Ca^2＋／钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶在细胞增殖中的作用liferation

钙调蛋白（calmodulin,CaM）是Ca^2＋的受体蛋白,活化的CaM经Ca^2＋／CaM依赖性蛋白激酶（Ca^2＋／calmodulin dependent protein kinases,CaMKs）途径,影响细胞的生长和分裂。CaMKs在调节不同组织正常细胞及恶性细胞的细胞周期进程、核转录及信号转导的过程中发挥重要作用,通过不同机制及Ca^2＋／CaM依赖性激酶激酶诱导的相关级联反应影响多种细胞的增殖。对CaMKs主要成员CaM KⅠ、CaM KⅡ、CaM KⅢ、CaM KⅣ的生物学特点以及其在细胞增殖中作用的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

肌球蛋白轻链激酶CaM结合位点突变体对肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的影响

目的:探讨肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)钙调蛋白(CaM)结合位点突变体对肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的影响.方法:构建牛胃重组全长野生型MLCK CaM结合位点突变型蛋白(△CaM/MLCK);孔雀绿方法检测△CaM/MLCK对肌球蛋白的Mg2+-ATP酶活性的影响.结果:在无Ca2+/CaM存在时,随着△△CaM/MLCK浓度的增加,非磷酸化肌球蛋白的Mg2+-ATP酶活性明显增加;而磷酸化肌球蛋白的Mg2+-ATP酶活性明显降低.结论:△CaM/MLCK对肌球蛋白Mg2+-ATP酶活性的影响表明MLCK具有非激酶活性.     

小脑症蛋白ASPM和钙调蛋白的复合物的纯化和表征

常染色体隐性小脑症(Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly, MCPH)是一种与大脑缩小和智力缺陷有关的神经发育障碍。 ASPM(abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated)是最常见的MCPH的致病基因,但其潜在机制尚不清楚。我们发现钙调蛋白(calmodulin, CaM)通过与ASPM的IQ区域相互作用而对ASPM的功能有重要的调控作用。我们纯化了ASPM IQ区域和CaM的复合物,并通过分子排阻色谱结合多角度静态光散射（SEC-MALS）和圆二光谱（CD）实验发现了ASPM和apo_CaM的结合比例为1：8。有趣的是,在Ca2+存在时,ASPM的IQ区域与Ca2+_CaM的结合比例变为了1：7。此外,通过比较不同条件下（Ca2+存在与否）的CD光谱,ASPM-CaM复合物显示出Ca2+依赖性的热稳定性变化。综上所述,我们的研究揭示了Ca2+诱导的ASPM-CaM相互作用的调节机制。     

钙与植物乙烯反应的关系研究

研究了Ca2 对番茄 (LycopersiconesculentumMillcv.Lichun)黄化幼苗乙烯反应的影响。通过测定不同Ca2 浓度条件下番茄黄化幼苗的“三重反应”、内源乙烯释放量、乙烯受体基因NEVER_RIPE(NR)表达量及胞内CaM含量的变化 ,结果发现 ,随着培养基中Ca2 浓度从 0mmol/L增加到 3.8mmol/L ,番茄黄化幼苗的“三重反应”表型明显增强 ,内源乙烯释放量、NR基因的表达量及胞内CaM的含量都有不同程度的增加 ;当Ca2 浓度由 3.8mmol/L进一步增加到 10mmol/L时 ,番茄黄化幼苗“三重反应”表型受到抑制 ,内源乙烯释放量、NR基因的表达量及胞内CaM的含量都有所下降。因此 ,Ca2 对番茄黄化幼苗“三重反应”的影响与Ca2 调节内源乙烯合成和乙烯受体基因的表达有关 ,而且Ca2 可能是通过CaM含量的变化来调节乙烯作用的     

钙调素及其结合蛋白BP-10对类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化的作用

报道光诱导的内源类囊体膜蛋白的磷酸化可被一种新的植物钙调素(Calmodulin ,CaM )结合蛋白BP 1 0 (CaMBP -1 0 )显著抑制 ,并且抑制作用能被外加CaM消除 .同时 ,此磷酸化反应也可被EGTA和CaM拮抗剂TFP(trifluoperazine)及W 7(N ( 6 aminohexyl) -5- chloro -1 naphthalenesulfonamide)抑制 .提示 :( 1 )Ca ²⁺和CaM可能参与并调节植物光合作用 ;( 2 )催化类囊体膜蛋白磷酸化的激酶可能受Ca ²⁺和CaM调控 .进一步实验表明BP -1 0对类囊体膜蛋白的脱磷酸化作用无任何影响 .     

