重组毕赤酵母表达棘孢木霉几丁质酶Tachi1的酶学性质研究及表达条件优化

【目的】对转棘孢木霉几丁质酶基因tachi1的毕赤酵母工程菌GS-tachi1-K进行诱导表达,研究重组几丁质酶Tachi1的酶学性质,优化表达条件。【方法】对GS-tachi1-K进行甲醇诱导培养,纯化目的蛋白Tachi1进行几丁质酶酶学性质的研究;通过单因素和正交试验对GS-tachi1-K菌株产几丁质酶Tachi1表达条件进行优化。【结果】GS-tachi1-K表达的几丁质酶Tachi1表观分子量约为44 kDa,酶反应最适的温度和pH分别为50℃和5.5,具有较宽的温度、pH适用范围;50℃以下保持较高的酶活力,在碱性条件下稳定性较差;受Ag+、Hg2+、Cu2+、Fe2+和高浓度的SDS及β-巯基乙醇强烈抑制。该菌株的最佳表达条件为:pH为6.5,甲醇诱导浓度为0.5%,起始细胞浓度为OD600=2,甲醇诱导时间为180 h;几丁质酶Tachi1活力可达17.93 U/mL,蛋白表达量为6.19 g/L。【结论】成功实现了棘孢木霉新几丁质酶基因tachi1的毕赤酵母高效分泌表达,工程菌GS-tachi1-K具有高表达量和表达产物酶活性高两个特点,明确了几丁质酶Tachi1的酶学性质和最佳诱导表达条件,为该几丁质酶及其基因的深入研究和开发利用奠定了基础。     

嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶基因的表达与重组酶的性质

克隆嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌WY-34普鲁兰酶基因并在大肠杆菌中进行表达,对重组酶进行纯化和酶学性质研究,根据枯草芽孢杆菌的普鲁兰酶蛋白序列,设计PCR引物对WY-34的普鲁兰酶基因进行克隆及异源表达.对表达蛋白的最适pH、pH稳定性及最适温度、温度稳定性等特性进行研究,并测定重组普鲁兰酶的底物特异性.将普鲁兰酶基因pluA克隆及分析序列后,发现基因长度为2.2 kb,编码718个氨基酸,在大肠杆菌中异源表达.通过Ni-IDA亲和层析一步纯化得到比活力为93.2 U/mg的纯酶,SDS-PAGE和凝胶层析测定的分子量分别为76.2 kD和74.3 kD.酶学性质研究表明,该酶的最适温度为40℃,在温度不高于45℃条件下稳定;最适pH为6.0,同一温度下pH 6.0-9.0范围内处理30 min可以保持80％以上的酶活力,此酶对普鲁兰糖有很强的底物特异性.此重组普鲁兰酶的酶学性质表明此酶具有一定的工业化应用价值.     

棘孢木霉（Trichoderma asperellum）几丁质酶基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

几丁质酶作为木霉菌防治植物病虫害的主要因子,在生物防治和环境保护等领域发挥着重要的作用.为了研究棘孢木霉（Trichoderma asperellum）的生防机制并获得与其相关的功能基因,本研究通过RT-PCR、3′-RACE及5′-TAIL- PCR技术克隆了T. asperellum 1个几丁质酶基因Tachi1,对该基因进行了生物信息学分析,并利用毕赤酵母表达系统进行表达验证. Tachi1的DNA序列长1 635 bp,含有3个内含子,包含1 275 bp的开放阅读框,编码424个氨基酸;Tachi1属于糖基水解酶18家族内切几丁质酶,包含SIGGW底物结合位点和FDGIDXDWE活性中心位点,信号肽长度为22个氨基酸,成熟肽分子量为44 kD,二级结构以α-螺旋 、β-折叠和无规则卷曲为结构元件,三级结构为(α/β)8的圆桶形结构. 转Tachi1基因酵母工程菌可高效分泌表达几丁质酶Tachi1,甲醇诱导培养8 d几丁质酶酶活可达9.25 U/mL.     

