灵芝胞内三萜高产菌株的筛选及发酵条件的优化

通过摇床培养实验,从22个灵芝菌株中筛选出三萜高产菌株GL31,通过单因子和正交试验优化了该菌株生产胞内三萜的发酵条件,包括碳源、氮源、无机盐,初始pH,装液量,接种量,发酵时间等。同时研究了GL31发酵过程中生物量、胞内三萜含量及胞内三萜产量的变化曲线,发现该菌株在摇床培养过程中第84h时菌丝内三萜产量高达3.51×102g/100mL;另外先摇床培养84h后再静止培养144h的菌丝三萜含量,菌丝三萜产量分别比仅摇床培养84h的菌丝三萜含量,菌丝三萜产量提高了48.6%和65%,该结果说明静置培养的方式有利于提高菌丝总三萜的含量。且将两种发酵方式菌丝总三萜的最高产量比较,发现先摇床后静置培养的菌丝总三萜最高产量高于仅摇床培养。     

灵芝胞内三萜高产菌株的筛选及发酵条件的优化*

通过摇床培养实验,从22个灵芝菌株中筛选出三萜高产菌株GL31,通过单因子和正交试验优化了该菌株生产胞内三萜的发酵条件,包括碳源、氮源、无机盐,初始pH,装液量,接种量,发酵时间等。同时研究了GL31发酵过程中生物量、胞内三萜含量及胞内三萜产量的变化曲线,发现该菌株在摇床培养过程中第84h时菌丝内三萜产量高达3.51×10²g/100mL;另外先摇床培养84h后再静止培养144h的菌丝三萜含量,菌丝三萜产量分别比仅摇床培养84h的菌丝三萜含量,菌丝三萜产量提高了48.6%和65%,该     

灵芝液体浅层静置培养高效生产三萜的研究

三萜是灵芝Ganoderma lingzhi中重要的活性物质。本研究采用液体浅层静置培养方式（LSSC）提高灵芝三萜的产量。结果表明,在T25细胞培养瓶中的最佳培养条件为初始培养体积2mL,接种量7.0g （菌体湿重/L）,在48h补加2mL培养液,发酵7d,三萜产量可达(32.95±0.51)mg/g,为摇瓶培养最高产量的2.09倍。进一步经不锈钢平盘放大研究发现,三萜最高产量为(65.91±0.84)mg/g,为摇瓶培养的4.19倍。形态学研究表明,浅层静置培养过程中形成的气生菌丝是提高三萜产量的关键因素。与深层液体发酵相比,液体浅层静置培养具有生长快,三萜产量高,发酵过程不需要搅拌等优点,具有良好的工业化应用前景。     

雷丸菌核与发酵菌丝蛋白体外抑瘤对比分析

目的:研究雷丸发酵菌丝与菌核蛋白体外对肿瘤细胞HepG2的抑制作用.方法:分别提取雷丸菌核与发酵菌丝蛋白,进行体外抑瘤试验,记录细胞形态变化,计算抑瘤率,分析两者在抑瘤效果上的差异.结果:两种提取蛋白在体外对HepG2肿瘤细胞的抑制作用相近,最高可达80%左右.结论:发酵菌丝蛋白具有显著抑瘤作用,在深入研究药理毒理的基础上可替代菌核入药.     

不同植物药提取物对灵芝细胞生长和胞内三萜产物形成的影响

研究了不同植物药的水提和醇提物对灵芝深层发酵过程中菌丝量和胞内三萜产量的影响。将不同植物药的水提物和醇提物分别加入到发酵基础培养基中,培养7d后检测灵芝生物量和胞内三萜含量。结果表明,金银花和枸杞子水提物添加浓度为100mg/L时,可促进灵芝细胞的生长（p＜0.05）。连翘水提物对灵芝生长和胞内三萜的形成都有显著促进作用,当连翘水提物浓度为400mg/L时,胞内三萜产量从对照的（192.54±8.99）mg/L提高到（302.52±3.79）mg/L。金银花和枸杞子醇提物浓度为200mg/L时能显著促进灵芝细胞生长;枸杞子醇提物在同样浓度下还能促进灵芝胞内三萜的形成。但板蓝根和银杏叶水提物和醇提物都对灵芝的细胞生长和胞内三萜形成有较强的抑制作用。     

液体发酵法筛选樟芝优良诱变新菌株的研究

对3个樟芝野生菌株和5个物理诱变菌株进行液体发酵,通过测定发酵液黏度变化情况,观测培养性状、菌球及粗提物产量和多糖、蛋白质及三萜含量,从中筛选出适宜液体发酵的多糖、三萜及蛋白质高产优良菌株。试验结果显示：供试的8个樟芝菌株生长曲线基本一致,其中,菌株327和Gg生长速度较快,培养的第9–10天开始出现菌丝自溶现象;经过筛选,327菌株为多糖和蛋白质高产菌株,多糖和蛋白质的产量分别比出发菌株提高238.20%和10.33%;Gg为三萜高产菌株,三萜产量比出发菌株提高57.86%。野生樟芝菌株经物理诱变效果明显。     

