861组有ALB mRNA的表达。结论复方861可能诱导WB-F344细胞主要向肝细胞方向分化。     

低浓度CO暴露促进大鼠肝前体细胞增殖的体外研究

目的:观察低浓度一氧化碳暴露对营养相对匮乏情况下大鼠肝前体细胞系生长的影响并探索其作用机制。方法:分别在营养充足(10%胎牛血清,10%FBS)和营养相对匮乏(4%胎牛血清,4%FBS)条件下对大鼠肝脏前体细胞系WB-F344进行体外培养,观察细胞的生长情况;同时,在不同两组4%FBS培养基中分别加入无活性的一氧化碳释放分子iCORM-2和有活性的一氧化碳释放分子CORM-2,两者的浓度均为100μM,观察比较低浓度一氧化碳暴露是否有利于WB-F344的生长和增殖;利用吖啶橙染色观察不同组别培养细胞酸性自噬小体的形成情况,并进行Western-Blot,检测自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅰ和LC3-Ⅱ的转化情况,探讨其可能的作用分子机制。结果:在含有10%FBS的培养基中,WB-F344细胞生长良好,呈指数生长,并在第5天达到生长高峰;与其相比,4%FBS培养基对WB-F344的生长有明显抑制,细胞生长相对缓慢,并且相同时间点的细胞增殖数量明显不足。在进行浓度为100μM的一氧化碳分子暴露后,WB-F344细胞生长情况有明显改善,细胞增殖的峰值有显著增加。吖啶橙染色显示,4%FBS培养基条件下培养的WB-F344细胞,细胞内出现橘红色荧光,在暴露于低浓度的一氧化碳分子后,橘红色荧光的强度有明显增加。进一步的Western-Blot检测发现,营养相对匮乏的培养基(4%FBS)能使WB-F344细胞在生长过程产生LC3-Ⅰ向LC3-Ⅱ的转化,在暴露于低浓度的一氧化碳分子后,LC3-Ⅱ的量进一步增加,LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ的比值显著增大(P0.05);进一步的研究显示在此过程中伴随着p-AKT和mTOR蛋白的表达降低,同时,HO-1蛋白的表达增加。结论:低浓度一氧化碳暴露能促进WB-F344细胞产生自噬,有利于大鼠肝前体细胞系的生长和增殖,同时这和AKT/mTOR信号途径的抑制及HO-1的表达增加有关。     

模拟微重力对恶性胶质瘤细胞U87 影响的实验研究

目的:探讨模拟微重力(Modeled microgravity,MMG)对恶性胶质瘤细胞U87形态、生长增殖、基质金属蛋白酶-2、-9(Matrix metalloproteinase 2,MMP-2、Matrix metalloproteinase 9,MMP-9)及神经胶质酸性蛋白(Glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)表达的影响。方法:常规培养U87细胞,传代培养3代后分为两组,正常重力组(Normal gravity,NG组)及模拟微重力干预组(Modeled microgravity,MMG组),相应条件下培养24 h,48 h和72 h。倒置显微镜观察U87细胞形态改变,细胞计数法及四甲基偶氮唑盐微量酶反应比色法(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide,MTT法)检测模拟微重力干预和干预后U87细胞生长增殖情况;Western Blot检测不同培养时间后胶质瘤细胞U87 MMP-2、MMP-9及GFAP蛋白的表达情况。结果:模拟微重力条件下培养72 h后,U87细胞轮廓不规则,边缘圆钝,触角变少;模拟微重力条件下,U87细胞生长速度明显减慢,并且经模拟微重力干预48 h和72 h后的胶质瘤细胞经传代再培养,其增殖率也明显低于正常重力组;同时,U87细胞MMP-2及MMP-9蛋白表达水平与模拟微重力处理时间呈时间依赖性下降,而GFAP蛋白表达水平则呈时间依赖性升高。结论:模拟微重力影响U87细胞的形态、生长及表型。     

