普洱茶中微生物的筛选及其安全性初步评价

目的在对普洱茶中微生物筛选和鉴定基础上对蜡样芽胞杆菌毒素基因的分布、普洱茶下调毒素基因的表达和改善肠上皮细胞的损伤进行研究。方法分别采用无菌水和沸水泡制普洱茶,获得分离株,通过16SrDNA测序以及生理生化试验确定其归属;对所筛选的菌株进行耐模拟胃肠液能力评价和毒力基因的检测;采用细胞实验和荧光定量PCR技术,研究普洱茶对蜡样芽胞杆菌毒素的抑制作用。结果无菌水浸泡普洱茶获得的45株菌中44株为芽胞杆菌属,沸水浸泡获得的7株菌均为蜡样芽胞杆菌(FBCE01、FBCE06、FBCE10、FBCE14、FBCE20、FBCE26和FBCE29),多重PCR技术结果表明其分别含有毒力基因cytK、nheA和hblD的2种或3种。耐模拟胃肠液实验表明,7株菌均具有很强的耐模拟胃肠液消化能力;细胞实验结果发现,普洱茶汤能显著降低蜡样芽胞杆菌对Caco-2细胞的粘附(P0.05);MTT实验结果显示,普洱茶能有效降低蜡样芽胞杆菌对细胞的损伤;荧光定量PCR技术结果进一步说明,普洱茶使蜡样芽胞杆菌肠毒素的mRNA表达水平下调。结论普洱茶具有抑制蜡样芽胞杆菌毒素的作用。     

2016年辽宁省婴幼儿配方食品及 谷类辅助食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌毒力基因的鉴定

摘要：目的 了解婴幼儿配方食品和谷类辅助食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的毒力基因携带特点,对辽宁省婴幼儿配方食品和谷类辅助食品中蜡样芽胞杆菌的污染状况进行调查。方法 依据GB4789.14?2014《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 蜡样芽胞杆菌检验》及采用PCR扩增技术和血平板检测的方法对2016年采自辽宁省15个监测点,收集的176份乳源性食品中检出的22株蜡样芽胞杆菌进行10种毒力基因检测。结果 婴幼儿配方食品和谷类辅助食品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率为12.5%（22/176）,非溶血性的肠毒素Nhe基因、溶血素BL基因、肠毒素T基因和细胞毒素K基因是辽宁省乳源性蜡样芽胞杆菌的主要毒力基因,至少携带2种毒力基因的菌株达到检出菌总数的100.0%。结论 研究结果证实辽宁省婴幼儿配方食品及谷类辅助食品存在蜡样芽胞杆菌污染情况,严格监控婴幼儿配方食品及谷类辅助食品的蜡样芽胞杆菌污染,对于生产出优质婴幼儿配方食品及谷类辅助食品具有重要意义,以期提高婴幼儿食品的质量安全。     

血液脑脊液中检出蜡样芽胞杆菌

蜡样芽胞杆菌又称为坚实芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus),在实际工作中每年都能在血液、脑脊液、胸腹水、痰液等标本中检测到多例蜡样芽胞杆菌,而且纯度很高。但由于受教科书的影响,只有在食物中毒患者中检测到蜡样芽胞杆菌有临床意义,因而在临床标本中检测到都把它作为污染菌而漏检。从今年4月份以来,在血液和脑脊液中共检出4例蜡样芽胞杆菌,现将结果报道如下。病例一,男,80岁,职业,干部,2005年4月22日因脑梗死、右下肢淋巴管炎入住心血管内科,白细胞5.78×109/L,中性粒细胞0.74、生化全套、尿常规正常,血培养检出蜡样芽胞杆菌,用左旋氧氟沙星…     

几种芽胞杆菌溶血素BL基因及其溶血素的检测

用PCR方法对几种芽胞杆菌溶血素BL基因进行了检测,结果表明7株蜡样芽胞杆菌含有溶血素BL基因hblA、hblC、hblD,其他枯草芽胞杆菌、多粘类芽胞杆菌、地衣芽胞杆菌检测到部分溶血素基因;通过血平板培养的方法检测结果表明只有含有溶血素全部基因的菌株才会产生溶血环,从而为筛选不产生溶血素的有益芽胞杆菌奠定一定基础。     