植物免疫应答过程中 Ca2 ＋及 CaM/CML 的功能

钙离子是一个多功能的第二信使,在植物响应各种生理刺激时,Ca2＋参与调节植物的多种生长发育和胁迫适应过程。在这些过程中,Ca2＋信号带有特异性标签,通过Ca2＋结合蛋白及其下游靶蛋白感知不同刺激并翻译成响应的细胞反应。钙调素（CaM）和钙调素类蛋白（CML）是Ca2＋主要感受器,通过调节不同靶蛋白的活性调控多种细胞功能。最近在植物对抗病原菌的防卫反应中有关Ca2＋／CaM信号转导系统的研究取得了一定进展。重点关注植物免疫应答过程中受CaM／CML调控的信号组分的研究,包括参与Ca2＋信号产生和Ca2＋依赖的表达基因组分调控。     

Ca2+-CaM对过氧化氢诱导玉米幼苗耐冷性的影响

H2O2预处理可提高玉米幼苗的耐冷性及其体内钙调素(CaM)活性。阻断胞内Ca2 库的动员(钌红处理)、降低细胞中Ca2 水平(EGTA处理)及抑制CaM活性(TFP和CPZ处理)均可完全消除H2O2诱导的玉米幼苗的耐冷性。阻止胞外Ca2 跨膜进入胞内(La3 处理)并不抑制、甚至还能轻微地提高H2O2诱导的耐冷性。高Ca2 (20mmol.L^-1)处理削弱H2O2诱导的耐冷性。这些结果表明,CaM及胞内Ca2 库在H2O2诱导的玉米幼苗耐冷性的形成过程中起重要作用,而质外体中高浓度Ca2 和跨膜进入胞内会削弱H2O2诱导的耐冷性。     

植物生理学中"细胞信号转导"教学的探讨

<植物生理学>(潘瑞炽2004)中"细胞信号转导"部分的教学是想让学生了解细胞信号转导的4个步骤,弄清楚信号、受体及细胞信号转导的概念,理解细胞第二信使Ca2 /CaM在信号转导中的作用,了解G蛋白参与的跨膜信号转换、三磷酸肌醇和二酯酰甘油(IP3/DAG)双信号系统及信号转导中的蛋白质可逆磷酸化.     

钙调素（CaM）在中体上的分布及参与胞质分裂的调控

钙调素(CaM)是细胞内Ca^2 的主要受体,在细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、迁移等过程中都发挥着重要的调控作用。采用GFP标记技术,我们观察了GFP—CaM在胞质分裂期HeLa细胞中的动态分布,发现在胞质分裂后期,GFP—CaM与中体紧密相连。抑制CaM的活性会阻止中体的解聚。进一步观察发现,CaM与γ-微管蛋白共分布在中体两侧,抑制CaM活性也会引起中体γ-微管蛋白解离的延迟。本实验结果说明分布在中体上的CaM很可能通过影响中体微管的稳定,参与调控胞质分裂的完成。     

钙调蛋白拮抗剂对人胃癌细胞效应机理的研究——钙调蛋白与磷酸二酯酶活性测定分析*

我们曾经证明钙调蛋白(Calmodulin,CaM)拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(Trifluoperazine,TFP)有抑制人胃癌细胞增殖和诱导细胞形态向正常分化的效应。本文用CaM活性测定箱方法测定了TFP处理的人胃癌MGC-803细胞胞质内的CaM活性。同时也测定了磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase.PDE)活性的变化。结果表明TFP选择性抑制胞质内依赖Ca~(2+)/CaM的PDE活性。氨茶碱有抑制CaM活化PDE的作用。本文对TFP作用机理及在调控癌细胞增殖及分化中的意义进行讨论。     

Subcellular distributions of rat CaM kinase phosphatase N and other members of the CaM kinase regulatory system

Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) regulatory system is composed of multifunctional CaM kinases such as CaM kinases IV and I, upstream CaM kinases such as CaM kinase kinases alpha and beta, which activate multifunctional CaM kinases, and CaM kinase phosphatases such as CaM kinase phosphatase and CaM kinase phosphatase N, which deactivate the activated multifunctional CaM kinases. To understand the combinations of CaM kinases I and IV, CaM kinase kinases alpha and beta, and CaM kinase phosphatases, the locations of the enzymes in the cell were examined by immunocytochemical studies of cultured cells. The results indicate that CaM kinase I, CaM kinase kinase beta, and CaM kinase phosphatase occur in the cytoplasm and that CaM kinase IV, CaM kinase kinase alpha (and CaM kinase kinase beta in some cell types and tissues), and CaM kinase phosphatase N occur inside the cellular nucleus, suggesting that there are at least two different sets of CaM kinase regulatory systems, one consisting of CaM kinase I, CaM kinase kinase beta, and CaM kinase phosphatase in the cytoplasm and the other consisting of CaM kinase IV, CaM kinase kinase alpha (and CaM kinase kinase beta in some cell types and tissues), and CaM kinase phosphatase N in the nucleus.     

CaM kinase control of AKT and LNCaP cell survival

AKT and its substrate BAD have been shown to promote prostate cancer cell survival. Agonists, such as carbachol, and hormones that increase intracellular calcium concentration can activate AKT leading to cancer cell survival. The LNCaP prostate cancer cells express the carbachol-sensitive M(3) -subtype of G protein-coupled receptors that cause increases in intracellular calcium and activate the family of Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM Ks). One type of CaM Kinase, CaM Kinase Kinase (CaM KK), phosphorylates several substrates including AKT on threonine 308. AKT phosphorylation and activation enhances cell survival through phosphorylation of BAD protein and the subsequent blockade of caspase activation. Our goals were to examine the mechanism of carbachol activation of AKT and BAD in LNCaP prostate cancer cells and evaluate whether CaM KK may be mediating carbachol's activation of AKT and cell survival. Our results suggest that carbachol treatment of LNCaP cells promoted cell survival through CaM KK and its phosphorylation of AKT. The bacterial toxin anisomycin triggered caspase-3 activation in LNCaP cells that was blocked by carbachol in a CaM KK- and AKT-dependent manner. AKT and BAD phosphorylation were blocked by the selective CaM KK inhibitor, STO-609, as well as siRNA directed against CaM KK. BAD phosphorylation was also blocked by treating cells with the AKT inhibitor, AKT-X, as well as siRNA to AKT. Additionally, epinephrine promoted LNCaP cell survival through activation of AKT that was insensitive to STO-609. Taken together these data suggest a survival role for CaM KK operating through AKT and BAD in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.     

脑缺血及复灌中胞浆50kD蛋白反磷酸化变化

目的和方法：采用蒙古沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎（ＢＣＡＯ） 前脑缺血／复灌模型,通过放射性自显影,观察脑缺血及复灌时胞浆５０ ｋＤ等蛋白在有Ｃａ２ ＋／ＣａＭ 及无Ｃａ２ ＋／ＣａＭ 两种反应条件下反磷酸化（ｂａｃｋｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｙｌａｔｉｏｎ） 水平的变化。结果：缺血后,总蛋白激酶介导的５０ ｋＤ蛋白反磷酸化水平逐渐下降,其中,Ｃａ２＋／ＣａＭ 依赖性蛋白激酶介导的５０ ｋＤ蛋白反磷酸化水平逐渐下降,而Ｃａ２＋／ＣａＭ 非依赖性蛋白激酶介导的５０ ｋＤ 蛋白反磷酸化水平逐渐上升;复灌后,上述变化均逐渐有所恢复。结论：脑缺血时,５０ ｋＤ 蛋白在体磷酸化水平逐渐增强,蛋白激酶活性由Ｃａ２ ＋／ＣａＭ 依赖性向Ｃａ２ ＋／ＣａＭ 非依赖性转化,复灌后上述变化均有所恢复     

