细胞松弛素B和鬼笔环肽对梨花粉管钙离子浓度和尖端钙离子通道的影响

应用激光共聚焦显微镜和全细胞膜片钳技术研究了微丝骨架解聚剂细胞松弛素B(CB)和稳定剂鬼笔环肽(PD)对梨花粉管细胞内钙离子浓度动态变化和尖端质膜上钙离子通道的影响。结果显示:CB处理能促进花粉管内胞质钙离子[Ca2+]i浓度增加,同时还能激活质膜上的钙离子通道;而PD处理对花粉管内[Ca2+]i浓度及钙离子通道几乎没有影响。研究表明,微丝骨架的解聚激活了花粉管质膜上的钙离子通道,使得胞外钙离子大量流入,胞内钙离子浓度升高,从而抑制花粉管生长。     

Ca2+对水杨酸诱发的丹参幼苗丹酚酸B生物合成的影响

为研究Ca2+在水杨酸诱导丹参幼苗丹酚酸B生物合成过程中的作用,分别用激光共聚焦显微镜和高效液相色谱仪检测胞外Ca2+通道抑制剂Vp和LaCl3,胞内Ca2+通道抑制剂LiCl以及胞内钙调素拮抗剂TFP处理前、后水杨酸诱导丹参叶片保卫细胞内Ca2+荧光强度和丹酚酸B含量的变化。结果表明,水杨酸 (SA) 处理后6 min即可诱发丹参幼苗叶片保卫细胞内Ca2+迸发,持续时间为2~3 min,丹参幼苗丹酚酸B生物合成量亦显著增加,且丹酚酸B合成量的增加发生在Ca2+迸发之后。胞外Ca2+通道抑制剂,胞内Ca2+通道抑制剂以及胞内钙调素拮抗剂均可抑制水杨酸诱导的Ca2+迸发和丹酚酸B的生物合成。结果表明水杨酸诱发的Ca2+对丹参幼苗丹酚酸B生物合成具有重要的调控作用。     

质膜钙离子ATP酶

钙离子(Ca2+)是重要的第二信使,通过与效应蛋白的结合和解离,以及在不同细胞器之间的穿梭运动而精确调控细胞活动,参与多种重要生命过程。细胞内具有精确调节Ca2+时空分布的调控系统。在静息状态下,细胞内的游离Ca2+浓度约为100 nmol/L;而当细胞受到信号刺激后,胞内的Ca2+浓度可上升至1000 nmol/L甚至更高。细胞中存在多种跨膜运送Ca2+的膜蛋白,以精确调节Ca2+浓度的时空动态变化,其中,细胞质膜上的多种Ca2+通道(包括电压门控通道、受体门控通道、储存控制通道等),以及内质网/肌质网和线粒体等胞内"钙库"膜上的雷诺丁受体、三磷酸肌醇受体等膜蛋白复合物,均可提升胞内Ca2+浓度,而细胞质膜上的钠钙交换体、质膜Ca2+-ATP酶、"钙库"膜上的内质网Ca2+-ATP酶、线粒体Ca2+单向转运体等,可将Ca2+浓度降低至静息态水平。质膜钙ATP酶是向细胞外运送Ca2+的关键膜蛋白,本文将对其结构、功能及其酶活性的调控机制做一简要综述。     

三尖杉酯碱诱导的HL-60细胞凋亡的钙调节

三尖杉酯碱 (harringtonine ,HT)是一种对急性粒细胞白血病、急性单核细胞白血病有良好疗效的抗癌药物 ,可在很宽的剂量范围内迅速诱导HL -6 0细胞凋亡 .细胞外钙离子螯合剂EGTA不抑制抗癌药物HT、喜树碱 (campothecin ,CAM )诱导的-细胞凋亡 ;而细胞内Ca ²⁺螯合剂BAPTA AM却可抑制该过程 .与此相一致 ,HT和CAM也不能诱导胞内Ca ²⁺已排空的HL -6 0细胞凋亡 ,说明HT ,CAM诱导的HL- 6 0细胞凋亡依赖于胞内Ca ²⁺但是HT ,CAM诱导HL -6 0细胞凋亡过程中胞内自由Ca ²⁺浓度变化不大 .利用视频反差增强显微术 (videoenhance mentcontrastmicroscopy ,VEC)研究了单个HL- 6 0细胞凋亡过程中胞内Ca ²⁺分布的动态变化 ,结果表明HT诱导HL -6 0细胞凋亡过程存在胞内Ca ²⁺由胞质向核的位移 .     

