炭疽芽胞杆菌BslA(260－652)蛋白的表达纯化与黏附功能鉴定

【目的】克隆表达炭疽芽胞杆菌BlsA的功能区片段并对其生物学功能进行鉴定。【方法】以炭疽芽胞杆菌A16R基因组DNA为模板PCR扩增bslA(260-652)基因片段,克隆至pET-28a(+)载体。将成功构建的重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)中,诱导表达后收集菌体经超声破碎后,对可溶表达部分用镍柱进行亲和层析纯化。以纯化后的蛋白为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠制备该蛋白的多抗,用ELISA和Western blot检测抗血清;使用间接免疫荧光实验和细菌黏附实验研究目标蛋白及其抗体的生物学功能。【结果】BslA(260-652)获得了可溶性表达,纯化后纯度约为87.4%。以纯化蛋白为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠制备的抗血清ELISA效价可达1∶20000。将BslA(260-652)蛋白与Hela细胞共孵育后,能够直接和Hela的细胞膜结合。细菌黏附实验表明BslA(260-652)蛋白及其相应的多抗血清都能够显著地抑制炭疽芽胞杆菌A16R对Hela细胞的黏附。【结论】大肠杆菌表达得到的炭疽芽胞杆菌BslA(260-652)蛋白具有与天然蛋白相似的生物活性,为深入研究BslA蛋白在炭疽芽胞杆菌致病过程中的作用奠定实验基础。     

几种芽胞杆菌溶血素BL基因及其溶血素的检测

用PCR方法对几种芽胞杆菌溶血素BL基因进行了检测,结果表明7株蜡样芽胞杆菌含有溶血素BL基因hblA、hblC、hblD,其他枯草芽胞杆菌、多粘类芽胞杆菌、地衣芽胞杆菌检测到部分溶血素基因;通过血平板培养的方法检测结果表明只有含有溶血素全部基因的菌株才会产生溶血环,从而为筛选不产生溶血素的有益芽胞杆菌奠定一定基础。     

产胶原酶的蜡样芽胞杆菌发酵条件优化及酶的分离纯化

【目的】优化蜡样芽胞杆菌R75E菌株产胶原酶的条件,并通过蛋白分离纯化技术获得高纯度胶原酶。【方法】利用单因素及正交试验优化蜡样芽胞杆菌R75E产胶原酶的发酵条件及发酵培养基,将发酵液离心除菌后得到粗酶液,对其依次通过硫酸铵分级沉淀、Butyl FF疏水层析及SuperdexTM 200凝胶过滤层析等方法对目标胶原酶进行分离纯化,利用SDS-PAGE电泳检测其纯度。【结果】优化后发酵条件为培养温度41°C、接种量6%、培养时间36 h,优化后发酵培养基为葡萄糖10 g/L、蛋白胨5 g/L、起始p H 7.0,粗酶液酶活力较优化前提高了2.9倍;将该粗酶液经过一系列纯化后得到纯度超过90%的胶原酶产物,其纯化倍数和回收率分别为18.4和1.1%。【结论】获得蜡样芽胞杆菌R75E的最佳产酶条件,并对胶原酶分离纯化的方法进行了探索,为微生物胶原酶的开发应用奠定基础。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Sigma H对芽胞形成的影响

【目的】检测苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73中的转录调控因子Sigma H(σ~H)对spo0A基因转录的调控作用;异源表达纯化Sigma H蛋白,验证其对spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;检测sigH基因的缺失对苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73芽胞形成和晶体蛋白产生的影响。【方法】通过测定spo0A基因启动子指导的β-半乳糖苷酶活性评价spo0A基因在苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73野生型和sigH缺失突变体中的转录水平;通过PCR扩增苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73的sigH基因并插入到表达载体pET21b上,将质粒转入到表达菌株BL21(DE3)中,得到重组菌株BL21 (pETsigH);利用镍柱亲和纯化和阴离子交换纯化得到纯化的Sigma H蛋白;通过凝胶迁移实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)验证Sigma H蛋白与spo0A基因启动子的直接结合;通过显微镜观察、活芽胞计数的方法对突变株HDΔsigH进行表型特征分析。【结果】sigH缺失后,spo0A基因转录活性降低;在大肠杆菌中正确表达并纯化出大小约为28kDa的Sigma H-His蛋白;EMSA结果表明纯化后的Sigma H-His蛋白可与spo0A基因启动子结合;镜检和活芽胞计数结果表明突变株HDΔsigH无法产生芽胞和蛋白晶体。【结论】Sigma H蛋白通过与spo0A基因启动子结合直接调控spo0A基因的表达且sigH基因的缺失阻断了苏云金芽胞杆菌中芽胞和晶体蛋白的产生。     

枯草芽胞杆菌QM3浸种后对小麦种子萌发过程中形态指标的影响

目的研究枯草芽胞杆菌QM3对小麦种子萌发过程的影响。方法用不同稀释度的QM3菌液浸种小麦种子不同时间,在培养皿中培养7 d,用计数和根系分析系统-根系图像扫描仪分别描述小麦种子的出芽指标和根部指标。结果一定浓度的枯草芽胞杆菌QM3浸种对小麦种子的萌发过程有促进作用,尤其是枯草芽胞杆菌QM3的10倍稀释液浸种12 h时对小麦萌发有利,即此处理的各项指标均高于其他的处理和对照组（P〈0.05）。结论枯草芽胞杆菌QM3对小麦种子的萌发过程中有一定的促进作用,是具有开发潜力的生防菌株。     