果蝇TRP离子通道C端一个新钙调蛋白结合位点的鉴定和分析

瞬时受体电位(TRP)通道是一类钙离子透过性的阳离子通道蛋白家族,参与了视觉、味觉、温度感受等重要的生物学过程。之前的研究表明,钙离子既能够正反馈也能够负反馈地调节瞬时受体电位通道的活性,而这种调节可能是通过钙调蛋白（calmodulin,CaM）与TRP通道的相互作用来进行的。为了阐明这一调控机制,我们首先需要对钙调蛋白与瞬时受体电位通道之间的相互作用进行详细的生化研究。在此项研究中,通过大肠杆菌表达系统,表达和纯化了果蝇瞬时受体电位通道羧基末端不同长短的蛋白片段,并发现了一个新的钙调蛋白结合位点。通过快速蛋白液相色谱、静态光散射以及等温量热滴定技术,鉴定了这一钙调蛋白结合位点与果蝇瞬时受体电位通道之间的相互作用,发现它们在钙离子依赖的条件下,可以形成亲和力非常强的稳定的蛋白复合物（解离常数在01～1微摩尔范围）。此外,通过合成多肽的方法,鉴定了果蝇瞬时受体电位通道913～939片段为该钙调蛋白结合位点的核心区域。最后,通过突变实验,进一步明确了果蝇瞬时受体电位通道922位的酪氨酸以及923位的缬氨酸为其钙调蛋白结合位点的关键氨基酸。总而言之,本研究发现和鉴定了果蝇瞬时受体电位通道上一个新的钙依赖的钙调蛋白结合位点,这一发现将为研究瞬时受体电位通道的体内功能提供生化基础,为阐明钙离子通过钙调蛋白调节瞬时受体电位通道的分子机制做出贡献。     

Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases Ia and Ib from rat brain I. Identification, purification, and structural comparisons.

Two Ca(2+)-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinases were purified from rat brain using as substrate a synthetic peptide based on site 1 (site 1 peptide) of the synaptic vesicle-associated protein, synapsin I. One of the purified enzymes was an approximately 89% pure protein of M(r) = 43,000 which bound CaM in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. The other purified enzyme was an apparently homogenous protein of M(r) = 39,000 accompanied by a small amount of a M(r) = 37,000 form which may represent a proteolytic product of the 39-kDa enzyme. The 39-kDa protein bound CaM in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. Gel filtration analysis indicated that both enzymes are monomers. The 43- and 39-kDa enzymes are named Ca(2+)-CaM-dependent protein kinases Ia and Ib (CaM kinases Ia, Ib), respectively. The specific activities of CaM kinases Ia and Ib were similar (5-8 mumol/min/mg protein). CaM kinase Ia (but not CaM kinase Ib) activity was enhanced by addition of a CaM-Sepharose column wash (non-binding) fraction suggesting the existence of an "activator" of CaM kinase Ia. Both kinases phosphorylated exogenous substrates (site 1 peptide and synapsin I) in a Ca(2+)-CaM-dependent fashion and both kinases underwent autophosphorylation. CaM kinase Ia autophosphorylation was Ca(2+)-CaM-dependent and occurred exclusively on threonine while CaM kinase Ib autophosphorylation showed Ca(2+)-CaM independence and occurred on both serine and threonine. Proteolytic digestion of autophosphorylated CaM kinases Ia and Ib yielded phosphopeptides of differing M(r). These characteristics, as well as enzymatic and regulatory properties (DeRemer, M. F., Saeli, R. J. Brautigen, D. L., and Edelman, A. M. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 13466-13471), indicate that CaM kinases Ia and Ib are distinct and possibly previously unrecognized enzymes.     

Dual calcium-dependent protein phosphorylation systems in pancreas and their differential regulation by polymyxin B1

Both phospholipid/calcium (PL/Ca2+) activated and calmodulin/Ca2+ (CaM/Ca2+)activated protein kinase systems were found in rat pancreatic extracts treated with Sephadex G-25. At least four substrate proteins for PL/Ca2+-activated kinase and one for a CaM/Ca2+-activated kinase were noted. Polymyxin B, an amphipathic antibiotic, was over 100-fold more potent as an inhibitor of PL/Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation than of the CaM/Ca2+-dependent system (Ki = app. 7 microM v. 950 microM). Fluphenazine inhibited both PL/Ca2+- and CaM/Ca2+-dependent protein kinases with equal potency, as did dibucaine. Inhibition by polymyxin B of PL/Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation could be overcome by increased amounts of phosphatidylserine. Low concentrations (10(-5)M) of polymyxin B completely inhibited carbachol-stimulated amylase release from intact pancreatic acini. These results indicate that polymyxin B may be useful in delineating the relative roles of PL/Ca2+-dependent and CaM/Ca2+-dependent protein phosphorylation in biological systems and suggest a potential role for the PL/Ca2+-activated kinase in regulation of pancreatic exocrine function.     

Activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I in cultured rat hippocampal neurons

We have focused on activation mechanisms of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM) kinase I in the hippocampal neurons and compared them with that of CaM kinase IV. Increased activation of CaM kinase I occurred by stimulation with glutamate and depolarization in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Similar to CaM kinases II and IV, CaM kinase I was essentially activated by stimulation with the NMDA receptor. Although both CaM kinases I and IV seem to be activated by CaM kinase kinase, the activation of CaM kinase I was persistent during stimulation with glutamate in contrast to a transient activation of CaM kinase IV. In addition, CaM kinase I was activated in a lower concentration of glutamate than that of CaM kinase IV. Depolarization-induced activation of CaM kinase I was also evident in the cultured neurons and was largely blocked by nifedipine. In the experiment with 32P-labeled cells, phosphorylation of CaM kinase I was stimulated by glutamate treatment and depolarization. The glutamate- and depolarization-induced phosphorylation was inhibited by the NMDA receptor antagonist and nifedipine, respectively. These results suggest that, although CaM kinases I and IV are activated by the NMDA receptor and depolarization stimulation, these kinase activities are differently regulated in the hippocampal neurons.     

枸杞体细胞胚发生中外源Ca2+的作用

脱分化的枸杞叶片外植体愈伤组织转入含有2,4-D的MS培养基上分化培养后有大量胚性细胞的分化和体细胞胚发生;加入一定量的外源Ca2 或45Ca2 ,明显地提高了胚性愈伤组织中体细胞胚发生的频率;加入Ca2 的鳌合剂EGTA则显著降低了体细胞胚发生频率;胚性愈伤组织中CaM的水平在多细胞原胚期和球形胚期显著升高,加入外源Ca2 后CaM含量几乎成倍增加;胚性愈伤组织中蛋白质组分与活性都远远多于或高于非胚性愈伤组织,加Ca2 后蛋白质组分种类也增加.     

Detecting protein kinase recognition modes of calmodulin by residual dipolar couplings in solution NMR

Calmodulin-regulated serine/threonine kinases (CaM kinases) play crucial roles in Ca2+-dependent signaling transduction pathways in eukaryotes. Despite having a similar overall molecular architecture of catalytic and regulatory domains, CaM kinases employ different binding modes for Ca2+/CaM recruitment which is required for their activation. Here we present a residual dipolar coupling (RDC)-based NMR approach to characterizing the molecular recognition of CaM with five different CaM kinases. Our analyses indicate that CaM kinase I and likely IV use the same CaM binding mode as myosin light chain kinase (1-14 motif), distinct from those of CaM kinase II (1-10 motif) and CaM kinase kinase (1-16- motif). This NMR approach provides an efficient experimental guide for homology modeling and structural characterization of CaM-target complexes.     

钙与植物乙烯反应的关系研究

研究了Ca2+ 对番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Lichun)黄化幼苗乙烯反应的影响.通过测定不同Ca2+ 浓度条件下番茄黄化幼苗的"三重反应"、内源乙烯释放量、乙烯受体基因NEVER-RIPE(NR)表达量及胞内CaM含量的变化,结果发现,随着培养基中Ca2+ 浓度从0 mmol/L增加到3.8 mmol/L,番茄黄化幼苗的"三重反应"表型明显增强,内源乙烯释放量、NR基因的表达量及胞内CaM的含量都有不同程度的增加;当Ca2+ 浓度由3.8 mmol/L进一步增加到10 mmol/L时,番茄黄化幼苗"三重反应"表型受到抑制,内源乙烯释放量、 NR基因的表达量及胞内CaM的含量都有所下降.因此,Ca2+ 对番茄黄化幼苗"三重反应"的影响与Ca2+ 调节内源乙烯合成和乙烯受体基因的表达有关,而且Ca2+ 可能是通过CaM含量的变化来调节乙烯作用的.