环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的基因改造与高效表达

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGTase,EC 2.4.1.19)是一种多功能酶,主要用于生产环糊精(CD)、糖基化碳水化合物,同时在食品行业也有重要作用。为改善CGTase在这些方面的应用性能,筛选出优势突变酶,异源表达、定点突变、固定化等技术被研究和应用,取得了实质性的进展。综述了CGTase基因高效异源表达策略,概述了基因改造CGTase的研究进展,并且还总结了用于改造CGTase的其他手段,例如固定化酶、嵌合酶、化学添加剂等,以期为在相关CGTase研究领域开展研究提供参考。     

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶在天然产物糖基化修饰中的应用

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase,CGTase)是一种可催化淀粉或多糖中α-1,4键断裂并环化形成环糊精(cyclodextrins,CDs)的α-淀粉酶.CGTase在工业上主要用于制造环糊精,近年来利用其转糖基作用改造天然产物的性质取得了令人瞩目的研究进展,正成...     

分子伴侣共表达对嗜热环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶异源可溶性表达的影响

【目的】通过优化表达条件,提高嗜热环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGTase)的可溶性表达和胞外酶活性。【方法】构建含cgt基因的重组表达质粒p ET-28a(+)-omp A-cgt,筛选最适诱导温度,并构建5种分子伴侣共表达系统(p KJE8、p KJE7、p Gro7、p Tf16和p G-Tf2,5种分子伴侣质粒分别与重组表达质粒p ET-28a(+)-omp A-cgt共表达),筛选最适分子伴侣质粒,优化共表达条件。【结果】通过SDS-PAGE分析和测定胞外酶活,CGTase基因在大肠杆菌中实现表达,且具有一定量的重组CGTase分泌至胞外;25°C诱导时CGTase的可溶性表达和在胞外上清中的酶活都最高;分子伴侣质粒p KJE8使酶的胞外活性提高了48.6%,效果最为显著;当L-阿拉伯糖浓度为0.5 g/L时,分子伴侣质粒p KJE8使酶的胞外活性提高了68.5%。【结论】通过优化表达条件及使用分子伴侣共表达系统提高了环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的可溶性表达和胞外酶活,为该酶进一步相关研究奠定了基础。     

应用易错PCR技术提高环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的可溶性表达

【目的】对嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌CHB1的环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(CGTase)基因进行定向进化,筛选得到胞外酶活性和可溶性表达定量提高的突变酶。【方法】采用易错PCR技术向环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶基因中随机引入突变,建立酶基因突变文库,筛选获得胞外酶活性和可溶性表达定量提高的突变体,并对突变酶进行诱导表达、纯化及部分酶学性质研究。【结果】通过筛选获得CGTase胞外酶活性和可溶性表达定量提高的突变菌株ds-6和ep-9,其胞外α-环化活力分别是原始酶的1.72倍和2.18倍,可溶性表达量提高了1倍。序列分析表明,突变体ep-9有3个碱基发生了变化:G2005A/A2037G/T2081G,其中有2个碱基突变导致了氨基酸的改变。SWISS-MODEL数据库模拟CGTase的结构表明,2个突变氨基酸分别位于无规卷曲和β-转角/折叠之间的转角中。酶学性质测定表明:突变CGTase的β-环化比活力是原始酶的2.44倍,总环化比活力提高了34%,K_m值由4.3 g/L降低到3.74 g/L;在pH稳定性方面较原始酶有所提高。单碱基定点突变证实突变体ep-9可溶性表达水平及胞外酶活性提高的关键突变是G2005A。【结论】本试验表明:基于易错PCR技术获得嗜热芽孢杆菌CHB1的CGTase的胞外酶活和可溶性表达定向进化,G2005A突变对于提高CGTase的可溶性表达及胞外酶活起关键作用,这对认识CGTase的构效关系以及进一步改造该酶分子、扩大酶的生产应用具有重要意义。     

信号肽对浸麻类芽孢杆菌α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶在大肠杆菌中胞外表达的影响

为了筛选得到利于浸麻类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus macerans α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(α-CGT酶)分泌表达的信号肽,提高α-CGT酶的分泌表达量,本研究考察了大肠杆菌中外源蛋白分泌表达常用的OmpA、PelB、OmpT和Endoxylanase四个信号肽对重组α-CGT酶在大肠杆菌中胞外表达的影响.在...     

