透明质酸酶的研究进展

透明质酸酶是能降解透明质酸及部分糖胺聚糖的一类糖苷酶,可应用于医疗和美容等领域。透明质酸酶也可用于制备小分子糖胺寡糖,许多研究发现小分子糖胺寡糖具有比大分子糖胺聚糖更高的生物免疫活性。为便于研究人员对透明质酸酶进行进一步的基础研究及应用研究,本文介绍了透明质酸和透明质酸酶,梳理了透明质酸酶的分类、结构和催化机理,归纳总结了透明质酸酶的酶活力测定方法、重组表达、酶学性质和应用,展望了透明质酸酶的研究方向。     

一株产透明质酸酶的菌株鉴定及酶学性质研究

透明质酸酶可用于药物渗透剂、动物皮革松散及低分子量的透明质酸制备.实验室前期筛选了一株具有较高透明质酸降解能力的菌株,本研究对其进行了 16S rRNA基因和生理生化反应鉴定,鉴定为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌,但弗氏柠檬酸杆菌来源的透明质酸酶的功能还未见报道.因而,以透明质酸为底物研究其酶学性质,结果表明:该酶最适pH值为5.5,在pH值4.0～8.0下处理1 h可以保持60％以上酶活力;最适温度为50℃,在50℃和60℃下处理1h后剩余60％以上的酶活力.该酶和人源透明质酸酶最适pH相似,但其耐热性更高.因此,本研究挖掘到了新颖的透明质酸酶的资源,并为其开发利用提供了参考价值.     

发酵透明质酸寡糖兽疫链球菌工程菌株的构建

透明质酸(HA)广泛应用于医学、化妆品、食品等领域。HA的生物活性取决于其分子量(M_w)。透明质酸寡糖由于具有重要的生理活性与特殊生理功能,在医药领域具有重要的应用前景。兽疫链球菌因其发酵周期短、生产强度较强的特点,在商业生产HA上具有广泛的应用。为了高效发酵合成透明质酸寡糖和解决发酵过程的溶氧问题,文中通过在兽疫链球菌WSH-24中过表达透明质酸合酶HasA以及优化表达水蛭来源的透明质酸酶LHAase。重组菌株摇瓶发酵24h,透明质酸寡糖积累至0.97g/L,比野生菌提高了182.0%。在3L发酵罐中发酵24 h,透明质酸寡糖生产强度为294.2 mg/(L·h),HA积累至7.06 g/L,比野生菌的罐上水平提高了112.4%。文中所构建的发酵合成透明质酸寡糖的兽疫链球菌重组菌株具有重要的应用前景。     

重组GluV8的克隆表达、纯化及酶学性质研究

谷氨酰内切酶在生物制药及检测中应用较多,但来源受限,将全基因合成的金黄色葡萄球菌来源的谷氨酰内切酶功能区部分对应的基因进行改造后,克隆入表达载体pGEX-4T-2,导入E.coli BL21（DE3）,重组蛋白以可溶性形式表达。采用亲和层析等纯化步骤对重组蛋白进行纯化,用底物Z-Phe-Leu-Glu-pNA（L-2135）对重组蛋白的酶学性质进行了研究,用HPLC、LC-MS/MS检测方法对酶切融合蛋白的位点特异性进行了鉴定。结果表明该酶的相对活性为1568U/mg,最适作用温度为42℃、最适作用pH为8.0,在pH 9.0,50℃时仍有较高的酶活,将该酶与胰酶酶切融合蛋白所得肽段结合能够提升质谱检测结果的精确度。以上结果表明该重组酶具有良好的应用前景。     

嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶基因的表达与重组酶的性质

克隆嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌WY-34普鲁兰酶基因并在大肠杆菌中进行表达,对重组酶进行纯化和酶学性质研究,根据枯草芽孢杆菌的普鲁兰酶蛋白序列,设计PCR引物对WY-34的普鲁兰酶基因进行克隆及异源表达.对表达蛋白的最适pH、pH稳定性及最适温度、温度稳定性等特性进行研究,并测定重组普鲁兰酶的底物特异性.将普鲁兰酶基因pluA克隆及分析序列后,发现基因长度为2.2 kb,编码718个氨基酸,在大肠杆菌中异源表达.通过Ni-IDA亲和层析一步纯化得到比活力为93.2 U/mg的纯酶,SDS-PAGE和凝胶层析测定的分子量分别为76.2 kD和74.3 kD.酶学性质研究表明,该酶的最适温度为40℃,在温度不高于45℃条件下稳定;最适pH为6.0,同一温度下pH 6.0-9.0范围内处理30 min可以保持80％以上的酶活力,此酶对普鲁兰糖有很强的底物特异性.此重组普鲁兰酶的酶学性质表明此酶具有一定的工业化应用价值.     

罗尼氏弧菌Vibrio shilonii BY新琼胶酶基因的克隆、序列分析及表达

【目的】从海洋来源的罗尼氏弧菌菌株BY中克隆得到一个具有琼胶酶活性的新基因,并对其进行重组表达。【方法】对实验室保藏的产琼胶酶菌株BY进行16S rRNA基因序列分析,并构建系统发育树。根据已报道的琼胶酶基因序列的同源性,设计简并引物,利用降落PCR (Touch-down PCR)及染色体步移技术扩增琼胶酶基因序列全长,对基因序列进行生物信息学分析。将目的基因插入pET22a(+)载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),对重组酶进行表达,利用DNS法测定了重组酶的酶活,对该重组琼胶酶酶学性质进行研究。【结果】克隆得到一条新的琼胶酶基因,命名为Vibrio sp. BY (GenBank登录号：AIW39921.1),Vibrio sp. BY基因序列全长2 232 bp,编码744个氨基酸,理论分子量为85 kD,Vibrio sp. BY的氨基酸序列基因库中与已知的琼胶酶氨基酸序列Vibrio sp. EJY3的相似度为86%。发酵液琼胶酶酶活力为71.73 U/mL,证明表达的蛋白为琼胶酶。酶学性质研究表明重组琼胶酶的最适温度及pH分别为50 °C和7.0,并且具有较好的稳定性。【结论】利用染色体步移技术克隆得到一条新的琼胶酶基因,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中实现了重组表达,为琼胶酶的应用奠定了基础。     

蓝状菌(Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802)高温果胶甲酯酶PmeT在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及酶学性质

【目的】在毕赤酵母中高水平表达蓝状菌(Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802)来源的高温果胶甲酯酶,并对其进行酶学性质研究,具有高催化效率的高温果胶甲酯酶有望能广泛应用于低甲氧基果胶的生产,优化生产工艺,提高转化率,降低生产成本。【方法】利用RT-PCR的方法,以蓝状菌(T.leycettanus JCM12802)总RNA为模板,克隆得到果胶甲酯酶基因(Pme T)的cDNA。将其插入表达载体p PIC9K,并转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)菌株GS115,高活性的阳性转化子进行高密度发酵研究。【结果】重组酵母的果胶甲酯酶表达水平达到428 U/m L,并进一步鉴定了重组果胶甲酯酶的酶学性质。该酶的最适反应温度为75°C,且在85°C以下具有较好的热稳定性。最适反应p H为4.0,在p H 2.0-7.0之间有较好的稳定性。【结论】用重组毕赤酵母可高效表达蓝状菌来源的高温果胶甲酯酶,为其今后在工业上的应用奠定了基础。     