家蝇几丁质酶基因MDcht2的原核表达及其表达产物的酶学性质分析

几丁质酶是昆虫几丁质降解过程中的重要酶类.本研究旨在利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)原核表达系统获得高纯度的MDCht2重组蛋白,并从几丁质酶活性及抗菌活性两方面来初步探讨MDCht2的生物学功能.MDCht2的cDNA序列设计包含酶切位点EcoRⅠ、Hind Ⅲ和6xHis标签的引物,以家蝇3龄幼虫的cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增,以pET28a(+)为载体构建重组质粒,并转化到大肠杆菌Transetta(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导,表达产物用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳鉴定,利用Ni离子亲和层析技术纯化MDCht2重组蛋白,Western Blot技术及质谱分析鉴定纯化蛋白.以4MU-(GlcNAc)3为底物,测定重组蛋白的酶活性;采用微量液体稀释法分析重组蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白假丝酵母菌的抗菌活性.成功克隆MDCht2基因,构建了具有正确序列的原核重组表达质粒,将重组质粒导入Transetta(DE3)中,经镍柱纯化获得带His标签的重组MDCht2蛋白,质谱分析显示重组蛋白与MDCht2蛋白序列一致.酶活分析表明,不同浓度的MD-Cht2重组酶均有几丁质酶活性,呈现一定的量效关系;该重组蛋白的最适pH值为4.0,在pH=8.0时稳定性最好;最适温度为35℃;金属离子和Tris对MDCht2酶活均有抑制作用.抗菌活性结果显示,MDCht2蛋白对金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌均无抑菌效果,但对白假丝酵母菌有抑制作用,MIC值为225 μg/mL,MBC(Minimum bactericidal concentration)值为450 μg/mL.本研究成功获得了 MDCht 2重组蛋白,体外检测有较强的几丁质酶活性和抗真菌活性,为进一步研究该酶的功能奠定一定基础.     

几丁质酶基因的克隆表达及酶学性质

【背景】几丁质是自然界中储藏量仅次于纤维素的有机物,几丁质酶能降解几丁质生成几丁寡糖,实现废弃物的高值化利用,目前菌株产几丁质酶能力低限制了它的生产应用。【目的】克隆弧菌(Vibrio sp.)GR52的几丁质酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌中的异源表达,对分离纯化的重组几丁质酶进行酶学性质研究。【方法】以弧菌GR52菌株基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到几丁质酶基因GR52-1,构建重组基因工程菌BL21(DE3)/p ET22b-chi GR52-1,诱导表达的产物通过Ni-NTA树脂纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】重组酶的最适反应pH为6.0,在pH5.0-10.0范围内37°C保温1 h仍能保持85%以上的相对酶活力,具有较好的pH稳定性;最适反应温度为50°C,在45°C保温1 h其酶活力基本没有损失,在50°C保温1 h其残余酶活力仍达60%;在1 mmol/L浓度下,Cu~(2+)、Ca2+对该酶具有促进作用,Hg+对该酶具有明显的抑制作用;在5 mmol/L浓度下,Ni+对该酶具有一定的促进作用,Mn~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Li~+、Fe~(2+)、Hg~+、SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)对该酶具有明显的抑制作用。以胶体几丁质为底物时,动力学参数Km、Vmax、kcat分别为0.85 mg/m L、0.19μmol/(m L·min)和7.02 s-1。底物特异性分析表明该重组酶能特异性降解几丁质。【结论】重组几丁质酶具有良好的酶学性质,为几丁质酶的开发应用奠定基础。     

内切葡聚糖酶基因在大肠杆菌与毕赤酵母中的表达

根据绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)WL 0422菌株内切葡聚糖酶基因egⅡ的cDNA序列,设计特异引物,以重组质粒pTG19-T-egⅡ为模板,扩增得到全长1 194bp的egⅡ成熟肽cDNA片段.将该片段分别克隆到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coil)表达载体pET-28a( )和毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达载体pPIC9K中,并在大肠杆菌Rosset(DE3)和毕赤酵母GS115中进行了表达.重组大肠杆菌表达蛋白占菌体总蛋白的15%,表达产物无内切葡聚糖酶活性.重组毕赤酵母经甲醇诱导实现了分泌表达,在摇床水平上酶活性达到2 788U/ml.酶学性质分析表明,该酶作用的最适pH为4.5,pH 3.5～6.0范围内酶活性保留在80%以上;最适温度为50℃,55℃以下酶的稳定性在90%以上.     