一株产环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的地衣芽孢杆菌的选育、产酶条件及酶学特性

从土壤分离物中筛选到一株环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶 (CGTase)产生菌 4 0 3,96h发酵酶活为 0 95U mL。经紫外辐射和硫酸二乙酯复合诱变而获得突变株CLS4 0 3,96h发酵酶活达 1 36U mL ,提高 4 3%。该突变菌株被鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌 (Bacilluslicheniformis) ,产CGTase的最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉 ,最佳氮源为硝酸铵 ,最适初始pH为 6 5 ,最适培养温度为 35℃ ,发酵期间CGTase的产生高峰 (第 96h)滞后于菌体生物量高峰 (第 4 8h) 2d。菌株所产CGTase的最适反应pH为 6 0 ,最适温度为 5 5℃ ,在pH 6 0～ 7 5间和 5 0℃下保持 1h后的剩余酶活均达 90 %以上 ;酶液中适量添加Ca2 能大幅提高CGTase在 5 5℃下的稳定性。经高效液相色谱分析 ,CGTase作用于淀粉后的产物以α 环糊精为主 ,β 环糊精为次 ,二者比例为 2 4 7∶1,环糊精总产率达 2 9 8% ,但产物中不含γ 环糊精     

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的酿酒酵母表面展示及其生产2-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基抗坏血酸

摘要:【目的】将环状芽孢杆菌251(Bacillus circulans 251)来源的环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶(Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase,CGTase)展示在酿酒酵母( Saccharomyces cerevisiae)细胞表面,构建全细胞催化剂生产2-O-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基抗坏血酸(2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid,AA-2G),以提高AA-2G 的产量。【方法】将CGTase编码基因cgt连接到载体质粒pYD1中的a凝集素(a-agglutinin)Aga2p亚基基因的下游构建表面展示重组质粒pYD1-cgt,转化酿酒酵母EBY100获得重组菌EBY100-pYD1-cgt,对发酵条件(培养基、诱导温度和诱导剂半乳糖浓度)进行优化;同时先后对重组菌的发酵产酶以及表面展示CGTase的酶促合成AA-2G的条件进行了优化;进一步又比较了表面展示的CGTase与E.coli BL21发酵所得的游离CGTase在酶促制备AA-2G过程中副产物的积累情况。【结果】展示CGTase的酿酒酵母重组菌株以YPG培养基作为发酵培养基,诱导剂半乳糖初始添加浓度为20 g/L,经25 ℃诱导48 h后,表面展示CGTase最大酶产量为0.5 U/mL;表面展示CGTase 40 ℃条件下的温度稳定性比游离酶有所提高,pH稳定范围变宽。对表面展示的CGTase制备AA-2G转化条件的优化发现,其最适温度最适pH分别为30 ℃和4.5,转化48 h达到平衡,表面展示的CGTase制备AA-2G的产量较游离酶提高了37%。【结论】对于CGTase,a凝集素系统是一个有效的展示系统,构建的酿酒酵母全细胞催化剂用于酶促制备AA-2G时,产生的副产物葡萄糖可能被酵母细胞利用,从而降低了葡萄糖与VC的竞争作用使AA-2G的产量增加,该全细胞催化剂具有良好的应用前景。     

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的性质、应用与固定化研究进展

本文总结了环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的性质、应用与固定化研究的进展情况,引用文献４７篇。     

来源嗜碱性芽孢杆菌N-227β-环糊精葡基转移酶基因分析及在大肠杆菌中的诱导表达

很多细菌可以产生环糊精葡基转移酶,对来源于嗜碱性芽孢杆菌N-227菌株染色体上一段编码β-环糊精葡基转移酶基因、包含有自己的启动子且能够直接在大肠杆菌中表达的DNA序列进行测序分析,该片断DNA包含有4114bp,从745位点到2883位点包含2139个碱基,为一个推定的编码713个氨基酸的蛋白质阅读框,和来源于Bacillus circulansA11的β-环糊精葡基转移酶氨基酸完全一致;具有环糊精葡基转移酶典型的五个结构域A-E,在A-B结构域中包含有七个属于α-淀粉酶家族的保守区域(I-VII)。对该酶基因进行PCR并克隆到表达载体pET28b上,利用乳糖进行诱导表达,获得了高效表达,环化活性为11.75mg/min/mL。这对于β-环糊精葡基转移酶的应用和降低成本具有重要的价值。     

魔芋葡甘露聚糖固定化环糊精葡基转移酶的研究

本文报道将魔芋葡甘露聚糖(简称KGM),经不溶性处理和一定的化学修饰活化作固定化载体,用共价键合法固定化环糊精葡基转移酶(简称CGTase)。其中,用表氯醇-已二胺-戊二醛修饰活化的KGM载体固定化CGTase效果最好,偶联蛋白质多在20mg/g载体以上,酶活500～900u/g载体之间,最高可超过52mg/g和1300u/g载体。固定化CGTase在pH5和pH10呈两个酶活峰值,最适温度60℃。以淀粉为底物批式连续反应,转化率均在90％以上。     

Coexpression of folding accessory proteins for production of active cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase of Bacillus macerans in recombinant Escherichia coli