HepG2细胞在模拟微重力条件下的生长研究——体外细胞三维生长模型构建

将人肝癌细胞(HepG2)接种于生物可降解支架聚羟基乙酸(polyglycolicacid,PGA)上,采用模拟微重力方法,在具有低剪应力和适宜气体扩散的旋转细胞培养系统(RCCS)中培养,构建体外三维培养模型.通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、RT-PCR、流式细胞术等方法观察分析.结果表明,细胞在此模型中生长良好,细胞呈多面体,含有丰富的微绒毛、线粒体以及胞间有紧密连接形成.该系统有利于细胞形成三维结构,更接近于体内细胞实际生长状况.另外,通过黏附分子表达分析,表明该模型重现了肝癌细胞某些体内侵袭转移特征.一些在肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移过程中具有重要作用的细胞黏附分子(celladhesionmolecules,CAMs)表达有了显著的变化,其中E-钙粘素(E-cadherin)表达降低,CD44、细胞间黏附分子-1(intercellularadhesionmolecule-1,ICAM-1,CD54)以及整合素β1(integrinβ1,CD29)表达增高.在体外实验中,对实验模型的适当选择是得到理想客观实验结果的必要前提,采用模拟微重力的方法构建的体外细胞三维培养模型,将为肿瘤生物学研究、药物敏感性试验等提供更为理想的研究模型.     

微重力条件下细胞培养和组织工程研究进展

随着空间生命科学研究的发展,人们将细胞、组织培养技术与微重力环境相结合产生了组织工程研究的一个新领域——微重力组织工程。模拟微重力条件下细胞培养和组织构建研究表明,微重力环境有利于细胞的三维生长,形成具有功能的组织样结构,培养后的三维组织无论从形态上还是基因表达上都更接近于正常的机体组织。这种微重力对细胞的作用效应,将可能为未来组织工程和再生医学研究提供一条新途径。该文概述了近十年来国内外微重力组织工程相关研究的最新进展。     

在不同营养条件下铜绿微囊藻对模拟微重力胁迫的响应

通过测定在不同重力水平和营养条件下培养的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的各项生理生化指标,研究了培养基的营养物质浓度对微囊藻细胞响应模拟微重力胁迫的影响。结果表明,在正常浓度的BG-11(富营养)和营养盐浓度减为1/10的BG-11(贫营养)培养基中培养的微囊藻对模拟微重力胁迫都很敏感,培养2d后多项生理生化指标显著改变;但是在富营养和贫营养条件下,模拟微重力的作用效果是截然不同的。对培养在BG-11中的微囊藻细胞来说,模拟微重力抑制其生长和光合活性,导致细胞内色素(叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素)、蛋白(藻蓝蛋白和可溶性蛋白)和毒素含量显著升高,向外分泌的毒素含量降低;而对培养在1/10BG-11中的藻细胞来说,模拟微重力促进其生长和光合活性,导致细胞内色素、蛋白和毒素含量降低,并使得毒素分泌增强。模拟微重力或营养限制单独作用所造成的影响相似,且后者的作用效果强于前者。当二者同时存在时,模拟微重力可以部分抵消营养限制对微囊藻生长和代谢的影响,这可能是由于模拟微重力下藻细胞的生长受到抑制而导致营养需求降低,也可能是由于模拟微重力提高了藻细胞利用营养物质的效率。总之,微囊藻对模拟微重力胁迫的响应与培养基的营养条件有关。     

模拟微重力通过调节AKT磷酸化抑制前成骨细胞的增殖

目的:研究模拟微重力对前成骨细胞的增殖作用及其分子机制。方法:利用2D回转器模拟失重条件培养前成骨细胞MC3T3-E1 24小时;将p-AKT激活剂SC79加入细胞培养基后模拟失重条件下培养前成骨细胞MC3T3-E1 24小时;利用Western blot技术分别检测细胞增殖相关蛋白PCNA以及AKT、p-AKT的表达变化情况。结果:(1)与对照组相比,模拟失重组前成骨细胞增殖受到抑制(P0.01),p-AKT/AKT比值减小(P0.01);(2)加入SC79组与对照组相比,p-AKT/AKT比值显著增加;(3)加入SC79的模拟失重组(MG+SC79)与模拟失重组相比(MG),p-AKT/AKT比值增加,PCNA蛋白表达增加(P0.01),成骨细胞增殖有所恢复。结论:模拟微重力可能通过抑制AKT的磷酸化形式抑制前成骨细胞的增殖,加入p-AKT激活剂可部分恢复前成骨细胞的增殖。     

模拟微重力条件下大鼠肝细胞三维培养支架材料的筛选(简报)

