芳樟醇对灰葡萄孢生长的影响及对番茄灰霉病的防控效果

通过平板抑菌试验和孢子萌发试验研究了芳樟醇对灰葡萄孢的生长抑制作用,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证了芳樟醇对番茄灰霉病的防控效果。结果表明: 芳樟醇能够显著抑制灰葡萄孢菌丝的生长,半最大效应浓度(EC₅₀)值为0.581 mL·L^-1。孢子萌发试验中,芳樟醇能够有效抑制灰葡萄孢孢子的萌发,并表现出浓度依赖性。芳樟醇处理提高了灰葡萄孢菌菌丝体的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量,说明芳樟醇可引起氧化损伤效应导致灰葡萄孢菌的膜系统被破坏;芳樟醇处理后灰葡萄孢菌中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性较对照组分别下降了27.4%、68.9%和26.0%,说明芳樟醇抑制了灰葡萄孢菌体内的抗氧化系统。盆栽试验结果显示,芳樟醇处理的病斑直径较对照组显著降低;番茄叶片中的SOD、CAT、POD、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均显著高于对照组;而MDA含量下降了41.5%,说明芳樟醇可减轻灰葡萄孢菌对番茄植株造成的氧化损伤以提高植物抗病性。综上,芳樟醇对灰葡萄孢的生长有显著抑制作用并对番茄灰霉病有较好的防治效果,研究结果可为开发新型植物源抑菌剂防控番茄灰霉病提供理论依据。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-26抗菌物质分离及对灰葡萄孢抑菌作用研究

分析解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)BA-26发酵液中抑菌物质存在情况,明确活性物质的抑菌效果,初步探索其抗植物病原真菌的作用机制。通过硫酸铵沉淀、大孔树脂吸附及反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC),从菌株BA-26的发酵液中分离纯化抗菌物质;采用平板对峙法检测抗菌物质抑菌活性;用二倍稀释法测定各活性组分的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并研究其对菌丝和孢子萌发的影响。从菌株BA-26发酵液中获得抗菌粗提物抑菌谱广,对立枯丝核菌等多种植物病原真菌有强抑制作用;分离纯化得到11个具有抑制真菌作用的活性组分;其中A6-19和A6-20组分对灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)抑菌活性最强,最小抑菌浓度为7.81μg/mL;菌株BA-26产生的抗真菌活性物质能使灰葡萄孢菌丝生长受阻、膨大变粗、细胞膜破坏并能抑制其孢子萌发。明确了解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-26菌株产抗菌物质情况,初步探究其抑菌作用机制,为抗菌物质在防治病原真菌等方面的应用奠定基础。     

光、赤霉酸(GA_3)和酸化在诱导番茄种子萌发中的作用

外源GA_3和红光处理都能有效地诱导番茄变种台湾红种子萌发。10~(-5)mol/L HCl即能促进GA_3诱导萌发;1mol/L HCl酸化1小时能使GA_3诱导种子萌发的浓度降低5倍以上,并能使萌发提前2天。10~(-10)mol/L的HCl可以促进光诱导萌发,而大于10~(-5)mol/L HCl则有抑制作用。     

番茄灰霉菌拮抗放线菌LA-5的筛选及鉴定

利用稀释涂布法从番茄根际土壤中分离放线菌,并以番茄灰霉菌为靶标,利用对峙培养法和牛津杯法筛选拮抗放线菌,得到一株具有较强抑菌活性的放线菌LA-5.通过培养特征、生理生化特性及基于16S rDNA 序列系统进化分析,将菌株LA-5初步鉴定为链霉菌.复筛结果显示,LA-5发酵滤液对番茄灰霉菌孢子萌发及菌丝生长均有明显的抑制作用,其中100倍发酵滤液对孢子萌发抑制率和菌丝生长抑制率均在50%以上;受抑制菌落呈白色,气生菌丝萎缩稀疏,菌丝纤细、分支明显减少.离体防效试验显示,菌株LA-5发酵原液对番茄灰霉病防效可达83.4%.该菌株有望开发为防治番茄灰霉病的生防菌株.     

番茄灰霉病病原菌分离鉴定及拮抗菌筛选

灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)引起的番茄灰霉病是番茄生产上的重要病害。从番茄果实表面成功分离了1株真菌BC2016-2,经过鉴定确定其为灰霉病的病原菌——灰葡萄孢菌;以灰葡萄孢菌BC2016-2为指示菌,筛选到了3株具有明显抑制作用的菌株,分别为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefacien)CM3、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)Y-30和解淀粉芽孢杆菌Y-48。盆栽实验结果显示,菌株CM3、Y-30和Y-48对灰葡萄孢菌BC2016-2引起的番茄灰霉病的防治效果分别为65.58%、54.1%和72.13%。     

迷迭香酸对几种植物病原真菌的抗菌活性*

研究了迷迭香酸对不同植物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制活性。试验结果表明,迷迭香酸对供试的8种植物病原真菌菌丝生长均有抑制作用,其中对番茄灰霉病菌、芒果灰斑病菌、柑桔青霉和梨黑斑病菌抑制作用较强,EC50分别为615．04μg/mL、698．23μg/mL、714．50μg/mL和809．10μg/mL;对杉木猝倒病菌和苹果树腐烂病菌抑制作用次之,EC50分别为1039．92μg／mL和1044．72μg/mL;对松枯梢病菌和种实霉烂病菌的抑制作用较弱,EC50分别为1256．90μg/mL和1270．87μg/mL。迷迭香酸对供试的6种植物病原真菌孢子萌发也有明显的抑制作用,EC50大致在400～700μg/mL范围,其中对梨黑斑病菌孢子萌发抑制作用最强,EC50为395．37μg/mL。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对几种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

枯草芽孢杆菌是目前国内外比较具有应用潜力的生防菌种之一。本文主要研究了枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对几种植物病原菌的菌丝抑制试验、菌丝形态影响试验以及分生孢子萌发抑制试验,了解枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢、尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用及抑菌机理。结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对6种病原真菌的菌丝形态、菌丝生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发都有明显的破坏或抑制作用。用枯草芽孢杆菌菌液处理尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢、尖孢镰刀菌后,在PDA培养基上均形成了明显的抑菌圈,直径达3. 00 cm左右;菌液处理后分生孢子的萌发率仅30%左右。显微镜观察发现,处理组菌丝生长异常,体表凹凸不平,局部膨大,分枝变多,原生质体外泄。研究表明枯草芽孢杆菌菌株对尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和尖孢镰刀菌有良好的抑制作用,并且可以有效控制尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和尖孢镰刀菌病害的发生。     

源自不同寄主的灰葡萄孢生物学特性的比较研究

本研究以分离自番茄、辣椒、草莓、葡萄的灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea为供试菌株,从生长温度、pH适应性、碳源、氮源营养利用等方面对不同寄主来源的灰葡萄孢菌株的生物学性状进行了比较研究。结果表明,5个不同寄主来源的灰葡萄孢菌株的菌丝生长温度范围相同,均为0-35℃;但它们的最适生长温度和分生孢子致死温度存在差异,来自和县番茄菌株HX12最适生长温度为20℃,分生孢子致死温度为47℃ 10min,其余最适生长温度均为25℃,分生孢子致死温度均为48℃ 10min;不同菌株在相同温度下的生长速率有显著差异。pH对不同寄主来源灰葡萄孢菌株菌丝生长的影响存在差异,来自长丰辣椒的菌株LJ菌丝在pH2-9的范围内均能生长,以在pH3-6.5时生长较快,pH6时最快;其余4个菌株在pH2-12的范围内均能生长,以在pH3-9时生长较快,pH6左右最快。不同碳源、氮源营养对灰葡萄孢菌株菌丝生长和分生孢子产生均有显著影响,不同寄主来源的菌株间在碳源、氮源营养利用差异均极显著。在相同碳源、氮源营养条件下,不同寄主来源的菌株的线性生长、菌丝干重和分生孢子产量均有显著差异。     

陕西省烟草灰霉病病原及云芝多糖对其防治研究

采用形态学观察和分子鉴定方法对2011年在陕西省发生的一种烟草未知病害的病原菌进行鉴定。从病叶组织分离纯化得到病原菌,通过致病性测定以及人工接种后再分离病菌,证明编号LJL007的菌株为该病的致病菌。依据病原菌的形态学和培养特征,将菌株LJL007鉴定为灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea Pers.,其有性型为富氏葡萄孢盘菌Botryotinia fuckeliana Whetzel。通过核糖体DNAITS序列分析,分离菌株LJL007序列(登录号:HM17900)与富氏葡萄孢盘菌序列(登录号:HM849615)同源性达100%,进一步证明该病原菌是灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea。云芝多糖在离体条件下,对灰葡萄孢的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均无直接抑制作用。云芝多糖对烟草灰霉病有较好预防保护作用,其预防效果可达56.29%。云芝多糖可显著提高烟草体内几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,其活性峰值分别比对照提高56.89%和429.83%,说明云芝多糖可诱导植物产生抗病性。     

氧化胁迫对粉红螺旋聚孢霉生长和产厚垣孢子的影响

通过改变液体发酵通气量和添加不同种类活性氧(O2-,H_2O_2,OH·),研究氧化胁迫对粉红螺旋聚孢霉67-1菌丝生长和产厚垣孢子的影响。结果表明,氧化胁迫对真菌菌丝和孢子的影响不同。低氧胁迫下,67-1菌丝生长状态发生改变,培养液装量越多,菌丝分枝越少,并且厚垣孢子产量越低。发酵过程中添加一定量的活性氧可以调控粉红螺旋聚孢霉厚垣孢子的形成。接种前添加5-6 mmol/L H_2O_2,菌株产厚垣孢子水平显著提高,浓度达到9 mmol/L时,67-1生长和产孢完全受到抑制。培养16 h后添加,67-1对H_2O_2的耐受力增强。培养基中添加甲萘醌能够抑制厚垣孢子的形成,培养16 h后添加350μmol/L甲萘醌则可以提高67-1厚垣孢子的产量。在Fe2+-H_2O_2体系中,不同添加时间高氧胁迫均能够显著促进厚垣孢子的生成(P0.05)。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。