钙离子在植物抵抗非生物胁迫中的作用

钙离子(Ca2+)是植物生长发育所必需的一种大量元素,它同时作为重要信使参与调节植物对环境胁迫的抗逆过程。本文综述了钙离子相关的植物抗逆研究领域最新进展,如Ca2+调节胞内[Na+]/[K+]、调节胞内脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)浓度、稳定细胞壁及细胞膜、识别Ca2+/Ca2+依赖蛋白激酶系统以及起始抗逆基因转录,为后续植物细胞Ca2+在环境胁迫下的浓度、分布的实时变化等研究提供一定的基础支撑。     

小麦条锈菌胞质游离钙离子动态检测方法的建立

胞质游离钙离子变化与植物病原真菌侵染寄主的动态过程具有重要的关联性。本研究以侵染小麦叶片的条锈菌31号生理小种(CYR31)为材料,以孵育法将Ca2+荧光探针Fluo-3-AM载入到小麦条锈菌细胞中,并结合激光共聚焦扫描显微技术,建立了测定侵染过程中条锈菌胞质游离Ca2+分布的试验方法。结果表明,采用10μmol/L Fluo-3-AM装载顺次进行低温4℃孵育1h,25℃孵育1h,可获得较为理想的条锈菌胞质游离Ca2+染色结果。该方法可用于检测不同侵染阶段的小麦条锈菌细胞质游离钙离子的分布变化,为进一步研究锈菌胞内钙离子动态与侵染寄主的关联性提供了技术支撑。     

胞内钙释放在胃泌素引起胃平滑肌细胞收缩中的作用

本研究用大鼠游离的胃平滑肌细胞,观察五肽胃泌素（G5）对胃平滑肌细胞的收编作用及胃泌索引起胃平滑肌细胞收缩时胞内游离钙释放作用。结果表明：（1）G5能够引起胃体、胃窦、幽门平滑肌细胞收缩,并对胃窦作用最强。在G54×10－8～16×10－8mol／L剂量范围内,呈剂量依赖性。（2）丙谷胺或抗胃泌素血清可以阻断G5对胃肌细胞的收缩反应,而阿托品则不影响G5的作用。（3）G5与乙酸胆碱对平滑肌细胞收缩有相加作用。（4）胞内钙释放阻断剂TMB-8可抑制G5对胃肌细胞的收缩作用。（5）G5作用于胃窦平滑肌细胞后胞内游离Ca2 显著上升。上述结果提示：胃泌素通过特异性受体引起胃平滑肌细胞收缩,其收缩作用通过胞内Ca2 释放介导。     

共聚焦显微术测定大鼠和黄鼠心肌细胞游离Ca2+浓度与温度的关系

运用共聚焦激光扫描显微成像术对比研究非冬眠动物大鼠和冬眠动物黄鼠心肌细胞胞内Ca2+浓度 ([Ca2+]i) 随温度的变化.首先标定了不同温度下Ca2+探针indo-1的解离常数,提出并证明按α定态设定标定溶液pH值的必要性.细胞荧光分析显示,大鼠心肌细胞[Ca2+]i随温度降低显著上升,低温下频繁出现自发钙波,胞内发生钙超载;相比较冬眠动物黄鼠心肌细胞[Ca2+]i在相同条件下保持稳定,避免发生钙超载.认识其中的钙稳态机制可能对有关医学问题有潜在的指导意义.     

Ca~(2+)参与NO对蚕豆气孔运动的调控

观察了Ca2 + 、Ca2 + 的螯合剂和Ca2 + 通道抑制剂对NO调控的蚕豆气孔运动的影响。结果表明 ,NO的供体 1～ 10 0 μmol/LSNP (sodiumnitroprusside ,硝普纳 )可诱导气孔关闭 ;除去表皮条缓冲液中的Ca2 + 后 ,NO不再影响气孔的运动 ;Ca2 + 的螯合剂EGTA和BAPTA几乎可以完全抑制NO诱导的气孔关闭作用 ;胞内钙通道抑制剂钌红 (rutheniumred)和L型Ca2 + 通道阻断剂硝苯吡啶 (nifedipine)能够减弱SNP诱导气孔运动的关闭趋势 ;加入Ca2 + 通道抑制剂LaCl3 ,则外源NO失去其诱导气孔关闭的作用。说明在NO调控的气孔运动中 ,在NO信号途径的下游可能涉及来自胞内和胞外Ca2 + 的参与 ,并且胞外Ca2 + 更为重要。     