组织工程是一门新兴的边缘学科,它是利用体外培养的人体功能细胞与适当的细胞外基质或支架材料相结合,然后将其移植到体内病损部位以期达到修复目的。微重力组织工程(Microgravity Tis-sue Engineering)是近年来由美国空间生物技术研究人员开创的一个独特研究领域,其核心技术是建立微重力条件下哺乳动物细胞三维(Three Dimen-sion)培养体系。利用外壁转动生物反应器(RotatingWall Vessel Bioreactor,RWVB)模拟微重力培养环境,减少培养液对细胞产生的机械剪切力,增加细胞营养的补充,加速代谢产物的排除,因此可以大大改善离体细胞的培养条件,使在普通重力培养条件下只能二维贴壁生长的哺乳动物细胞表现出三维增殖与分化,这类分化的细胞团可进一步形成有功能的     

Regulation of connexin 43-mediated gap junctional intercellular communication by Ca2+ in mouse epidermal cells is controlled by E- cadherin

Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) of cultured mouse epidermal cells is mediated by a gap junction protein, connexin 43, and is dependent on the calcium concentration in the medium, with higher GJIC in a high-calcium (1.2 mM) medium. In several mouse epidermal cell lines, we found a good correlation between the level of GJIC and that of immunohistochemical staining of E-cadherin, a calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule, at cell-cell contact areas. The variant cell line P3/22 showed both low GJIC and E-cadherin protein expression in low- and high-Ca2+ media. P3/22 cells showed very low E-cadherin mRNA expression. To test directly whether E-cadherin is involved in the Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of GJIC, we transfected the E-cadherin expression vector into P3/22 cells and obtained several stable clones which expressed high levels of E-cadherin mRNA. All transfectants expressed E-cadherin molecules at cell-cell contact areas in a calcium-dependent manner. GJIC was also observed in these transfectants and was calcium dependent. These results suggest that Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of GJIC in mouse epidermal cells is directly controlled by a calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin. Furthermore, several lines of evidence suggest that GJIC control by E-cadherin involves posttranslational regulation (assembly and/or function) of the gap junction protein connexin 43.     

Growth and survival signalling in B16F10 melanoma cells in 3D culture

The two‐way communication between the ECM (extracellular matrix) and the cytoplasm via the integrins has many functions in cancer cells, including the suppression of apoptosis. As cells in a 3D (three‐dimensional) architecture resemble the in vivo situation more closely than do cells in more conventional 2D cultures, we have employed a substratum that prevents cell adhesion and induces cell aggregation to determine why highly metastatic B16F10 melanoma cells resist anoikis. We compared the behaviour of B16F10 cells in 2D [on tPS (tissue culture polystyrene)] and 3D culture {on polyHEMA [poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate)]} configurations. For this, we analysed cell morphology, proliferation, apoptosis and the activation status of several proteins involved in cell proliferation and survival [RhoA, FAK (focal adhesion kinase), Akt, ERK1/2 (extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 1/2)]. B16F10 cells in 3D architecture were able to proliferate as cell aggregates for 3 days, after which the number of cells decreased. The normal Swiss 3T3 cells used as an anoikis‐sensitive control did not proliferate on the anti‐adhesive substratum. Rho A was activated in B16F10 aggregates throughout their time in culture, whereas it was not in Swiss 3T3 aggregates. An absence of apoptotic activity was correlated with the proliferation of B16F10 cells in aggregates: caspase 3 was significantly activated only after 3 days in culture on polyHEMA. FAK and Akt were transiently activated, and their inactivation was correlated with the induction of apoptosis. ERK1/2 were activated throughout the 3D culture. No survival protein was activated in Swiss 3T3 aggregates. Data obtained from cells in 3D culture suggest that B16F10 cells are resistant to anoikis through the activation of the FAK and Akt signalling pathways.     

The Effect of the Microgravity Rotating Culture System on the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

We investigated the influence of the microgravity rotating culture system on the chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). During chondrogenic induction, MSCs combined with polyglycolic acid (PGA) were cultured by static culture or microgravity rotating culture and chondrocyte formation was confirmed by toluidine blue staining. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expressions of a specific cartilage extracellular matrix protein (collagen type II and Aggrecan) were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Toluidine blue staining indicated the OD values of proteoglycans semi-determination were higher in the microgravity rotating culture group than the static culture group. Following chondrogenic induction, mRNA and proteins of collagen type II and Aggrecan were more significantly expressed in cells of the microgravity rotating culture group compared with the controls. Compared with routine three-dimensional static culture, the microgravity rotating culture system was more effective for the construction of tissue-engineered cartilage in vitro.     