多形拟杆菌肝素酶Ⅰ的SUMO融合表达及酶学特性分析

【目的】克隆多形拟杆菌(Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron) Heparinase I基因,在大肠杆菌(Escherichiac。")中进行基因工程表达获得重组酶SUMO-Bt-HepI和Bt-HepI,并研究其酶学特性。【方法】对B.thetaiotaomicron肝素酶I (Bt-HepI)的基因序列进行密码子优化,PCR扩增得到目的基因,构建表达载体pET-28a-Bt-HepI和pE-SUMO-Bt-HepI,并转化至E. colt Rosetta (DE3)进行表达,分别得到重组产物Bt-HepI和SUMO-Bt-HepI,以肝素钠为底物研究两者的酶学性质。【结果】SDS-PAGE检测显示Bt-HepI和SUMO-Bt-HepI的分子量大小分别约为42.5 kDa和55 kDa。与Bt-HepI相比,融合SUMO-Tag后的肝素酶I比酶活提高了 48.9%。酶学性质表明:Bt-HepI和SUMO-Bt-HepI的最适pH和温度均为pH 9、45℃,二者在pH 5-9都具有很好的稳定性,但pH<5时,SUMO-Bt-HepI的耐酸性明显高于Bt-HepI0同时,在温度低于50 ℃时,SUMO-Bt-HepI的比酶活高于Bt-Hepl。此外,Ca^2+和Mg^2+对重组肝素酶I具有明显的促进作用,而CU^2+、Mr^2+、Zt^2+则表现出一定的抑制作用,提示在多形拟杆菌肝素酶I的结构中除了存在已知的Ca2+结合位点外,可能还存在Mg2+的结合位点。【结论】本研究首次将多形拟杆菌来源的肝素酶I和SUMO-Tag进行了融合表达,使其比酶活得到了显著的提高,为其生产应用奠定了基础。     

两种UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶对透明质酸生物转化的影响

分别从大肠杆菌和化脓链球菌中扩增出编码UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶基因ecohas B和spyhas B,并将其插入T7表达载体p RX2构建重组质粒p RXEB和p RXSB。在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中重组表达,并对经镍柱纯化后的UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶的酶学性质进行分析。酶学性质研究表明:spy Has B的最适反应温度是30℃,最适p H 10,最适条件下的比活力是12.2 U/mg;eco Has B的最适反应温度是30℃,最适p H 9,最适条件下的比活力是5.55 U/mg。从多杀巴氏杆菌扩增出的透明质酸合成酶基因pmuhas A分别与ecohas B和spyhas B构建共表达载体p BPAEB和p BPASB。将其转化到大肠杆菌BW25113中,经生物转化生产透明质酸(HA),并对转化条件进行了优化。结果表明:重组菌株进行透明质酸转化时,UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶酶活力越高,稳定性越好,HA产量越高;转化条件优化后,p BPAEB/BW25113和p BPASB/BW25113在摇瓶中的产量分别是1.52和1.70 g/L,比之前报道的提高了2-3倍。     

棘孢木霉几丁质酶tachi2 基因的原核表达及酶学性质研究

目的:实现棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)几丁质酶基因tachi2的原核高效表达,研究几丁质酶Tachi2的酶学性质.方法:利用PCR技术扩增得到几丁质酶基因tachi2,将其克隆到原核表达载体pEHISTEV中,测序后,转化大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞,经异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导后进行Tachi2蛋白的纯化和复性.用纯化的目的蛋白Tachi2进行几丁质酶酶学性质的研究.结果:tachi2基因在重组大肠杆菌中正确表达,其主要以包涵体形式存在;重组蛋白Tachi2分子量约为44kDa,经过纯化和复性后得到的Tachi2有较高的几丁质酶活性.该酶的最适温度为40℃,最适pH值为7.0,几丁质酶在40℃以下比较稳定、pH 6～9时酶有较高活性,受Cu2和Zn2+的强烈抑制.结论:成功实现了棘孢木霉几丁质酶基因tachi2的原核高效表达,表达纯化了重组蛋白,明确了几丁质酶Tachi2的酶学性质,为该几丁质酶的进一步开发利用和深入研究奠定了基础.     