乳酸杆菌发酵滤液对人宫颈癌细胞株Hela细胞的抑制作用

目的观察乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液及其主要成分对宫颈癌细胞株Hela细胞的体外增殖的影响,探索乳酸杆菌发酵滤液对宫颈癌细胞是否有抑制作用及解析作用的有效成分。方法用MTr法研究不同浓度乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液在不同时间对Hela细胞的抑制作用,在此基础上研究脂肪酸、菌体核酸在不同时间对Hela细胞的抑制作用。结果不同浓度乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液及相关物质在不同时间对Hela细胞的抑制作用显示：（1）乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液各浓度组对Hela细胞的生长均有抑制作用,且这种抑制作用呈剂量-时间依赖方式。24、48、72h达到半数抑制率的发酵滤液浓度分别为8．9％、5．3％、3．8％。（2）乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液脂肪酸对Hela细胞的生长有一定抑制作用,抑制率在7．0％～34．0％。（3）乳酸杆菌DM9811菌体核酸对Hela细胞的生长有抑制作用,抑制率为9．7％-53．4％,呈剂量一时间依赖方式。72h达到半数抑制率核酸的浓度为5．5μg/ml。结论乳酸杆菌DM9811发酵滤液对Hela细胞的生长具有显著的抑制作用,其中脂肪酸组分是有效成分之一。     

番茄几种挥发性组分对番茄灰葡萄孢的抑制作用

采用孢子悬滴培养法,测定番茄几种挥发性组分对番茄灰葡萄孢(Botrytiscinerea)孢子萌发及菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明各挥发性组分对灰葡萄孢均有抑制作用,抑制率的大小依次为挥发醛、芳香族化合物和萜类化合物。10μmol/L的(E)-2-己烯醛和壬烯醛可完全抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长,4μmol/L的丁子香酚和10~20μmol/L的水杨酸甲酯使病菌菌丝异常生长。本研究为番茄挥发性物质在其抗病防御反应中的作用提供理论依据。     

变转速策略调控灵芝菌丝体发酵高产三萜

灵芝发酵过程中,采用变转速调控策略,对振荡发酵阶段进行优化,以期达到高产三萜的目的。振荡阶段最佳条件为转速由150r/min变为100r/min,该策略与液体静置培养相结合,最终菌丝体三萜产量高达678.0g/L,比优化前提高了21%。振荡发酵阶段的变转速策略有效地提高了三萜的产量。     

松乳菇菌丝生长营养需求的初步研究

本文对松乳菇菌丝生长的营养需求进行初步研究。试验表明,松乳菇菌丝生长最佳碳源是蔗糖;最佳氮源是蛋白胨;对菌丝生长,微量元素有抑制作用,而维生素则稍有抑制作用。     

不同生长期草菇提取物的生物活性研究

对草菇不同生长期的菌丝体及子实体分别用95%乙醇提取,对获得的5个提取物进行了化学成分定性检验、HPLC图谱分析和体外抗肿瘤、抑制DPP-IV酶的活性研究。结果表明：草菇不同生长期的菌丝体及子实体中均含有生物碱、有机酸、甾类（或三萜）、糖类、氨基酸（蛋白）等物质。草菇4个生长期的菌丝体醇提物对正常细胞WPMY-1的增殖无抑制作用而对3种肿瘤细胞L1210、SW620、K562全部或部分的增殖有一定的抑制作用。说明这4个生长期的菌丝体醇提物具有抗肿瘤活性。子实体95%醇提物对肿瘤细胞L1210、SW620、K562和正常细胞WPMY-1的增殖均具有抑制作用,说明该部分可能具有细胞毒性。草菇不同生长期的菌丝体和子实体提取物均有一定抑制DPP-IV酶的活性,其中生长2周的菌丝体醇提物对DPP-IV酶的抑制活性较强,IC₅₀值达到0.32mg/mL,该结果说明生长2周的草菇菌丝体具有最佳的抗肿瘤和降血糖潜力。     

Triterpene-enriched extracts from Ganoderma lucidum inhibit growth of hepatoma cells via suppressing protein kinase C,activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and G2-phase cell cycle arrest

The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been used in the Orient for the prevention and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Except for the immune enhancing properties of its polysaccharide constituent, very little is known about the anticancer activity of another major constituent, triterpenes. In this report, we studied the anticancer mechanism of triterpene-enriched extracts from G. lucidum. The triterpene-enriched fraction, WEES-G6, was prepared from mycelia of G. lucidum by sequential hot water extraction, removal of ethanol-insoluble polysaccharides and then gel-filtration chromatography. We found that WEES-G6 inhibited growth of human hepatoma Huh-7 cells, but not Chang liver cells, a normal human liver cell line. Treatment with WEES-G6 caused a rapid decrease in the activity of cell growth regulative protein, PKC, and the activation of JNK and p38 MAP kinases. The changes in these molecules resulted in a prolonged G2 cell cycle phase and strong growth inhibition. None of these effects were seen in the normal liver cells. Our findings suggest that the triterpenes contained in G. lucidum are potential anticancer agents.     