环保微生物菌剂常用5种芽胞杆菌的PCR鉴定

枯草芽胞杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、地表芽胞杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）、巨大芽胞杆菌（Bacillus megate．rium）、短小芽胞杆菌（Bacillus pumilus）、环状芽胞杆菌（Bacillu scirculans）是5种环保微生物菌剂中常用的芽胞杆菌,我国每年有大量此类菌剂进口。针对这些菌的传统理化检测方法费时费力,检测部门急需建立一种快速、准确的检测方法。利用GenBank上已有gyrB、rpoB、gdh基因序列分别设计和筛选上述菌种的特异性引物,经优化建立PCR检测方法。结果显示,使用所设计的特异引物,每种茼均扩增得到特异单1条带,能准确鉴定上述菌种并且与其他对照芽胞杆菌及非芽胞杆菌无交叉反应,送检样品的PCR检测结果与常规方法检测结果一致。建立的特异PCR方法具有良好的重复性和准确性,可快速鉴定上述菌种,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

蜡状芽胞杆菌群菌株中部分病原相关因子的检测

对26株蜡状芽胞杆菌群菌株进行了肠毒素基因及其它病原相关因子的检测。PCR结果表明,17株蜡状芽胞杆菌群菌株中含有病原调控因子plcR的同源序列。采用3组溶血肠毒素hbl基因和3组非溶血肠毒素nhe基因特异性引物,分别可从73%的菌株中至少扩增出一个与预期DNA片段大小一致的片段,其中,苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株中溶血素hbl基因和非溶血素nhe基因的阳性检出率为83%。蜡状芽胞杆菌DBt248完全没有溶血活性,而且在溶血素hbl和非溶血素nhe基因的3个亚基以及病原调控因子plcR的PCR检测中均为阴性,有望作为宿主菌用于苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体蛋白的表达和应用。     

1株产聚-β-羟基丁酸芽胞杆菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

从浙江省金华市花生地土样中筛选、分离纯化得到1株产聚-β-羟基丁酸编号为PX-95的芽胞杆菌,PHB产量为135.81 mg/L。根据形态特征、生理生化特征初步鉴定为芽胞杆菌属蜡样芽胞杆菌群,16S rDNA序列分析显示PX-95菌株与苏云金芽胞杆菌以及蜡样芽胞杆菌均具有高度同源性,最后采用扩增gyrB（DNA促旋酶B亚单位）基因的方法将其鉴定为苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）。     

多重PCR技术检测微生物肥料中巨大芽孢杆菌和蜡样群芽孢杆菌的研究与应用

巨大芽孢杆菌是微生物肥料生产中的常用菌种, 与之形态上相似的蜡样群芽孢杆菌(蜡样芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、蕈状芽孢杆菌)则是产品中常见的污染菌, 传统方法区分两者费时费力, 有必要建立检测这两类芽孢杆菌的PCR方法。本文利用已登录的spoOA基因序列分别设计和筛选了上述两个种(群)的特异引物, 并建立了多重PCR检测技术。使用该方法对巨大芽孢杆菌、蜡样群芽孢杆菌和其他芽孢菌共3属13种24株标准菌株的基因组DNA进行扩增, 以检验其特异性。结果显示, 巨大芽孢杆菌、蜡样群芽孢杆菌基因组DNA分别产生大小不同的唯一产物, 其他芽孢杆菌均为阴性。该多重PCR检测方法的灵敏度经测定为105 CFU/mL。同时对10株待测菌株和8个微生物肥料产品进行检测, 其鉴定结果与常规鉴定结果一致。以上结果表明, 本文建立的多重PCR方法具有较高的特异性和灵敏度, 可快速、准确鉴定巨大芽孢杆菌和蜡样群芽孢杆菌, 在微生物肥料检测方面有良好的实用前景。     