3D Bone tissue engineered with bioactive microspheres in simulated microgravity

Three-dimensional (3D) osteoblast cell cultures were obtained in rotating-wall vessels (RWV), simulating microgravity. Three types of bioactive microcarriers, specifically modified bioactive glass particles, bioceramic hollow microspheres, and biodegradable bioactive glass-polymer composite microspheres, were developed and used with osteoblasts. The surfaces of composite microspheres fully transformed into bone apatite after 2-wk immersion in simulated physiological fluid, which demonstrated their bone-bonding ability. The motion of microcarriers in RWVs was photographically recorded and numerically analyzed. The trajectories of hollow microspheres showed that they migrated and eventually stayed around at the central region of the RWV. At their surfaces, shear stresses were low. In contrast, solid glass or polymer particles moved toward and finally bounced off the outer wall of the RWVs. Cell culture studies in the RWV using bone marrow stromal cells showed that the cells attached to and formed 3D aggregates with the hollow microspheres. Extracellular matrix and mineralization were observed in the aggregates. Cell culture studies also confirmed the ability of the composite microspheres to support 3D bone-like tissue formation. These data suggest that the new hollow bioceramic microspheres and degradable composite microspheres can be used as microcarriers for 3D bone tissue engineering in microgravity. They also have potential applications as drug delivery systems.     

Involvement of RhoA/ROCK in insulin secretion of pancreatic β-cells in 3D culture

Cell-cell contacts and interactions between pancreatic β-cells and/or other cell populations within islets are essential for cell survival, insulin secretion, and functional synchronization. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems supply the ideal microenvironment for islet-like cluster formation and functional maintenance. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, mouse insulinoma 6 (MIN6) cells were cultured in a rotating 3D culture system to form islet-like aggregates. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and the RhoA/ROCK pathway were investigated. In the 3D-cultured MIN6 cells, more endocrine-specific genes were up-regulated, and GSIS was increased to a greater extent than in cells grown in monolayers. RhoA/ROCK inactivation led to F-actin remodeling in the MIN6 cell aggregates and greater insulin exocytosis. The gap junction protein, connexin 36 (Cx36), was up-regulated in MIN6 cell aggregates and RhoA/ROCK-inactivated monolayer cells. GSIS dramatically decreased when Cx36 was knocked down by short interfering RNA and could not be reversed by RhoA/ROCK inactivation. Thus, the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway is involved in insulin release through the up-regulation of Cx36 expression in 3D-cultured MIN6 cells.     

The anti-cancer effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on the signaling pathways associated with membrane receptors in MCF-7 cells

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg) has been implicated in cancer chemo-prevention in studies using many different kinds of cancer cells. The present study measured cell viability, osteopontin (OPN) secretion, fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression, and cytosolic Ca(2+) and verified the anti-cancer activities of EGCg in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. EGCg-induced apoptosis was evidenced by nuclear condensation, increased protein levels of activated caspase-3, down-regulation of gelsolin and tropomyosin-4 (Tm-4), and up-regulation of tropomyosin-1(Tm-1). By disrupting adherens junction formation, EGCg caused accumulation of extra-nuclear β-catenin aggregates in the cytosol and alterations of the protein content and mRNA expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin, but not N-cadherin, in MCF-7 cells. To identify the putative mechanisms underlying the EGCg signaling pathways, EGFP (enhanced green fluorescence protein) was ectopically expressed in MCF-7 cells. This allowed us to monitor the EGCg-induced fluorescence changes associated with the effects of Triton X-100 (to remove plasma membrane) or the addition of laminin, anti-laminin receptor (LR) antibody, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and genistein on the cells. Our results indicated that EGCg acts via the signaling pathways associated with cell membrane to suppress cell proliferation, provoke apoptosis, and disturb cell-cell adhesion in MCF-7 cells. The altered events include the EGFR, LR, FAS, intracellular Ca(2+) , OPN secretion, caspace-3, gelsolin, Tm-4, Tm-1, and adherens junction proteins, E-cadherin and β-catenin.