灵芝菌丝体三萜及其药理活性的研究进展

菌丝体作为灵芝生长发育过程中的一个特定生理阶段,会产生不同于子实体和孢子的特定结构的灵芝酸类三萜化合物。本文总结了灵芝菌丝体中已发现和鉴定的三萜化合物结构、生物活性及其构效关系的研究进展,以期为灵芝菌丝体三萜在生物合成、代谢调控等的基础研究及相关产品的开发应用提供科学参考。     

灵芝羊毛甾烷型三萜抗肿瘤构效关系初探

多篇文献报道灵芝三萜具有良好的抗肿瘤活性,但其构效关系和作用靶点尚未系统比较。本研究以45种灵芝三萜为研究对象,通过对小鼠白血病细胞L1210的增殖抑制测定,来评价化合物抗肿瘤的能力。结果表明,灵芝菌丝体三萜和子实体中性三萜的活性较强。进一步采用Discovery Studio分子对接技术探讨了12种活性较强的灵芝三萜与5种抗肿瘤作用相关蛋白p53、Bcl-xl、EGFR、IL-2和VEGFR2之间可能的作用靶点,推测三萜化合物抗肿瘤能力与其结构上的乙酰氧基和母环上的共轭双键有关。其中,具有这一特征的含有3个乙酰氧基的ganoderic acid T,其抗肿瘤活性最强。本研究为灵芝三萜活性位点的寻找和结构改造提供了参考。     

Consequences of selenite supplementation on the growth and metabolism of cultures of canine mammary cells

Previous studies with cultures of canine mammary cells revealed differences in the degree of growth inhibition caused by selenite supplementation, with canine mammary tumor cell line 13 > 11 > non-neoplastic canine mammary cells. The present studies show this variation in growth retardation cannot be explained by selenium retention. Intracellular glutathione related inversely to the degree of growth inhibition resulting from the addition of selenite. Dimethyl selenide formation by S-9 preparations corresponded to the sensitivity of the culture to supplemental selenite. DL-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis, accentuated the growth inhibition and prevented the increase in intracellular glutathione caused by supplemental selenite. Treatment of canine mammary tumor cell line 13 cultures with DL-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine resulted in a persistent depletion of intracellular glutathione without affecting growth. Glutathione reductase activity, before and following selenite, was inversely related to the degree of growth inhibition, with canine mammary tumor cell line 13 > 11 > non-neoplastic canine mammary tumor cell line. Selenite addition increased the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in canine mammary tumor cell line 11 and non-neoplastic canine mammary cells, but not in canine mammary tumor cell line 13 cells. The present data suggest the differences in the growth inhibition caused by selenite among these mammary cells is related to glutathione regulation and ultimately to selenium detoxification.     

灵芝菌丝体中一个三萜类化合物的核磁归属及活性初探

通过液体振荡-静置两阶段发酵获得灵芝菌丝体,并采用硅胶柱色谱层析、反相柱层析和甲醇重结晶的方法,从中分离得到4个三萜类化合物。根据NMR、MS等波谱数据分析,化合物分别被鉴定为lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3α-acetoxy-26-oic acid（1）、灵芝酸R（2）、灵芝酸T（3）和灵芝酸S（4）,其中化合物1的核磁信号全归属为首次报道。4个三萜类化合物均具有较好的抑制肿瘤细胞L1210及K562增殖的活性,且化合物1的体外抗肿瘤活性为首次证实,其对肿瘤细胞L1210及K562增殖的半数抑制浓度IC₅₀分别为22.17μmol/L和54.79μmol/L。     

Use of the tetrazolium salt MTT to measure cell viability effects of the bacterial antagonist Lysobacter enzymogenes on the filamentous fungus Cryphonectria parasitica