牛化脓性隐秘杆菌病PCR诊断方法的建立

近几年犊牛化脓性肺炎发病率逐年升高, 经检测该病原以化脓性隐秘杆菌为主, 研究建立快速检测化脓性隐秘杆菌的PCR诊断方法。根据化脓性隐秘杆菌16S rRNA基因设计并合成一对特异性引物, 对PCR条件进行优化后通过特异性试验和敏感性试验检测其特异性和敏感性。扩增出927 bp目的基因, 最佳引物浓度为0.2 μmol/L、退火温度58°C、Mg2+浓度1.5 mmol/L, 特异性试验结果表明化脓性隐秘杆菌参考菌株能扩增出927 bp目的基因, 而大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、化脓链球菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌和变形杆菌等的扩增结果均为阴性。敏感性试验结果表明, PCR的最低检出量为42个化脓性隐秘杆菌。建立的牛化脓性隐秘杆菌的PCR诊断方法, 具有较高的特异性和敏感性, 为化脓性隐秘杆菌引起的牛化脓性肺炎的快速诊断及流行病学调查提供了新的手段。     

沙门菌、志贺菌、副溶血性弧菌多重PCR检测方法的研究

建立快速检测沙门菌、志贺菌和副溶血性弧菌的多重PCR方法[1-4].根据沙门菌hilA基因、志贺菌ipaH基因及副溶血性弧菌TDH基因设计特异性PCR引物[5-6],被检样品经4 h振荡培养后金属浴裂解制备DNA模板,使用全自动毛细管电泳核酸检测系统分析PCR扩增产物.在580、423和245 bp处分别出现预期的特异性DNA条带,且无非特异扩增条带出现.敏感性试验显示沙门菌在模拟标本中的检测灵敏度为101-2cfu/mL、志贺菌为101cfu/mL、副溶血性弧菌为102cfu/mL.该方法操作方便、分析时间短、特异性和灵敏度高,可用于公共卫生突发事件食源性病原菌的快速检测.     

Simultaneous detection and identification of Bacillus cereus group bacteria using multiplex PCR

Bacillus cereus group bacteria share a significant degree of genetic similarity. Thus, to differentiate and identify the Bacillus cereus group efficiently, a multiplex PCR method using the gyrB and groEL genes as diagnostic markers is suggested for simultaneous detection. The assay yielded a 400 bp amplicon for the groEL gene from all the B. cereus group bacteria, and a 253 bp amplicon from B. anthracis, 475 bp amplicon from B. cereus, 299 bp amplicon from B. thuringiensis, and 604 bp amplicon from B. mycoides for the gyrB gene. No nonspecific amplicons were observed with the DNA from 29 other pathogenic bacteria. The specificity and sensitivity of the B. cereus group identification using this multiplex PCR assay were evaluated with different kinds of food samples. In conclusion, the proposed multiplex PCR is a reliable, simple, rapid, and efficient method for the simultaneous identification of B. cereus group bacteria from food samples in a single tube.     

Bacillus cereus pore-forming toxins hemolysin II and cytotoxin K: polymorphism and distribution of genes among representatives of the cereus group

Abstract-Phylogenetic interrelation between 40 strains of the Bacillus cereus group has been established using BcREP fingerprinting. The PCR method has shown that the frequency of occurrence of the genes of cytotoxin K (cytK) and hemolysin II (hlyII) is 61% and 56%, respectively, and the gene of the hemolysin II regulator (hlyIIR) occurs together with hlyII. Comparison of the results of fingerprinting, PCR, and RFLP of the toxin genes showed that bacteria with the hlyII+ and cytK+ genotypes did not form separate clusters. However, microorganisms with the similar fingerprints were shown to have toxin genes of the same type. The proposed variant of RFLP analysis made it possible to clearly distinguish between the cytK1 and cytK2 genes. Twenty-three strains having the cytK genes carried no cytK1 dangerous for mammals. Additionally, the entire collection of microorganisms was tested for the ability to grow at 4 degrees C. This property was revealed for five strains, which should most likely be classified as B. weihenstephanensis. Two of the five psychrotolerant microorganisms carried the hemolysin II gene variant of the same type according to RFLP. None of the five strains had the cytK gene. These strains did not form close groups upon clustering by the applied method of Bc-REP fingerprints.     

A new rapid and sensitive detection method for cereulide-producing Bacillus cereus using a cycleave real-time PCR

Aims:  To develop a rapid and sensitive detection method for cereulide-producing Bacillus cereus using a real-time PCR based on the sequence of the cereulide synthesis gene.
Methods and Results:  A total of 56 cereulide-producing B. cereus and 15 cereulide-negative strains were tested. We designed specific primers and probes for the detection of cereulide-producing B. cereus . The new cycleave real-time PCR assay gave positive detections for all of 56 cereulide-producing B. cereus strains, whereas all other strains including 10 systemic infectious disease strains were negative. No cross-reaction was observed and the internal control showed positive for all samples.
Conclusions:  The performance of the assay was highly reproducible and specific for cereulide-producing B. cereus . The positive detection was obtained within only 2 h for cereulide-producing strains. The detection limit of this assay was evaluated as 10⁴ CFU g⁻¹ food sample. The assay also confirmed that strains from systemic infectious cases were cereulide-negative.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This assay is applicable for contaminated foods as well as specimens from infectious disease cases. We recommend this assay for routine examination of suspected B. cereus food poisonings.     

Identification of emetic toxin producing Bacillus cereus strains by a novel molecular assay

Bacillus cereus causes two types of gastrointestinal diseases: emesis and diarrhea. The emetic type of the disease is attributed to the heat-stable depsipeptide cereulide and symptoms resemble Staphylococcus aureus intoxication, but there is no rapid method available to detect B. cereus strains causing this type of disease. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment of unknown function was identified, which was shown to be specific for emetic toxin producing strains of B. cereus. The sequence of this amplicon was determined and a PCR assay was developed on this basis. One hundred B. cereus isolates obtained from different food poisoning outbreaks and diverse food sources from various geographical locations and 29 strains from other species belonging to the B. cereus group were tested by this assay. In addition, 49 non-B. cereus group strains, with special emphasis on food pathogens, were used to show that the assay is specific for emetic toxin producing B. cereus strains. The presented PCR assay is the first molecular tool for the rapid detection of emetic toxin producing B. cereus strains.     

Development of a PCR assay for identification of the Bacillus cereus group species

Aims:  A PCR technique was developed as a reliable and rapid identification method for the Bacillus cereus group species, based on a unique conserved sequence of the motB gene (encoding flagellar motor protein) from B. cereus , Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis .
Methods and Results:  Primer locations were identified against eight strains of the B. cereus group spp. from nucleotide sequences available in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information database. The PCR assay was applied for the identification of 117 strains of the B. cereus group spp. and 19 strains from other microbial species, with special emphasis on foodborne pathogens.
Conclusion:  The designed cross-species primers are group specific and did not react with DNA from other Bacillus and non- Bacillus species either motile or not. The primers system enabled us to detect 10³ CFU of B. cereus cells per millilitre of sample.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Bacillus cereus group spp. belongs to one of the most prevalent foodborne pathogens. Bacterial growth results in production of different toxins; therefore, consumption of food containing >10⁶ bacteria per gram may result in emetic and diarrhoeal syndromes. A rapid and sensitive bacterial detection method is significant for food safety.     