Coexpression of folding accessory proteins, molecular chaperones, and human peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) increased production of active cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) of Bacillus macerans, which is otherwise mainly expressed as inclusion body in recombinant Escherichia coli. The best partner for soluble expression of CGTase was found to be human PPIase followed by coexpression of DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE together with GroEL-GroES. Such a significant enhancement by human PPIase coexpression seemed to be due to dual functions of chaperone and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization. Coexpression of GroEL-GroES or minichaperone alone did not influence the specific CGTase activity. For production of active CGTase in large amounts, a high cell density culture was achieved using a pH-stat fed-batch strategy. The optimized fed-batch fermentation resulted in dry cell weight of 103.4 g/L and CGTase activity of 1200 U/mL. Combination of human PPIase expression at a gene level and cell culture optimization at a process scale exerted a synergistic effect on the product yield of soluble CGTase expression in recombinant E. coli.     

固氮类芽孢杆菌YUPP-5中环糊精糖基转移酶基因的克隆与功能分析

从魔芋根际分离的固氮类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus azotofixans YUPP-5对多种β-1,4糖苷键连接的多糖具有水解作用。通过构建该菌的fosmid文库,克隆到2 157 bp的基因片段,编码环糊精糖基转移酶。大肠杆菌中表达此酶,能降解葡甘聚糖、羧甲基纤维素钠盐、几丁质、木聚糖等多种β-1,4糖苷键连接的多糖,同时该酶还能以葡甘聚糖为底物生成β-1,4糖苷键连接的环糊精,而文献报道这种酶仅能利用α-1,4糖苷键连接的淀粉为底物生成环糊精;并展示了环糊精糖基转移酶的一些新功能。     

Anchorage of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli

The gene encoding cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) was successfully cloned from B. macerans by PCR. A recombinant plasmid pCS005 with a gene encoding the Lpp-OmpA-CGTase trifusion protein was constructed and transformed into E. coli for the surface display of CGTase. Results of immunoblotting analysis and protease accessibility on the fractionated cell membranes confirmed that the Lpp-OmpA-CGTase trifusion protein was successfully anchored on the outer membrane of E. coli. However, only 50% of the membrane-anchored trifusion proteins were displayed on the outer surface of E. coli with the remaining 50% un-translocated. The low efficiency of surface display is attributed to the large size of CGTase. Only a trace amount of CGTase activity was detected for both the whole cells and the cell debris fractions. Because the results of the protease accessibility study suggested that the trypsin-resistant conformation of CGTase was preserved in the membrane-anchored CGTase, we believe that the lack of enzyme activity is mainly due to the inaccessibility of the CGTase active site, near the N-terminus, for substrate molecules. It can be estimated that the critical size for surface display of protein in E. coli is approximately 70 kDa.     

Engineering of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for improved cyclodextrin production

The cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) gene (cgt) from Bacillus circulans 251 was cloned into plasmid pYD1, which allowed regulated expression, secretion, and detection. The expression of CGTase with a-agglutinin at the N-terminal end on the extracellular surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. This surface-anchored CGTase gave the yeast the ability to directly utilize starch as a sole carbon source and the ability to produce the anticipated products, cyclodextrins, as well as glucose and maltose. The resulting glucose and maltose, which are efficient acceptors in the CGTase coupling reaction, could be consumed by yeast fermentation and thus facilitated cyclodextrin production. On the other hand, ethanol produced by the yeast may form a complex with cyclodextrin and shift the equilibrium in favor of cyclodextrin production. The yeast with immobilized CGTase produced 24.07 mg/ml cyclodextrins when it was incubated in yeast medium supplemented with 4% starch.     

Engineering of Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase on the Cell Surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Improved Cyclodextrin Production

The cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) gene (cgt) from Bacillus circulans 251 was cloned into plasmid pYD1, which allowed regulated expression, secretion, and detection. The expression of CGTase with a-agglutinin at the N-terminal end on the extracellular surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. This surface-anchored CGTase gave the yeast the ability to directly utilize starch as a sole carbon source and the ability to produce the anticipated products, cyclodextrins, as well as glucose and maltose. The resulting glucose and maltose, which are efficient acceptors in the CGTase coupling reaction, could be consumed by yeast fermentation and thus facilitated cyclodextrin production. On the other hand, ethanol produced by the yeast may form a complex with cyclodextrin and shift the equilibrium in favor of cyclodextrin production. The yeast with immobilized CGTase produced 24.07 mg/ml cyclodextrins when it was incubated in yeast medium supplemented with 4% starch.     