Ca2+位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程

以拟南芥为材料,利用药理学实验,结合分光光度法和激光共聚焦显微技术,研究了Ca2+在硫化氢(H2S)诱导拟南芥气孔关闭过程中的作用及其与过氧化氢(H2O2)的关系。结果表明:H2S诱导气孔关闭,Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和质膜Ca2+通道阻断剂硝苯地平(Nif)能不同程度抑制H2S诱导的气孔关闭,而内质网钙泵阻断剂毒胡萝卜素(Thaps)对H2S的作用无显著影响。由此推测,Ca2+参与调节H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程,且胞质中Ca2+来源于胞外Ca2+的内流。另外,H2S诱导拟南芥叶片NADPH氧化酶基因At RBOHD和At RBOHF以及细胞壁过氧化物酶基因At PRX34表达增强,促进叶片和保卫细胞中H2O2积累,EGTA对此起抑制作用,而外源Ca Cl2处理上调At RBOHD、At RBOHF和At PRX34的表达。表明Ca2+可能位于H2O2上游参与H2S诱导的拟南芥气孔关闭过程。     

Cytochalasin B Treatment of Apple (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Malus pumila</Emphasis> Mill.) Pollen Tubes Alters the Cytoplasmic Calcium Gradient and Causes Major Changes in the Cell Wall Components

It is well established that the actin cytoskeleton is absolutely essential to pollen germination and tube growth. In this study we investigated the effects of cytochalasin B (CB), which affects actin polymerization by binding to the barbed end of actin filaments, on apple (Malus pumila Mill.) pollen tube growth. Results showed that CB altered the morphology of pollen tubes, which had a larger diameter than control tubes beside inhibiting pollen germination and tube growth. Meantime CB also caused an abnormal distribution of actin filaments in the shank of the treated pollen tubes. Fluo-3/AM labeling indicated that the gradient of cytosolic calcium ([Ca²⁺]c) in the pollen tube tip was abolished by exposure to CB, which induced a much stronger signal in the cytoplasm. Cellulose and callose distribution in the tube apex changed due to the CB treatment. Immunolabeling with different pectin and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) antibodies illustrated that CB induced an accumulation of pectins and AGPs in the tube cytoplasm and apex wall. The above results were further supported by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results suggest the disruption of actin can result in abnormal growth by disturbing the [Ca²⁺]c gradient and the distribution of cell wall components at the pollen tube apex.     

Boron deficiency alters cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and affects the cell wall components of pollen tubes in Malus domestica

• Boron (B) is essential for normal plant growth, including pollen tube growth. B deficiency influences various physiological and metabolic processes in plants. However, the underlying mechanism of B deficiency in pollen tube growth is not sufficiently understood. In the present research, the influence of B deficiency on apple (Malus domestica) pollen tube growth was studied and the possible regulatory mechanism evaluated.
• Apple pollen grains were cultured under different concentrations of B. Scanning ion‐selective electrode technique, fluorescence labelling and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were used to detect calcium ion flux, cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]cyt), actin filaments and cell wall components of pollen tubes.
• B deficiency inhibited apple pollen germination and induced retardation of tube growth. B deficiency increased extracellular Ca²⁺ influx and thus led to increased [Ca²⁺]cyt in the pollen tube tip. In addition, B deficiency modified actin filament arrangement at the pollen tube apex. B deficiency also altered the deposition of pollen tube wall components. Clear differences were not observed in the distribution patterns of cellulose and callose between control and B deficiency treated pollen tubes. However, B deficiency affected distribution patterns of pectin and arabinogalactan proteins (AGP). Clear ring‐like signals of pectins and AGP on control pollen tubes varied according to B deficiency. B deficiency further decreased acid pectins, esterified pectins and AGP content at the tip of the pollen tube, which were supported by changes in chemical composition of the tube walls.
• B appears to have an active role in pollen tube growth by affecting [Ca²⁺]cyt, actin filament assembly and pectin and AGP deposition in the pollen tube. These findings provide valuable information that enhances our current understanding of the mechanism regulating pollen tube growth.

     