PCR法快速鉴定眼源性蜡样芽胞杆菌

目的建立一种快速、灵敏、特异的眼源性蜡样芽胞杆菌PCR检测方法,为蜡样芽胞杆菌性眼内炎患者的快速诊断提供依据。方法选择编码蜡样芽胞杆菌细胞毒素的cytK为靶基因设计引物,建立检测眼源性蜡样芽胞杆菌PCR;PCR产物用琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定,基因序列与GenBank比对验证扩增产物;将计数过的5株蜡样芽胞杆菌菌悬液,梯度稀释后分别提取DNA进行PCR扩增,确定检测方法的灵敏度;分别用眼部常见感染菌金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、甲型溶血性链球菌、化脓性链球菌、藤黄微球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、普通变形杆菌和白假丝酵母菌以及枯草芽胞杆菌DNA进行特异性试验;进一步将该方法应用到人工污染致病蜡样芽胞杆菌的房水标本中,并分析其灵敏度。结果5株分离自眼内炎患者标本中的蜡样芽胞杆菌均扩增出360bp左右的DNA片段,测序结果与GenBank比对一致;该法检测在5h内完成,方法灵敏度达7．5～15．0CFU／mL;其他菌株检测未出现非特异性扩增;对模拟感染房水标本的PCR鉴定结果与分离培养对比,二者符合率为100％,模拟标本的检测灵敏度与纯菌结果一致。结论cytK基因为靶基因的PCR用于眼源性蜡样芽胞杆菌的快速检测,具有简便、快速、敏感、特异等特点,为眼内炎患者的快速诊断提供依据,在实际检验工作中有良好的应用前景。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌clpP基因缺失对碱刺激敏感性的影响

[目的]比较苏云金芽胞杆菌与枯草芽胞杆菌在碱性培养条件下生长情况,明确clpp基因在碱刺激条件下的作用.[方法]采用同源重组技术敲除苏云金芽胞杆菌HD73菌株clpP基因,通过在不同pH下生长曲线的测定明确了clpP基因缺失突变体对碱性环境的敏感性,测定clpp基因的缺失对芽胞形成率、芽胞萌发效率和盐胁迫的影响.[结果]苏云金芽胞杆菌在碱刺激后,当培养基pH值为8.9-9.1时可以恢复生长,而枯草芽胞杆菌在pH值为8.2-8.4时可以恢复生长,说明苏云金芽胞杆菌对碱性环境适应能力更强,这有助于作为病原菌的Bt适应昆虫中肠的碱性环境.clpp基因缺失对芽胞形成率和萌发效率没有明显的影响.在将培养基中NaOH终浓度调节至30 mmol/L NaOH时,clpp基因缺失突变体的生长较出发菌株慢.说明ClpP在苏云金芽胞杆菌对碱性环境的适应过程中具有重要作用.     

1株产聚-β-羟基丁酸芽胞杆菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

从浙江省金华市花生地土样中筛选、分离纯化得到1株产聚-β-羟基丁酸编号为PX-95的芽胞杆菌,PHB产量为135.81 mg/L。根据形态特征、生理生化特征初步鉴定为芽胞杆菌属蜡样芽胞杆菌群,16S rDNA序列分析显示PX-95菌株与苏云金芽胞杆菌以及蜡样芽胞杆菌均具有高度同源性,最后采用扩增gyrB（DNA促旋酶B亚单位）基因的方法将其鉴定为苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）。     

长白山地区不同采集土样方式筛菌效率比较

目的对随机采样和田字格定点采样两种取样方式筛菌效率进行比较分析。方法利用随机采样和定点采样两种不同方式,采集了长白山地区的土样,取来自不同植物根际的土样,制成菌悬液后煮沸,涂布无氮平板以分离固氮芽胞杆菌。对分离的菌株进行菌落16S rDNA PCR,从中筛选鉴别巨大芽胞杆菌。结果定点采集土样分离出无晶体芽胞菌和有晶体芽胞菌分别是261株和76株,随机采集土样分离出无晶体芽胞菌和有晶体芽胞菌分别是279株和94株。经16S rDNA法鉴定分离巨大芽胞杆菌共19株。结论随机采样的取土方式与定点采样的取土方式差异度小,两种采集土样的方式在筛菌效率上并未表现出明显差异。     

炭疽芽胞杆菌中CRISPR位点

【目的】考察炭疽芽胞杆菌中规律成簇的间隔短回文序列(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)位点多态性情况及基于CRISPR位点多态性的分子分型方法是否在炭疽芽胞杆菌分型中适用。【方法】下载NCBI数据库中6株炭疽芽胞杆菌基因组并截取其中CRISPR位点片段序列。根据炭疽芽胞杆菌内CRISPR位点信息,设计相关引物,以193株炭疽芽胞杆菌基因组为模板PCR扩增CRISPR位点片段,测序。本地Blast比对截取序列及测序结果,查看CRISPR位点在炭疽芽胞杆菌中的多态性情况,并比较炭疽芽胞杆菌与蜡样芽胞杆菌和苏云金芽胞杆菌内CRISPR位点情况。【结果】炭疽芽胞杆菌内CRISPR位点不存在多态性。【结论】基于CRISPR位点多态性的分子分型方法不适用于炭疽芽胞杆菌分型,但可以用于区分炭疽芽胞杆菌与蜡样芽胞杆菌和苏云金芽胞杆菌。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.