Optimization of a heterologous signal peptide by site-directed mutagenesis for improved secretion of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli

A heterologous signal peptide (SP) from Bacillus sp. G1 was optimized for secretion of recombinant cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) to the periplasmic and, eventually, extracellular space of Escherichia coli. Eight mutant SPs were constructed using site-directed mutagenesis to improve the secretion of recombinant CGTase. M5 is a mutated SP in which replacement of an isoleucine residue in the h-region to glycine created a helix-breaking or G-turn motif with decreased hydrophobicity. The mutant SP resulted in 110 and 94% increases in periplasmic and extracellular recombinant CGTase, respectively, compared to the wild-type SP at a similar level of cell lysis. The formation of intracellular inclusion bodies was also reduced, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamyde gel electrophoresis, when this mutated SP was used. The addition of as low as 0.08% glycine at the beginning of cell growth improved cell viability of the E. coli host. Secretory production of other proteins, such as mannosidase, also showed similar improvement, as demonstrated by CGTase production, suggesting that the combination of an optimized SP and a suitable chemical additive leads to significant improvements of extracellular recombinant protein production and cell viability. These findings will be valuable for the extracellular production of recombinant proteins in E. coli.     

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase encoded by a gene of Paenibacillus azotofixans YUPP-5 exhibited a new function to hydrolyze polysaccharides with β-1,4 linkage

The bacteria with hydrolysis activity to glucomannan were isolated from the rhizosphere of Amorphophallus konjac through enrichment cultivation. One strain with strong activity in degrading glucomannan was identified preliminarily as Paenibacillus azotofixans YUPP-5 according to the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. This strain is able to hydrolyze many polysaccharide with β-1,4 linkage, including glucomannan, galactomannan, xylan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and chitin. One hydrolytic enzyme band of approximately 70 kDa was examined from the supernatants of YUPP-5 by using zymogram with mixture polysaccharides as substrate. The encoding gene had an open reading frame of 2157 bp, which deduced cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase), including 718 amino acids with a signal peptide in the N-terminal region. When the gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, the recombinant CGTase exhibited strong activity in degrading polysaccharides with β-1,4 linkage, and in forming cyclodextrin by using carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate. This CGTase exhibited some new functions. Finally, the hydrolytic oligosaccharides from galactomannan or glucomannan were detected by thin layer chromatography. Pentasaccharide, tetrasaccharide, trisaccharide, and disaccharide could be examined as reaction time went on.     

Optimization of defined medium for recombinant Komagataella phaffii expressing cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase

The cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is an important enzyme for cyclodextrin (CD) production, and is also widely used in the biotechnology, food, and pharmaceuticals industries. Secretory CGTase production by recombinant Komagataella phaffii using defined medium is a promising approach because of low cost, less impurity protein. It was found that no CGTase was expressed using traditional defined medium (basal salt medium [BSM]) because of pH value decreasing significantly. CGTase was expressed by recombinant K. phaffii through pH maintenance in range of 5.5–7.0. β-CGTase activity increased to 122.0 U/mL after optimization of glycerol, phosphate buffer, pH value, ammonium sulfate, temperature, methanol, and additives based on BSM, establishing a modified defined medium. These results showed that it was necessary to establish recombinant K. phaffii-based special defined medium although the same host cell used for different heterologous protein expression.     

Characterization of polycationic amino acids fusion systems for ion-exchange purification of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from recombinant Escherichia coli

Fusion proteins with charged polycationic amino acid tails were constructed for the purpose of simple ion-exchange purification with high purity. A number of positively charged lysine and arginine tails were fused to the C-terminus of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) derived from Bacillus macerans and expressed in Escherichia coli. The ionic binding forces provided by the tails allowed the selective recovery of CGTase from recombinant E. coli cell extracts, while CGTase by itself could not bind to the cation exchanger at neutral pH. The type of amino acids used and the length of the tail directly affected the purification factors. Most intracellular proteins of E. coli adsorbed on the cation exchanger could be removed by washing with 400 mM NaCl solution at pH 7.4, suggesting that a fusion partner suitable for purification purpose should be provided with high binding strength and the maintenance of adsorption by washing with NaCl solution. Among the fusion CGTases constructed, the CGTK10ase containing 10 lysine residues provided sufficiently high binding strength to allow purification to its homogeneity through simple ion-exchange chromatography.     

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a thermostable cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase gene from Thermoanaerobactersp. ATCC 53627 and its expression in Escherichia coli

A gene, cgtA, encoding an extremely thermostable cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) was cloned from a thermophilic anaerobe, Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, and expressed in Escherichia coli. DNA and protein sequencing revealed that the mature enzyme of 683 amino acid residues (MW 75 kDa) was preceded by a signal peptide of 27 amino acid residues. The sequence of the Thermoanaerobacter CGTase was similar to sequences of Bacillus CGTases, with more than 58% identity, and very similar (89% identity) to a CGTase enzyme from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurogenes.