月经周期的生理调控

下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴直接调控月经周期,三者之间通过促性腺激素与卵巢甾体激素对下丘脑、垂体产生的反馈机制产生生理性周期变化,卵巢局部产生众多的肽类因子形成卵巢内自分泌／旁分泌调节系统,参与垂体促性腺激素性腺内作用机制的调控。     

足月周期的生理调控

下丘脑－垂体－卵巢轴直接调控月经周期,三者之间通过促性腺激素与卵轩体激素对下丘脑,垂体产生的反馈机制产生生理性周期变化,卵巢局部产生众多的肽关因子形成卵巢内自分泌／社分泌调节系统,参与垂体促性腺激素性腺内作用机制的调迭。     

小白鼠动情周期中阴道电位的变化

人和动物动情周期的变化是受下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴系活动所影响,由于垂体促性腺激素的活动控制着卵巢的变化,同时卵巢受到激发后又分泌出一定量的雌激素和孕激素,它们可     

促性腺激素释放激素的免疫调节功能

随着对神经与免疫系统相互作用研究的深入,神经激素在免疫系统中的作用越来越多地被关注。由下丘脑合成的促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,Gn RH)及其受体均在免疫细胞中被发现,表明Gn RH在免疫系统内具有自分泌或旁分泌作用,对机体免疫反应、免疫细胞的活性与增殖、免疫介质释放和细胞功能具有免疫调节作用,对自身免疫疾病也有一定的影响。Gn RH可能是免疫系统调节的重要组成部分,在调节免疫介导的疾病中发挥作用,对于构建神经、免疫、内分泌三大系统互相调节网络起到了重要的作用。     

重复制动应激对雌性大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的影响

目的: 探索重复制动应激对雌性大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的影响。方法: 40只SD雌鼠随机分为两组(n=20),对照组和实验组,一组正常饲养,一组采取递增负荷束缚应激,每天置于束缚器内制动应激一次(从上午9:00开始),第1日制动2 h,以后采用递增负荷,每日增加0.5 h,持续两周,通过检测体重、脏器系数、动情周期、性激素、病理和相关基因的表达探索其对下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的危害。结果: 重复制动应激使雌性大鼠体重下降、动情周期延长,卵巢和子宫的脏器系数和形态发生改变,利用qPCR技术对其相关基因检测,发现下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素、垂体促性腺激素释放激素受体、促卵泡生成素和促黄体生成素mRNA的表达显著下降,卵巢促卵泡生成素和黄体生成素受体 mRNA的表达显著上升,卵巢和子宫雌激素受体mRNA的表达显著下降。结论: 重复制动应激可能通过干扰下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的内分泌调节作用,使动情周期紊乱,从而损伤雌性动物的性腺和生殖内分泌功能。     

蒙药乌力吉-18对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴相关激素及受体表达的影响

目的:探讨蒙药乌力吉-18对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴相关激素及受体的影响。方法:选取40只健康雌性未孕SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、对照组、乌力吉-18高、低2个剂量组,每组10只。空白组灌胃等体积蒸馏水,对照组灌胃逍遥丸,高、低剂量组分别灌胃2.0 g·kg^-1·d^-1、1.0 g·kg^-1·d^-1乌力吉-18,连续给药31学艺术d。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E₂)及孕酮(PROG)的含量;免疫组化法检测下丘脑组织促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、垂体组织促性腺激素释放激素受体(GnRHR)的表达;以蛋白免疫印迹技术检测卵巢组织促卵泡生成素受体(FSHR)、黄体生成素受体(LHR)蛋白表达量。以实时荧光定量PCR检测卵巢组织中FSHR、LHR基因表达量。结果:与空白组比较,乌力吉-18低剂量组可明显升高血清LH含量(P<0.05),上调下丘脑组织GnRH、垂体组织GnRHR表达及卵巢组织FSHR、LHR蛋白表达(P<0.05);乌力吉-18高剂量组可显著升高血清FSH、LH、E₂含量(P<0.05),上调下丘脑组织GnRH表达及卵巢组织FSHR表达量(P<0.05),并可显著升高卵巢组织中FSHR、LHR基因表达量(P<0.05);对照组可明显升高血清E₂含量(P<0.05)。结论:蒙药乌力吉-18可明显升高血清FSH、LH及E₂的含量,促进下丘脑组织GnRH、垂体组织GnRHR及卵巢组织中FSHR、LHR的表达,表明乌力吉-18能够对下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴相关激素及受体表达产生影响。     