The wall ofPinus sylvestris L. pollen tubes

Summary The wall ofPinus sylvestris pollen and pollen tubes was studied by electron microscopy after both rapid-freeze fixation and freeze-substitution (RF-FS) and chemical fixation. Fluorescent probes and antibodies (JIM7 and JIM5) were used to study the distribution of esterified pectin, acidic pectin and callose. The wall texture was studied on shadow-casted whole mounts of pollen tubes after extraction of the wall matrix. The results were compared to current data of angiosperms. TheP. sylvestris pollen wall consists of a sculptured and a nonsculptured exine. The intine consists of a striated outer layer, that stretches partly over the pollen tube wall at the germination side, and a striated inner layer, which is continuous with the pollen tube wall and is likely to be partly deposited after germination. Variable amounts of callose are present in the entire intine. No esterified pectin is detected in the intine and acidic pectin is present in the outer intine layer only. The wall of the antheridial cell contains callose, but no pectin is detectable. The wall between antheridial and tube cell contains numerous plasmodesmata and is bordered by coated pits, indicating intensive communication with the tube cell. Callose and esterified pectin are present in the tip and the younger parts of the pollen tubes, but both ultimately disappear from the tube. Sometimes traces in the form of bands remain present. No acidic pectin is detected in either tip or tube. The wall of the pollen tube tip has a homogenous appearance, but gradually attains a fibrillar character at aging, perhaps because of the disappearance of callose and pectin. No secondary wall formation or callose lining can be seen wilh the electron microscope. The densily of the cellulose microfibrils (CMF) is much lower in the tip than in the tube. Both show CMF in all but axial and nontransverse orientations. In conclusion,P. sylvestris and angiosperm pollen tubes share the presence of esterified pectin in the tip, the oblique orientations of the CMF, and the gradual differentiation of the pollen tube wall, indicating a possible relation to tip growth. The presence of acidic pectin and the deposition of a secondary-wall or callose layer in angiosperms but not inP. sylvestris indicales that these characteristics are not related to tip growth, but probably represent adaptations to the fast and intrastylar growth of angiosperms.Abbreviations CMF cellulose microfibrils - II inner intine - NE nonsculptured exine - OI outer intine - RF-FS rapid-freeze fixation freeze-substitution - SE sculptured exine - SER smooth endoplasmic reliculum - SV secretory vesicles     

The effect of exogenous Ca2+ ions on pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth

Summary The involvement of exogenous calcium ions in the regulation of pollen tube formation has been investigated in Haemanthus albiflos L. and Oenothera biennis L. by following the changes that occur in pollen germination, tube growth, and ⁴⁵⁺Ca²⁺ uptake and distribution upon application of Verapamil (an inhibitor of calcium channels), lanthanum (a Ca²⁺ substitute), and ruthenium red (believed to raise the intracellular calcium level). It was found that exogenous Ca²⁺ takes part in the formation of the calcium gradient present in germinating pollen grains and growing pollen tubes. Ca²⁺ ions enter the cells through calcium channels. Raising or reducing ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake causes disturbances in the germination of the pollen grains and in the growth of the pollen tubes.     

Ca Shuttling in Vesicles During Tip Growth in Neurospora crassa

Tip-growing organisms maintain an apparently essential tip-high gradient of cytoplasmic Ca²⁺. In the oomycete Saprolegnia ferax, in pollen tubes and root hairs, the gradient is produced by a tip-localized Ca²⁺ influx from the external medium. Such a gradient is normally dispensable for Neurospora crassa hyphae, which may maintain their Ca²⁺ gradient by some form of internal recycling. We localized Ca²⁺ in N. crassa hyphae at the ultrastructural level using two techniques (a) electron spectroscopic imaging of freeze-dried hyphae and (b) pyroantimoniate precipitation. The results of both methods support the presence of Ca²⁺ in the wall vesicles and Golgi body equivalents, providing a plausible mechanism for the generation and maintenance of the gradient by Ca²⁺ shuttling in vesicles to the apex, without exogenous Ca²⁺ influx. Ca²⁺ sequestration into the vesicles seems to be dependent on Ca²⁺–ATPases since cyclopiazonic acid, a specific inhibitor of Ca²⁺ pumps, eliminated all Ca²⁺ deposits from the vesicles of N. crassa.     

The block of intracellular calcium release affects the pollen tube development of Picea wilsonii by changing the deposition of cell wall components

Two potent drugs, neomycin and TMB-8, which can block intracellular calcium release, were used to investigate their influence on pollen tube growth and cell wall deposition in Picea wilsonii. Apart from inhibiting pollen germination and pollen tube growth, the two drugs largely influenced tube morphology. The drugs not only obviously disturbed the generation and maintenance of the tip-localized Ca(2+) gradient but also led to a heavy accumulation of callose at the tip region of P. wilsonii pollen tubes. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis showed that the deposition of cell wall components, such as carboxylic acid, pectins, and other polysaccharides, in pollen tubes was changed by the two drugs. The results obtained from immunolabeling with different pectin and arabinogalactan protein antibodies agreed well with the FTIR results and further demonstrated that the generation and maintenance of the gradient of cross-linked pectins, as well as the proportional distribution of arabinogalactan proteins in tube cell walls, are essential for pollen tube growth. These results strongly suggest that intracellular calcium release mediates the processes of pollen germination and pollen tube growth in P. wilsonii and its inhibition can lead to abnormal growth by disturbing the deposition of cell wall components in pollen tube tips.     