低温几丁质酶基因在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的重组表达及酶学性质表征

【目的】通过构建假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonassp.DL-6)低温几丁质酶(chitinaseA,chi A;chitinase C,chi C)的重组乳酸克鲁维酵母菌株、纯化重组蛋白并对其进行酶学性质表征,为低温几丁质酶潜在工业化生产几丁寡糖奠定理论基础。【方法】人工合成密码子优化的几丁质酶基因,构建重组乳酸克鲁维酵母表达质粒(p KLAC1-chi A、p KLAC1-chi C)并用电脉冲法转化到乳酸克鲁维酵母中,实现低温几丁质酶的可溶表达。利用镍柱亲和层析纯化得到高纯度的重组几丁质酶。【结果】成功构建产低温几丁质酶的重组乳酸克鲁维酵母并纯化获得高纯度的重组几丁质酶。经SDS-PAGE分析在110 k Da与90 k Da附近出现符合预期大小的蛋白条带。铁氰化钾法测得Chi A和Chi C的酶活分别为51.45 U/mg与108.56 U/mg。最适反应温度分别为20°C和30°C,最适p H分别为8.0和9.0。在低于40°C,p H 8.0–12.0时,Chi A和Chi C重组酶较稳定。Chi A和Chi C对胶体几丁质以及粉状底物α-几丁质与β-几丁质具有明显的降解活性,且具有一定协同降解能力。【结论】首次实现假交替单胞菌来源的低温几丁质酶在乳酸克鲁维酵母中的重组表达、纯化、酶学性质及其降解产物分析,为其他低温几丁质酶的研究提供借鉴意义。     

杀鱼假交替单胞菌C923几丁质酶基因PpchiC的克隆表达与酶学性质

【背景】某些假交替单胞菌可分泌几丁质酶,在降解利用几丁质为水产动物提供营养、免疫、抗病等方面有着重要潜力。【目的】克隆杀鱼假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas piscicida)C923的一个几丁质酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌中的异源表达,并对重组几丁质酶的酶学性质进行研究。【方法】从菌株C923测序的基因组中注释到一个几丁质酶家族基因PpchiC,设计引物克隆该基因后进行生物信息学分析;构建载体进行异源表达并从温度、时间与诱导剂浓度进行表达优化;对表达蛋白进行最适温度与pH等酶学性质研究,同时比较了重组菌破碎后上清与沉淀及纯化的酶蛋白对几丁质的降解效应。【结果】基因PpchiC长1350bp,编码450个氨基酸,PpchiC蛋白理论分子量为48.76kDa,等电点为4.78,不稳定系数为29.08。结构域分析发现该蛋白含有一个类型Ⅲ几丁质结合域和一个糖苷水解酶18家族(glycosyl hydrolase 18,GH18)的催化域;PpchiC蛋白含有GH18家族几丁质酶的保守催化基序DxxDxDxE、YxR和[E/D]xx[V/I]。16℃、0.25mmol/L IPTG、诱导12h为其最优化表达条件,PpchiC在50℃、pH8.0时表现出最大酶活性;以胶体几丁质为底物时,PpchiC的K_m值为2.58mg/mL、V_max值为5.04mg/(mL·min)。降解结果表明,菌体的沉淀与上清及从上清中纯化的酶蛋白均有着较好的几丁质降解效应。【结论】杀鱼假交替单胞菌C923基因PpchiC编码GH18家族的几丁质酶,能被大肠杆菌高效表达且降解几丁质效应明显,这为PpchiC及菌株C923的应用提供了参考依据。     

一种几丁质酶基因的克隆表达及酶解产物分析

【目的】克隆耐冷菌假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.DL-6)的几丁质酶基因并进行原核表达,纯化重组蛋白并研究其酶解产物。【方法】采用PCR扩增法从Pseudoalteromonas sp.DL-6中克隆几丁质酶基因(chi A),连接到表达载体p ET28a,导入Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达。SDS-PAGE检测几丁质酶Chi A的分子量与纯度,4-甲基伞形酮荧光底物4MU-(Glc NAc)2测定酶活,电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)检测酶解产物。【结果】chi A基因(Gen Bank登录号KF234015)在大肠杆菌中高效表达,Ni-NTA亲和层析柱纯化几丁质酶Chi A的总活力可达168.68 U。ESI-MS检测结果表明重组蛋白酶解1%胶体几丁质的产物为几丁寡糖。【结论】利用内切几丁质酶Chi A水解几丁质生产几丁寡糖,为其在食品、医药和农业等领域的潜在应用提供有利参考。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.