磁疗与延缓衰老(三)

内分泌功能减低与性衰退学说内分泌系统主要是由内分泌腺组成,包括下丘脑、垂体、甲状腺、肾上腺、性腺、胰腺及甲状旁腺等等。这些内分泌腺能分泌多种激素。随着人体的衰老,这些腺体也出现萎缩,纤维化等现象,它们分泌的激素也会出现相应的变化,从而影响人体功能性老化（衰老）。内分泌系统的老年性衰退的特点垂体与性腺：垂体位于下丘脑下方。下丘脑受中枢神经系统控制,同时又控制垂体分泌多种激素。其中促性腺激素,作用于性腺（卵巢或精囊）。生长激素作用是促进人体骨骼生长,在５０岁以后,随着人体的衰老,垂体的体积明显缩小,…     

GnRH及其受体在性成熟前后鲇、黄颡鱼脑、垂体和卵巢中的免疫细胞化学定位

用链霉亲和素 -生物素化过氧化物酶复合物 (StreptAvidinBiotin peroxidaseComplex ,SABC)免疫细胞化学方法 ,使用促性腺激素释放激素 (Gonadotropin releasinghormone ,GnRH)以及促性腺激素释放激素受体 (GnRHR) 2种抗血清对性成熟前后的黄颡鱼 (Pelteobagrusfulvidraco)和鲇鱼 (Silurusasotus)的脑、垂体、卵巢中的免疫活性内分泌细胞进行了免疫细胞化学定位。结果表明GnRH和GnRHR免疫活性在两种鱼的各脑区、垂体、卵巢中均有分布 ;两种鱼在性成熟时它们的下丘脑、垂体和卵巢中的GnRH和GnRHR免疫反应细胞数目和免疫反应强度明显高于性成熟前。本文讨论了GnRH、GnRHR直接或间接参与黄颡鱼和鲇鱼性腺发育成熟调节的可能性及形态学证据。可为下丘脑 垂体 性腺轴、神经 内分泌、GnRH功能的多样性等研究领域提供新的形态学依据。     

粪菌移植对多囊卵巢综合征的影响

多囊卵巢综合征是无排卵不孕女性常见的内分泌紊乱疾病,临床表现为月经不调、高雄激素血症和卵巢多囊样改变等,并伴有糖代谢和脂代谢异常。肠道菌群不仅作用于肠道,还调节营养摄取、脂肪储存和胰岛素敏感性,与多囊卵巢综合征有着密切关系。肠道菌群失调可能导致慢性低度炎症状态,免疫系统的激活会干扰胰岛素受体,提高胰岛素水平,促进卵巢睾酮的产生,导致多囊卵巢综合征。粪菌移植可以恢复肠道菌群失调和重建黏膜屏障,从而调节性类固醇的浓度、改善发情周期、恢复卵巢正常形态、降低空腹胰岛素水平、改善胰岛素抵抗、增加胰岛素敏感性和减轻慢性炎症等,对多囊卵巢综合征具有一定的治疗效果。     

雄激素与肠道菌群在多囊卵巢综合征中作用机制的研究进展

肠道菌群被称为"人体第二基因组"、"被遗忘的器官",肠道菌群谱的改变可能与健康或疾病状态相关。雄激素在生长发育及维持多脏器生理功能方面发挥重要作用,其代谢紊乱常导致多系统疾病发生。除经典通路外,雄激素合成与代谢还存在"后门通路"及"5α-雄烷二酮通路"。肠道菌群参与雄激素不同通路代谢,某些下游代谢产物具有高雄激素活性,如11-酮基双氢睾酮(96%双氢睾酮)。在雄激素代谢异常性疾病如多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)中,患者肠道菌群谱改变与雄激素水平显著相关。本文就雄激素与肠道菌群在多囊卵巢综合征中作用机制进行综述。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.