Purification and characterization of hyaluronic acid from the mollusc bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA) was for the first time extracted, purified and characterized from the species of mollusc bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis. HA was characterized by agarose-gel electrophoresis, 13C-NMR, HPLC and normal polarity capillary electrophoresis by evaluating the unsaturated disaccharide, DeltaDiHA (Delta-hexuronic acid-N-acetyl-glucosamine) after treatment with chondroitin ABC lyase, and by separating Delta-tetrasaccharide and Delta-hexasaccharide generated by the specific action of hyaluronate lyase from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus. The weight average molecular weight (M(w)) was found to be about 200 kDa as determined by HPSEC. HA from M. galloprovincialis was not able to interact with aggrecan from bovine cartilage to form high molecular mass aggregate and also had a very low specific viscosity, but it showed the same capacity to inhibit cell proliferation (50 microg per 10(3) human fibroblasts inhibit cell proliferation by about 50%) than high molecular mass HA. HA of M. galloprovincialis could have a physiological role in the regulation of cell functions.     

Expression of a novel hyaluronidase from Streptococcus zooepidemicus in Escherichia coli and its application for the preparation of HA oligosaccharides

Hyaluronan (HA) oligosaccharides which can stimulate angiogenesis and suppress the growth of tumors have attracted more and more attention. In order to prepare pure and well-defined oligosaccharides from high-molecular-weight HA in a rapid and simple manner, an enzymatic degradation method was developed, which included degradation with a novel recombinant hyaluronan lyase (HA lyase, hyaluronidase, or HAase) and gel permeation chromatography. The HAase protein was expressed in Escherichia coli with the expression vector pBV220. The HAase was purified and refolded, and specific activity of the enzyme solution was 3800 U/mg. HA was degraded with HAase at the optimized conditions, yielding 46% and 31% of HA disaccharides and HA tetrasaccharides, respectively. These HA oligosaccharides were conveniently separated by consecutive column chromatography on Bio-gel P6 and were identified by HPLC–MS.     

Isoenzyme-specific differences in the degradation of hyaluronic acid by mammalian-type hyaluronidases

Bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) has been used as a spreading factor for many years and was primarily characterized by its enzymatic activity. As recombinant human hyaluronidases are now available the bovine preparations can be replaced by the human enzymes. However, data on the pH-dependent activity of hyaluronidases reported in literature are inconsistent in part or even contradictory. Detection of the pH-dependent activity of PH-20 type hyaluronidases, i.e. recombinant human PH-20 (rhPH-20) and BTH, showed a shift of the pH optimum from acidic pH values in a colorimetric activity assay to higher pH values in a turbidimetric activity assay. Contrarily, recombinant human Hyal-1 (rhHyal-1) and bee venom hyaluronidase (BVH) exhibited nearly identical pH profiles in both commonly used types of activity assays. Analysis of the hyaluronic acid (HA) degradation products by capillary zone electrophoresis showed that hyaluronan was catabolized by rhHyal-1 continuously into HA oligosaccharides. BTH and, to a less extent, rhPH-20 exhibited a different mode of action: at acidic pH (pH 4.5) HA was degraded as described for rhHyal-1, while at elevated pH (pH 5.5) small oligosaccharides were produced in addition to HA fragments of medium molecular weight, thus explaining the pH-dependent discrepancies in the activity assays. Our results suggest a sub-classification of mammalian-type hyaluronidases into a PH-20/BTH and a Hyal-1/BVH subtype. As the biological effects of HA fragments are reported to depend on the size of the molecules it can be speculated that different pH values at the site of hyaluronan degradation may result in different biological responses.     