In vitro germination and growth of lily pollen tubes is affected by calcium inhibitor with reference to calcium distribution

The calcium inhibitors A23187, EGTA and La³⁺ inhibit pollen grain germination and growth of pollen tubes of Lilium davidii var. unicolor at different concentrations. Treatment with 10⁻⁴ or 10⁻⁵ M ionophores A23187 reduced germination rate and resulted in distortion of pollen tube. Addition of 2 or 10 mM of the chelator EGTA disturbed the direction of pollen tube growth and extended the diameter of pollen tube as observed by light and confocal microscopy. The Ca²⁺-channel blocker lanthanum chloride (La³⁺) restrained germination or markedly caused transformation of pollen tube. Furthermore, all treatments led to disappearance of any calcium gradient. Calcium distribution in pollen grain and pollen tube was altered as shown by confocal microscopy for each treatment. This indicates that the inhibitors influence pollen development by affecting the calcium gradient which may play a critical role in germination and tube growth. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated slight increases in contents of amide I and a substantial decrease in the content of aliphatic esters and saturated esters in treated pollen tubes compared with normal pollen tubes. The FTIR analysis confirmed that EGTA and La³⁺ weakened the accumulation of ester in pollen tubes, which may be associated with an increased content of amide I.     

Enforced growth-rate fluctuation causes pectin ring formation in the cell wall of Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes

Normally growing lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) pollen tubes cultured in standard sucrose medium display a relatively steady tip-growth pattern and a rather even pectin sheath in the cell wall. In an attempt to better understand pulsatory growth, observed in some species, e.g., Petunia, and its possible role in causing the formation of thickened cell wall rings, we have imposed marked fluctuations in the growth-rate of lily pollen tubes. The appropriate growth-perturbing conditions were achieved by modulating the medium osmolarity or by applying caffeine, a non-turgor inhibitor, in a specially designed incubation chamber with a controlled medium flow. The relatively non-esterified pectin deposition in the wall of the growth-interrupted pollen tubes was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy using a monoclonal antibody, JIM 5. The observations show that the periods of slow or inhibited growth correspond to the times when the thickened walls are deposited. Since the growth fluctuations were induced by both turgor- and non-turgor-related means, the proposed endogenous regulatory role of turgor pressure is questioned. Other factors, such as the tip-focused Ca²⁺ gradient which was demonstrated by ratiometric ion imaging, and the alteration in the extensibility of the cell wall, which correlated with pectin esterification/de-esterification, emerge as candidates for the regulation of growth fluctuations.     

2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile Causes Multiple Effects on Pollen Tube Growth beyond Altering Cellulose Synthesis in Pinus bungeana Zucc

Cellulose is an important component of cell wall, yet its location and function in pollen tubes remain speculative. In this paper, we studied the role of cellulose synthesis in pollen tube elongation in Pinus bungeana Zucc. by using the specific inhibitor, 2, 6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB). In the presence of DCB, the growth rate and morphology of pollen tubes were distinctly changed. The organization of cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking were also disturbed. Ultrastructure of pollen tubes treated with DCB was characterized by the loose tube wall and damaged organelles. DCB treatment induced distinct changes in tube wall components. Fluorescence labeling results showed that callose, and acidic pectin accumulated in the tip regions, whereas there was less cellulose when treated with DCB. These results were confirmed by FTIR microspectroscopic analysis. In summary, our findings showed that inhibition of cellulose synthesis by DCB affected the organization of cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking in pollen tubes, and induced changes in the tube wall chemical composition in a dose-dependent manner. These results confirm that cellulose is involved in the establishment of growth direction of pollen tubes, and plays important role in the cell wall construction during pollen tube development despite its lower quantity.     

Calcium ionophore A 23187 affects localized wall secretion in the tip region of pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum

The effects of the calcium inonophore A 23187 on growing pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Ace were investigated with the light and electron microscope. Tip growth is slowed down and stopped within 20 min after application of 5x10^-5 M ionophore A 23187. The main effects are the disappearance of the clear zone at the pollen tube tip and a thickening of the cell wall at the tip and at the pollen tube flanks. This effect on cell wall formation is confirmed under the electron microscope: The vesicular zone in treated pollen tubes is reduced, numerous vesicular contents are irregularly integrated in the pollen tube wall not only in the tip, but over a long distance of the pollen tube wall. In addition, effects on mitochondria and dictyosomes are observed. These results are interpreted as a disorientation of the Ca²⁺-based orientation mechanism of exocytosis after equilibration of the Ca²⁺-gradient