Development of real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of Bacillus cereus group species: differentiation of B. weihenstephanensis and rhizoid B. pseudomycoides isolates from milk

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) offers an alternative method for the detection of bacterial contamination in food. This method provides the quantitation and determination of the number of gene copies. In our study, we established an RT-PCR assay using the LightCycler system to detect and quantify the Bacillus cereus group species, which includes B. cereus, B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. weihenstephanensis, B. mycoides, and B. pseudomycoides. A TaqMan assay was designed to detect a 285-bp fragment of the motB gene encoding the flagellar motor protein, which was specific for the detection of the B. cereus group species, excluding B. pseudomycoides, and the detection of a 217-bp gene fragment of a hypothetical protein specific only for B. pseudomycoides strains. Based on three hydrolysis probes (MotB-FAM-1, MotB-FAM-2, and Bpm-FAM-1), it was possible to differentiate B. weihenstephanensis from the B. cereus group species with nonrhizoid growth and B. pseudomycoides from the whole B. cereus group. The specificity of the assay was confirmed with 119 strains belonging to the Bacillus cereus group species and was performed against 27 other Bacillus and non-Bacillus bacteria. A detection limit was determined for each assay. The assays performed well not only with purified DNA but also with DNA extracted from milk samples artificially contaminated with bacteria that belong to the B. cereus group species. This technique represents an alternative approach to traditional culture methods for the differentiation of B. cereus group species and differentiates B. weihenstephanensis and B. pseudomycoides in one reaction.     

数字PCR在食源性致病菌检测中的应用进展

食源性致病菌是食品安全的重大隐患,对人类健康造成极大危害,因此亟待研究和建立精准有效的食源性致病菌检测方法。随着单分子检测技术的快速发展,数字PCR技术因其具有超高的灵敏度、稳定性和低试剂消耗等优点而被广泛应用于食源性致病菌的检测。主要介绍了数字PCR的基本原理及其研究进展,深入探讨了其在检测大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、沙门氏菌（Salmonella）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、空肠弯曲菌（Campylobacter jejuni）、志贺氏菌（Shigella）、克罗诺杆菌（Cronobacter）、副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌（Listeria monocytogenes）和蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）中的应用,为今后该技术在食源性致病菌检测中的研究与应用提供一定的技术性参考。     

Diagnostic real-time PCR assays for the detection of emetic Bacillus cereus strains in foods and recent food-borne outbreaks

Cereulide-producing Bacillus cereus can cause an emetic type of food-borne disease that mimics the symptoms provoked by Staphylococcus aureus. Based on the recently discovered genetic background for cereulide formation, a novel 5' nuclease (TaqMan) real-time PCR assay was developed to provide a rapid and sensitive method for the specific detection of emetic B. cereus in food. The TaqMan assay includes an internal amplification control and primers and a probe designed to target a highly specific part of the cereulide synthetase genes. Additionally, a specific SYBR green I assay was developed and extended to create a duplex SYBR green I assay for the one-step identification and discrimination of the two emesis-causing food pathogens B. cereus and S. aureus. The inclusivity and exclusivity of the assay were assessed using a panel of 100 strains, including 23 emetic B. cereus and 14 S. aureus strains. Different methods for DNA isolation from artificially contaminated foods were evaluated, and established real-time assays were used to analyze two recent emetic food poisonings in southern Germany. One of the food-borne outbreaks included 17 children visiting a day care center who vomited after consuming a reheated rice dish, collapsed, and were hospitalized; the other case concerned a single food-poisoning incident occurring after consumption of cauliflower. Within 2 h, the etiological agent of these food poisonings was identified as emetic B. cereus by using the real-time PCR assay.     

利用PCR技术检测致病性腊样芽孢杆菌的研究

目的：利用PCR技术对致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）进行检测。方法：对致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌溶血素HBLa基因序列进行分析设计一对特异引物,通过优化PCR反应条件,来实现对致病蜡样芽孢杆菌的快速检测,结果：该方法具有较强的灵敏性及特异性,能够对肠毒素型腊样芽孢杆菌进行有效的检测,其最低检出限可达9CFU／ml,用PCR技术对食物样品中致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌的检测取得与普通生化检测方法一致的结果。结论：利用PCR技术对食品中蜡样芽孢杆菌的检测较常规的生化检测方法具有省时省力的特点且灵敏性较高,具有较强的实际应用价值。