伊米果蝇种组（Drosophila immigrans species group）H2a-H2b和Cyt b分子系统发育关系（简报）

伊米果蝇种组(Drosophila immigrans speciesgroup)是果蝇科(Drosophilidae)、果蝇属(Drosophi-la)、果蝇亚属(Drosophila)中数量最多的一个类群,主要分布于东洋区。在分类学上该种组分为nasuta、immigrans、hypocausta、quadrilineata和curviceps五个种亚组(species subgroup)[1],东洋区果蝇区系中伊米果蝇种组中包括94个种,其中有45个种分布在中国[2]。而且curviceps种亚组是1992年新建立的中国特有果蝇类群[3]。迄今,对伊米果蝇种组分子系统关系的报道还很少,有些物种的归属仍存在争议。伊米果蝇种组还有些问题需要探讨[4]。组蛋白基因…     

金色果蝇复合种(Drosophila auraria species complex)的分子系统学研究

测定了金色果蝇复合种（Drosophila auraria species complex）的5个姊妹种（D.auraria、D.biauraria、D.triaurar-ia、D.quadraria和D.subauraria）及其近缘种D.rufa的ITS1片段和COⅡ基因的全序，以及Adh基因的部分序列。以D.rufa、D.melanogaster和D.yakuba为外各，分别用最大简约（MP）法和邻接（NJ）法根据每个分子标记的序列构建金色果蝇复合种系统发生树。在得到的6棵系统树中，D.subauraria总位于系统树的基部。该复合种的ITS1、Adh和COⅡ的综合序列长度为2327bp(排除插入和缺失位点），能提供255个简约信息位点。根据综合序列构建的系统树较好地揭示了5个姊妹种间的系统发生关系；D.subauraria在金色果蝇复合种内最早分支出来，随后发生了D.biauraria分化、D.auraria、D.triauraria和D.quadraria之间亲缘关系较近，形成的时间相对较晚。推测金色果蝇复合种的祖先种约在2.33百万年前与D.fufa发生分歧，随后由暖温带侵入寒温带。在寒温带，D.subau-raria约在0.88百万年前与其他4个姊妹种的祖先种发生了分歧，D.biauraria约在0.31百万年前分化出来；而分布在较低纬度的D.auraria、D.triauraria和D.quadraria则是在该复合种的祖先种由寒温带向暖温带和亚热带人侵的过程中才逐渐分化形成的。上述结论不支持先前研究者所提出的D.quadraria是金色果蝇复合种的祖先种的见解。     

果蝇Drosophila saltans种亚组（双翅目：果蝇科）系统发育关系：形态学能否解决分子冲突？

正确的系统发生重建对于理解进化事件至关重要.尽管分子系统学对于解决此类问题取得了极大的成功,由于一些诸如密码子使用偏性等的内在约束,来源于DNA的信息可能仍然存在着局限.因为发生在祖先的替代性转换,果蝇Drosophila saltans 5个种亚组由不同基因构建的分子系统树之间存在着冲突(在以往发表的分子系统学研究中,这些种组的每一个种亚组全少有一个代表).本文用40个形态学特征重新分析了这些种组.不同于以前发表的大多数假说,本研究支序分类学的结果表明,果蝇sturtevanti种亚组是一个较早的分支,而剩下的4个亚组形成一个支持度较高的类群;后者又可以再分为两个姐妹群:一个包含cordata和elliptica亚组,另一个包含parasaltans和saltans亚来组.本研究结果修正了果蝇saltans种组的分子进化(密码子使用偏性),并强调形态学对于系统发生重建和理解分子进化现象的重要作用.     

Drosophila auraria复合种Period基因Thr-Gly区段的初步研究

测定了金色果蝇复合种（Drosophila auraria species complex）5个姐妹种（sibling species）和D.rufa的period(per)基因的Thr-Gly区段序列。该区段序列分析表明：DNA序列的碱其组成拥有果蝇其他基因的共同特点;颠换数多于转换数,两两种种间的颠换率与转换率的总比值为2～5,密码子第3位的颠换与转换的比值为2.5～5;同义替换/异义替换（Ks/Ka）值远大于10,且有的物种间根本不存在非同义突变,低的Ka值说明该复合种的per基因Thr-Gly区段在进化过程中可能承受着较强的选择压力。运用所得的核苷酸序列构建Drosophila auraria复合种的系统发育树,为澄清该类群的系统演化关系提供了新的线索。     