Complementary exploration of the action pattern of hyaluronate lyase from Streptococcus agalactiae using capillary electrophoresis, gel-permeation chromatography and viscosimetric measurements

Hyaluronic acid (HA) was treated with hyaluronate lyase (GBS HA lyase, E.C. 4.2.2.1, from Streptococcus agalactiae strain 4755), and the products have been analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE-UV and online CE-ESIMS), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and viscosimetric measurements. The resulting electropherograms showed that the enzyme produced a mixture of oligosaccharides with a 4,5-unsaturated uronic acid nonreducing terminus. More exhaustive degradation of HA led to increasing amounts of di-, tetra-, hexa-, octa- and decasaccharides. Using CE, linear relationships were found between peak area of the observed oligosaccharides and reaction time. Determination of viscosity at different stages of reaction yielded an initial rapid decrease following Michaelis-Menten theory. A reaction time-dependent change in the elution position of the HA peak due to partial digestion of HA with GBS hyaluronate lyase has been observed by GPC. These results indicated that the HA lyase under investigation is an eliminase that acts in a nonprocessive endolytic manner, as at all stages of digestion a mixture of oligosaccharides of different size were found. For GBS HA lyase from Streptococcus agalactiae strain 3502, previously published findings reported an action pattern that involves an initial random endolytic cleavage followed by rapid exolytic and processive release of unsaturated disaccharides. Our results suggest that differences between the two enzymes from distinct S. agalactiae strains (GBS strains 4755 and 3502) have to be considered.     

Cartilage degradation by hyaluronate lyase and chondroitin ABC lyase: a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric study

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been used to investigate degradation products of two selected polysaccharides of cartilage (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid). Testicular hyaluronate lyase and chondroitin ABC lyase were used for enzymic digestion of both polysaccharides as well as of cartilage specimens. Polysaccharide solutions and cartilage supernatants were assayed by positive and negative MALDI-TOF MS. Especially chondroitin ABC lyase produced high amounts of digestion products (unsaturated di- and tetrasaccharides) from polysaccharides as well as from cartilage, clearly monitored by MALDI-TOF MS. It is concluded that MALDI-TOF MS provides a precise and fast tool for the determination of oligosaccharides since no previous derivatization is required.     

Methods for obtaining neutral and acid oligosaccharides from flax pectins

Esterified acid soluble pectins from flax (Linun usitatissimum L.) were degraded either with HCl or pectin lyase. Centrifugation and 2-propanol precipitation led to the isolation of two low molecular weight polygalacturonates after acid hydrolysis of pectins. However, after pectin lyase digestion and purification by size-exclusion HPLC, ¹H NMR analyses indicated that acetylated hairy regions, large methylated and acetylated oligogalacturonides together with small unsubstituted oligogalacturonides were produced. Thus, in a few steps, a panel of substituted neutral and acidic oligosaccharides was produced from a raw plant material. Such oligosaccharides could be useful for further fractionations such as chemical saponification and enzymatic removal of neutral sugar chains from the hairy regions. The procedures used for pectin extraction, for degradation, and for the purification of fragments seem appropriate for large-scale production of biologically active oligosaccharides from flax.Revisions requested 24 September 2004; Revisions received 4 November 2004     

Characterization of the glucosyltransferases that assemble the side chains of the Indian Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan

The bacterium Bacillus sp. GL1 assimilates two kinds of heteropolysaccharides, gellan and xanthan, by using extracellular gellan and xanthan lyases, respectively, and produces unsaturated saccharides as the first degradation products. A novel unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase (glycuronidase), which was induced in the bacterial cells grown on either gellan or xanthan, was found to act on the tetrasaccharide of unsaturated glucuronyl-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-glucose produced from gellan by gellan lyase, and the enzyme and its gene were isolated from gellan-grown cells. The nucleotide sequence showed that the gene contained an ORF consisting of 1131 base pairs coding a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 42,859. The purified enzyme was a monomer with a molecular mass of 42 kDa and was most active at pH 6.0 and 45 degrees C. Because the enzyme can act not only on the gellan-degrading product by gellan lyase, but also on unsaturated chondroitin and hyaluronate disaccharides produced by chondroitin and hyaluronate lyases, respectively, it is considered that the unsaturated glucuronyl hydrolase plays specific and ubiquitous roles in the degradation of oligosaccharides with unsaturated uronic acid at the nonreducing terminal produced by polysaccharide lyases.     