Despite substantial interest investigating bacterial mechanisms of fungal growth inhibition, there are few methods available that quantify fungal cell death during direct interactions with bacteria. Here we describe an in vitro cell suspension assay using the tetrazolium salt MTT as a viability stain to assess direct effects of the bacterial antagonist Lysobacter enzymogenes on hyphal cells of the filamentous fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. The effects of bacterial cell density, fungal age and the physiological state of fungal mycelia on fungal cell viability were evaluated. As expected, increased bacterial cell density correlated with reduced fungal cell viability over time. Bacterial effects on fungal cell viability were influenced by both age and physiological state of the fungal mycelium. Cells obtained from 1-week-old mycelia lost viability faster compared with those from 2-week-old mycelia. Likewise, hyphal cells obtained from the lower layer of the mycelial pellicle lost viability more quickly compared with cells from the upper layer of the mycelial pellicle. Fungal cell viability was compared between interactions with L. enzymogenes wildtype strain C3 and a mutant strain, DCA, which was previously demonstrated to lack in vitro antifungal activity. Addition of antibiotics eliminated contributions to MTT-formazan production by bacterial cells, but not by fungal cells, demonstrating that mutant strain DCA had lost complete capacity to reduce fungal cell viability. These results indicate this cell suspension assay can be used to quantify bacterial effects on fungal cells, thus providing a reliable method to differentiate strains during bacterial/fungal interactions.     

Regulation of purine biosynthesis in G1 phase-arrested mammalian cells

The effects of G1 phase growth arrest on purine biosynthesis were studied in cultured S49 T lymphoma cells. Incubations of wildtype S49 cells for 18 hr with dibutyryl cyclic AMP or forskolin, two agents which induced G1 arrest, reduced the rates of purine biosynthesis by 95%. Time course and concentration dependence studies indicated that the decrease in rates of purine biosynthesis correlated with the extent of G1 phase arrest. Similar studies with somatic cell mutants deficient in some component of cyclic AMP action or metabolism indicated that the depression in purine synthetic rates required G1 arrest and did not result from cell death. Rates of RNA and DNA synthesis were also markedly diminished in the growth arrested cells. Measurements of purine rates in the presence of azaserine indicated that the block in purine biosynthesis was prior to the formation of phosphoribosylformylglycinamide. Additionally, the activities of adenylosuccinate synthetase and IMP dehydrogenase were diminished in G1 arrested cells. The levels of all controlling enzymes, substrates, and cofactors, however, were not diminished in G1 arrested cells. Despite diminished rates of purine biosynthesis, the amounts of intracellular nucleotides in G1 cells were equivalent to those in exponentially growing cells. However, the concentrations of intracellular nucleotides were 30-50% higher in the growth arrested cells. These results suggested that perturbations in the consumption of nucleotides via inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis have profound effects on the purine pathway and indicated the importance of feedback inhibition by nucleotides in the regulation of purine synthesis in situ.     

Ganoderma lucidum total triterpenes prevent radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes in vitro

The development of radioprotective agents has been the subject of intense research, especially in the field of radiotherapy. In this study, we examined the radioprotective activity of the total triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) P. Karst in mouse splenic lymphocytes in vitro. Using the MTT assay, Ganoderma triterpenes were found to have no effect on cell viability, indicating that they are non-toxic to splenic lymphocytes. The effect of the total triterpenes on DNA damage and apoptosis induced by radiation was analyzed using the comet assay, DNA ladder assay and flow cytometric analysis. Total triterpenes were found to be highly effective in preventing DNA laddering, even at low concentrations (25μg/ml). The comet assay demonstrated that the G. triterpenes effectively prevented DNA damage, and flow cytometry revealed a reduction in apoptotic cells. The effect of the total triterpenes on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity in splenic lymphocytes were determined to elucidate possible radioprotective mechanisms. Total triterpenes successfully reduced the formation of intracellular ROS and enhanced endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity in splenic lymphocytes following irradiation. Thus, these findings indicate that the total triterpenes isolated from G. lucidum have a remarkable ability to protect normal cells from radiation-induced damage, which suggests therapeutic potential.     

Intracellular accumulation of structurally varied isothiocyanates correlates with inhibition of nitric oxide production in proinflammatory stimuli-activated tumorigenic macrophage-like cells

In the present study, we analyzed the intracellular accumulation of 6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6MITC) and its analogs in proinflammatory stimuli-activated J774.1 cells to predict the biological potencies of the ITCs. Our present analyses exhibited that the intracellular accumulation was in the order of 6MITC > 2b > 2e ≈ 2c > 2g > 2d > 2f > 2h. Investigation of reactivity of the ITCs with glutathione (GSH) in the tumor cells revealed partial inhibition of GSH by the ITCs. Furthermore, the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in the tumor cells was ascribed to the intracellularly accumulated ITCs. The NO suppression was correlated with the inhibition of tumor cell growth. Our present results suggest that the intracellular accumulation of the ITCs can be used to predict their biological potencies, such as inhibition of NO production that was correlated with suppression of tumor cell growth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to predict the biological potency of 6MITC and its analogs with their intracellular accumulation.