轮虫同域性物种形成:来自萼花臂尾轮虫克隆间的分子系统发育关系和生殖隔离的证据

对采自芜湖市三个不同水体中的萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)17个克隆的线粒体COⅠ基因和rDNAITS1序列进行的分析结果表明:萼花臂尾轮虫不同克隆间COⅠ基因序列差异百分比为0-14.0%,平均为5.1%;ITS1序列差异百分比为0-7.4%,平均为2.2%。基于COⅠ基因序列构建的分子系统树(NJ树、MP树、ML树和贝叶斯树)均支持将17个克隆划分为三个姐妹种,各姐妹种间的序列差异百分比为7.2%-14.0%。基于ITS1序列构建的同样四种分子系统树也支持将17个克隆划分为三个姐妹种,但其中的克隆HE5在姐妹种中的归属与基于COⅠ基因序列构建的分子系统树所得出的结果不同,各姐妹种间的序列差异百分比为1.9%-7.4%。混交雌体和雄体间的交配实验结果表明,轮虫各姐妹种间存在着明显的生殖隔离,克隆HE5在姐妹种中的归属应与基于COⅠ基因序列构建的分子系统树所得出的结果一致;ITS1序列进化速率较低,不宜用于轮虫姐妹种的准确甄别。COⅠ基因进化钟计算结果显示,三个姐妹种间,克隆LE9所属的姐妹种早在8百万年前便分化形成出来,HE1、HE2、HE4-7所属的姐妹种于5百万年前分化产生。     

果蝇Drosophila saltans种亚组(双翅目:果蝇科)系统发育关系:形态学能否解决分子冲突?(英文)

正确的系统发生重建对于理解进化事件至关重要。尽管分子系统学对于解决此类问题取得了极大的成功,由于一些诸如密码子使用偏性等的内在约束,来源于DNA的信息可能仍然存在着局限。因为发生在祖先的替代性转换,果蝇Drosophila saltans 5个种亚组由不同基因构建的分子系统树之间存在着冲突（在以往发表的分子系统学研究中,这些种组的每一个种亚组至少有一个代表）。本文用40个形态学特征重新分析了这些种组。不同于以前发表的大多数假说,本研究支序分类学的结果表明,果蝇sturtevanti种亚组是一个较早的分支, 而剩下的4个亚组形成一个支持度较高的类群;后者又可以再分为两个姐妹群：一个包含cordata 和elliptica 亚组,另一个包含parasaltans和saltans亚组。本研究结果修正了果蝇saltans种组的分子进化（密码子使用偏性）,并强调形态学对于系统发生重建和理解分子进化现象的重要作用。     

U83 Box C/D snoRNA构建果蝇科系统发生树

利用已报道的黑腹果蝇U83基因搜索果蝇基因数据库,鉴定了10种新的果蝇科U83同源基因,它们均位于相应物种核蛋白基因rpl3的内含子中。以冈比亚按蚊为外类群,对11种果蝇的U83核苷酸序列作进化关系分析,用邻接法重建了系统发生树,结果与传统方法构建的系统发生树相比,能反映果蝇科的大致进化关系,但还存在部分差别。为增加序列信息,把序列长度拓展至整个U83所在的内含子,同法构建系统发生树,结果与传统系统发生树几乎完全一致。该研究是用boxC/D snoRNA基因序列构建系统发生树的首次尝试,实验结果证明U83可以很好地用于构建果蝇科内各物种的种系发生树。     

大豆疫霉和苜蓿疫霉rDNA ITS序列分析

采用真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物,PCR分别扩增了Phytophthora sojae的5个菌株(Pg1、Pg2、Pg3、CN1和S317)和1个P. medicaginis (菌株44390)的ITS1与ITS2,并对PCR产物进行了序列测定。根据Bioedit软件中的neighbour-joining methods分析法将上述序列和Genbank中已登录的P. sojae、P. medicaginis、P. megasperma和P.trifolii等4个形态学种10个登录菌株的ITS1与ITS2碱基序列进行聚类分析。结果是聚类组与形态学种有一定差别,4个种16个菌株分成7个聚类组。结果表明,分别属于同一形态学种且可聚为一组的不同个体之间的ITS碱基序列遗传相似性最高,但是也具有一定的多样性;形态学上属于不同种的个体的ITS可以聚为一组。上述结果提示L41385可能不属于P. sojae, L41380可能属于是P. trifolii,P. megasperma仍是一个复合种。同时提示ITS DNA碱基序列可以区分形态学种。     

大豆疫霉和苜蓿疫霉rDNA ITS序列分析

采用真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物,PCR分别扩增了Phytophthora sojae的5个菌株(Pg1、Pg2、Pg3、CN1和S317)和1个P.medicaginis(菌株44390)的ITS1与ITS2,并对PCR产物进行了序列测定。根据Bioedit软件中的neighbour-joining methods分析法将上述序列和Genbank中已登录的P.sojae、P.medicaginis、P.megasperma和P．trifolii等4个形态学种10个登录菌株的ITS1与ITS2碱基序列进行聚类分析。结果是聚类组与形态学种有一定差别,4个种16个菌株分成7个聚类组。结果表明,分别属于同一形态学种且可聚为一组的不同个体之间的ITS碱基序列遗传相似性最高,但是也具有一定的多样性;形态学上属于不同种的个体的ITS可以聚为一组。上述结果提示L41385可能不属于P.sojae,L41380可能属于是P.trifolii,P.megasperma仍是一个复合种。同时提示ITS DNA碱基序列可以区分形态学种。     

基于ITS序列分析仲彬草属植物的亲缘关系

以旱雀麦为外类群,用PAUP 4.0b10软件并采用最大简约法和邻接法对11份仲彬草属物种的ITS区序列进行系统发育分析,两种方法得到的系统发育树基本一致。结果表明:(1)整个ITS序列长度变异范围为596~601 bp;G C含量在所有ITS中的变化范围为61.20%~62.44%;序列间的遗传分化距离为0.003~0.033,平均值为0.015;(2)疏花仲彬草和塔克拉干仲彬草2个物种聚为一支,位于系统发育树的底部,在最大简约法和邻接法分析中分别获得78%和82%的自展支持率,它们之间的亲缘关系较近;(3)形态相似、地理分布一致的物种有聚在一起的倾向,表现出较近的亲缘关系;(4)ITS区序列分析的结果与细胞学、形态学的研究结果基本一致,因此ITS区序列分析能反映仲彬草属种间关系。     

Phylogeny of the Drosophila immigrans species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) based on Adh and Gpdh sequences

The immigrans species group in the Drosophilinae is one of the representative species groups of Drosophila in East Asia. Although this group constitutes a significant part of the drosophilid fauna in the Old World, only a few species have been analyzed in previous molecular phylogenetic studies. To study the phylogeny of the immigrans group, we analyzed the nucleotide sequences of two nuclear genes, alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpdh), for 36 drosophilid species, including 12 species of the immigrans group. In the resultant phylogenetic trees, 10 species of the immigrans group (D. immigrans, D. formosana, D. ruberrima, D. albomicans, D. nasuta, D. neonasuta, D. pallidifrons, D. hypocausta, D. neohypocausta, D. siamana) consistently formed a clade (the immigrans group proper), although the phylogeny within this clade did not exactly correspond to the classification of species subgroups. However, D. annulipes and D. quadrilineata, both of which belong to the quadrilineata subgroup of the immigrans group, were not included in the immigrans group proper. Furthermore, we obtained the unexpected result that D. annulipes was included in a clade comprising Scaptomyza and Hawaiian Drosophila, together with D. maculinotata of the funebris group, although the phylogenetic relationships within this clade remain uncertain and need to be substantiated with further studies. Thus, according to the present study, the immigrans group is polyphyletic.     

Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of drosophilid species

The phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of 39 drosophilid species were studied by using the coding region of the Adh gene. Four genera--Scaptodrosophila, Zaprionus, Drosophila, and Scaptomyza (from Hawaii)--and three Drosophila subgenera--Drosophila, Engiscaptomyza, and Sophophora--were included. After conducting statistical analyses of the nucleotide sequences of the Adh, Adhr (Adh-related gene), and nuclear rRNA genes and a 905-bp segment of mitochondrial DNA, we used Scaptodrosophila as the outgroup. The phylogenetic tree obtained showed that the first major division of drosophilid species occurs between subgenus Sophophora (genus Drosophila) and the group including subgenera Drosophila and Engiscaptomyza plus the genera Zaprionus and Scaptomyza. Subgenus Sophophora is then divided into D. willistoni and the clade of D. obscura and D. melanogaster species groups. In the other major drosophilid group, Zaprionus first separates from the other species, and then D. immigrans leaves the remaining group of species. This remaining group then splits into the D. repleta group and the Hawaiian drosophilid cluster (Hawaiian Drosophila, Engiscaptomyza, and Scaptomyza). Engiscaptomyza and Scaptomyza are tightly clustered. Each of the D. repleta, D. obscura, and D. melanogaster groups is monophyletic. The splitting of subgenera Drosophila and Sophophora apparently occurred about 40 Mya, whereas the D. repleta group and the Hawaiian drosophilid cluster separated about 32 Mya. By contrast, the splitting of Engiscaptomyza and Scaptomyza occurred only about 11 Mya, suggesting that Scaptomyza experienced a rapid morphological evolution. The D. obscura and D. melanogaster groups apparently diverged about 25 Mya. Many of the D. repleta group species studied here have two functional Adh genes (Adh-1 and Adh-2), and these duplicated genes can be explained by two duplication events.      

果蝇Drosophila nasuta亚群系统发育问题的探讨

果蝇Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａｎａｓｕｔａ亚群由在１４个处于不同物种分化阶段的种,亚种和分类元组成,这个亚群的物种有许多进化上的独特之处,使得它在物种分化研究方面倍受关注,然而,在形态学,生殖隔离,染色体和同工酶多态,线粒体ＤＮＡＲＦＬＰ,求偶歌特征惟及线粒体和核基因序列分析等方面的研究都未能清楚地阐明这一亚群的系统进化关系,本文综合分析了关于这一亚群的进化遗传学的研究结果,并提出了有待进一步的一些问题     

中国特有的弯头果蝇种亚组及二新种记述(双翅目，果蝇科)

本文记述弯头果蝇种亚组的二新种,施氏果蝇 Drosophila (Drosophila) shi sp. nov.,短乳突果蝇Drosophila (Drosophila) brevipapilla sp.nov.,并对中国特有的弯头果蝇种亚组中11 个种的分布进行了分析。     

Relationships in the Drosophila obscura species group, inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II sequences

We compare the sequences for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene of 13 species of the Drosophila obscura group. The survey includes six members of the D. affinis subgroup, four of the D. pseudoobscura subgroup, and three of the D. obscura subgroup. In all species, the gene is 688 nucleotides in length, encoding a protein of 229 amino acids plus the first position T of the stop codon. The sequences show the typical high-transition bias for closely related species, but that bias is essentially eliminated for species pairs of > 5% sequence divergence. The phylogenetic relationships in the species group are inferred using both neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony. The two procedures give comparable results, showing that the D. affinis and D. pseudoobscura subgroups are monophyletic groupings that appear to have closer affinities to one another than either has to the D. obscura subgroup. We use transversion distances to estimate times of divergence, on the basis of three different estimates of the time of separation of the D. obscura species group from the D. melanogaster group. If that event occurred 35 Mya, then we can estimate the origin of the nearctic forms at approximately 22 Mya and the separation of the D. affinis and D. pseudoobscura subgroups at approximately 17 Mya.      

Climatic adaptations in the Drosophila immigrans species group: seasonal migration and thermal tolerance

Abstract. 1. In central Japan, Drosophila curviceps Okada and Kurokawa was collected in spring and autumn but not in summer at lowlands (alt. 500–1200 m), while it was collected only in summer at highlands (1500–2000 m). Experiments on its thermal tolerance suggested that summer heat at the lowlands and winter low temperatures at the highlands were adverse to this species. It is considered that this species escapes from these extreme temperatures by undergoing seasonal migration between the lowlands and the highlands. This species had no photo-periodic diapause and bred at both lowlands and highlands.
2. D.immigrans Sturtevant was less cold-hardy but more heat-tolerant than D.curviceps. It is considered that this species is unable to overwinter outdoors at least in the study areas (i.e. alt. 500m or higher in central Japan) and its populations in these areas originate with migrants from warmer areas.
3. D.albomicans Duda, a subtropical species, was less cold-hardy but more heat-tolerant than the above two species.
4. Climatic adaptations and distributions of these species are discussed with reference to their thermal tolerance.     

黑腹果蝇种组的核型与进化研究

观察了国内黑腹果蝇种组34种果蝇的有丝分裂中期核型,其中首次描述了一些新核型。系统地分析了黑腹果蝇种组8个种亚组之间的核型进化关系及种间亲缘关系。结果是:elegans种亚组的核型为A型;eugracilis、melanogaster和ficusphila种亚组的核型为C型;takahashii和suzukii种亚组的核型为C型和D型;montium种亚组的核型为B、C、C’、D、D’、和E型;ananassae种亚组的核型为F、G和H型。从核型分化的角度可以将黑腹果蝇种组分为5个谱系:elegans,eugracilis-melanogaster-ficusphila,takkahashii-suzukii,montium,ananassae。这与2004年Yang等的观点基本一致,正好从核型进化的角度验证了Yang通过DNA序列分析所得到的结果。差别只在于elegans种亚组,作者把它单独列为一支,认为是祖先种亚组。通过选取同一种果蝇的几个不同地域单雌系的核型分析,结果表明:同一种果蝇的核型存在地域差异。这种差异可能是由于不同生境造成,也可能是本身进化程度的差异,或是两种因素相互作用的结果。     

Data on enzyme polymorphism of Hungarian Drosophila populations

The level of polymorphism was investigated in four Drosophila species: D. hydei, D. immigrans, D. funebris and D. busckii with respect to four enzyme loci. Populations were collected in the Northern and Eastern parts of Hungary. The allozymes were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In D. hydei populations the Adh locus was mostly monomorphic; αGpdh and αAmy were poorly and Mdh highly polymorphic. D. immigrans and D. funebris were monomorphic in Mdh. D. busckii was polymorphic at three loci (Adh, Odh and Mdh), however, at the αGpdh and αAmy it was found to be monomorphic.