Expression of a Bacillus subtilis pectate lyase gene in Pichia pastoris

The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is an attractive heterologous protein expression host, mainly for genes from higher eukaryotes. However, no successful examples for the expression of bacterial gene encoding pectate lyase in P. pastoris have been reported. The present study reports for the first time the cloning and functional expression of the bacterial Bacillus subtilis gene encoding alkaline pectate lyase in P. pastoris. A molecular weight of 43,644 Da was calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence. A pectate lyase activity as high as 100 U/ml was attained in the fermentation broth of P. pastoris GS 115, which was about 10 times higher than when the gene is expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant pectate lyase was purified to homogeneity and maximal activity of the enzyme was observed at 65 °C, and pH 9.4. The recombinant enzyme showed a wider pH and thermal stability spectrum than the purified pectate lyase from B. subtilis WSHB04-02. Pectate lyase activity slightly increased in the presence of Mg²⁺ (ion) but decreased in the presence of other metal ions. Analysis of polygalacturonic acid degradation products by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry revealed that the degradation products were unsaturated trigalacturonic acid and unsaturated bigalacturonic acid, which confirms that the enzyme catalyzes a trans-elimination reaction.     

Exploration of the action pattern of Streptomyces hyaluronate lyase using high-resolution capillary electrophoresis

Hyaluronic acid was treated exhaustively with a hyaluronate lyase (hyaluronidase, EC 4.2.2.1) from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus to obtain a tetrasaccharide and a hexasaccharide product in a molar ratio of 1 to 1.2. The tetrasaccharide product was fluorescently labeled at the reducing end by reductive amination with 7-amino 1,3-naphthalene disulfonic acid (AGA) and the structure of the conjugate was determined spectroscopically. Partial treatments of hyaluronic acid with hyaluronate lyase afforded complex mixtures of oligosaccharides that were similarly fluorescently labeled. These labeled oligosaccharide mixtures were analyzed using high-resolution capillary electrophoresis. The resulting electropherograms showed the content of each hyaluronic acid derived oligosaccharide, having a degree of polymerization (dp) from 4 to 50, throughout the enzymatic reaction. Computer simulation studies gave comparable kinetic profiles suggesting that hyaluronate lyase exhibits a random endolytic action pattern. Interestingly, oligosaccharides of certain size (dp) were under-represented in these oligosaccharide mixtures suggesting that linkages at spacings of 10 to 12 saccharide units are somewhat resistant to this enzyme. The cause of this resistance might be the result of secondary or higher order structural features present in the hyaluronic acid polymer.     

A new carbohydrate-active oligosaccharide dehydratase is involved in the degradation of ulvan

Marine algae catalyze half of all global photosynthetic production of carbohydrates. Owing to their fast growth rates, Ulva spp. rapidly produce substantial amounts of carbohydrate-rich biomass and represent an emerging renewable energy and carbon resource. Their major cell wall polysaccharide is the anionic carbohydrate ulvan. Here, we describe a new enzymatic degradation pathway of the marine bacterium Formosa agariphila for ulvan oligosaccharides involving unsaturated uronic acid at the nonreducing end linked to rhamnose-3-sulfate and glucuronic or iduronic acid (Δ-Rha3S-GlcA/IdoA-Rha3S). Notably, we discovered a new dehydratase (P29_PDnc) acting on the nonreducing end of ulvan oligosaccharides, i.e., GlcA/IdoA-Rha3S, forming the aforementioned unsaturated uronic acid residue. This residue represents the substrate for GH105 glycoside hydrolases, which complements the enzymatic degradation pathway including one ulvan lyase, one multimodular sulfatase, three glycoside hydrolases, and the dehydratase P29_PDnc, the latter being described for the first time. Our research thus shows that the oligosaccharide dehydratase is involved in the degradation of carboxylated polysaccharides into monosaccharides.