广东象头山国家级自然保护区蛇类多样性及保护研究

目的了解广东象头山国家级自然保护区蛇类多样性现状,探讨保护区蛇类资源的有效保护对策。方法采用访问调查和野外样带调查相结合的方法。结果该保护区现已纪录蛇类有5科45种,占中国已纪录蛇类物种数的22．0％,占广东省已纪录蛇类物种数的46．4％,区系组成以东洋界华中区和华南区共有种为主,占82．2％。保护区有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物蚺双带亚种（蟒蛇）（Python molurus bivittatus）,以及舟山眼镜蛇（Najaatra）、眼镜王蛇（Ophiophagus hannah）、灰鼠蛇（Ptyas korros）和滑鼠蛇（Ptyas mucosus）等15种重要经济蛇类。结论广东象头山国家级自然保护区蛇类物种多样性十分丰富,但长期过度猎捕和栖息地遭破坏导致保护区一些蛇类种群数量明显减少,需加强保护。本文针对保护区蛇类保护问题提出5点建议。     

中国蛇类物种丰富度地理格局及其与生态因子的关系

物种丰富度地理格局成因是生态学和生物地理学研究重要目标之一。生态假说在解释物种丰富度地理格局的成因上受到广泛关注。该文基于100km×100km空间分辨率研究中国蛇类物种丰富度的地理分布格局,并结合生态假说探讨影响蛇类分布格局的因素。该研究采用主轴邻距法获得基于特征值的空域数据,并同生态因子进行多元回归分析,结果表明:(1)中国蛇类物种丰富度在经、纬度上呈现多峰分布格局,物种丰富度最高的地区位于东洋界亚热带、热带,丰富度较低的地区位于青藏高原、北方草原荒漠、黄淮平原、两湖平原及鄱阳湖平原等;(2)多元回归分析能解释56.5%的蛇类物种丰富度变化,分析得出蛇类物种丰富度格局的主要影响因子是归一化植被指数、最冷季降水量和年温差。(3)模型选择结果显示,在多元回归分析中,P<0.05的变量(归一化植被指数、最冷季降水量和年温差)组成的模型是解释蛇类物种丰富度格局的最优模型。这说明蛇类物种丰富度格局是由不同生态因子共同作用的结果。基于中国蛇类物种丰富度地理格局成因研究的复杂性,该文提出在进一步研究中,需重视各假说中影响因子的选择和人类活动的影响,并在不同空间尺度上对蛇类物种丰富度地理格局进行综合分析。     

江西蛇类多样性及其保护需求

目的为了有效保护江西的蛇类资源,对该地区蛇类的多样性、现状及其保护需求进行了总结。方法根据有关报道和我们调查的野外资料从物种多样性、分布、受胁情况等方面进行分析和比较。结果江西现有蛇类64种,占中国蛇类的31．1％,其中特有种18种;井冈山脊蛇（Achalinus jingganggensi）（Zong and Ma ,1983）是江西特有种,目前仅知分布于井冈山。有16种处于极度濒危、濒危和易危状态,占江西蛇类种数的25％;近危蛇类5种,占江西蛇类的7．8％。江西境内的武夷山是蛇类多样性最丰富的地区,其次是井冈山和庐山等。结论江西有近1／3的蛇类处于受胁状态,主要是由于过度利用和栖息地遭破坏所致。由于相当部分县、市缺乏蛇类分布等信息,建议尽快对江西蛇类资源进行全面调查。同时,提出相应的保护策略和措施。并建议建立特有珍稀蛇类繁育基地。     

中国境内虎斑颈槽蛇大陆亚种的形态学研究

蛇类的外部形态在分类和系统研究中具有重要的作用,利用蛇类大量外部形态特征的统计分析来探讨广泛分布物种的种下分类问题,已被证实是可行的。本研究首次将该方法应用于中国的广布物种Rhabdophis tigrinus lateralis,探讨该种在我国的分类和地理居群分布,为R.tigrinus这一物种分类研究提供更多的形态数据。     

北京及邻近地区蛇类存疑种分布及讨论

本研究基于前人对北京及邻近地区蛇类的基础调查文献进行总结,并于2010—2016年,多次对北京及邻近地区进行蛇类资源调查。本研究根据调查结果和现有文献对北京蛇类多样性资源予以初步总结,并对部分存疑物种进行讨论。其中,黑头剑蛇Sibynophis chinensis曾被认为是人为引入的物种,但本研究证实其应为原生种;北京地区所纪录的"中介蝮"实际应为2个不同种,分别为华北蝮G.stejnegeri和西伯利亚蝮指名亚种G.halys halys;乌苏里蝮G.ussuriensis系误记,应为短尾蝮G.brevicaudus。     

中国蛇类形态、生活史和生态学特征数据集

截至2023年1月,中国共记录312种蛇类,是世界上蛇类多样性最丰富的国家之一。物种特征决定其在环境中的生存能力,在进化生物学、生态学和保护生物学研究中具有重要作用。但是,目前还没有关于我国蛇类形态学、生活史和生态学等特征的完整数据库。本文通过系统查阅已出版的蛇类专业书籍、已发表的文献和爬行动物数据库,共收集整理了中国现有312种蛇类的41个特征数据。这些特征包括以下3个方面:形态特征(包括鳞片、牙齿等25个特征)、生活史特征(包括体长、食性、捕食方式、繁殖方式、活动时间、有无毒性等11个特征)和生态学特征(包括是否中国/岛屿特有种、成体生境、地理分布范围和海拔分布等5个特征)。在收集的41个特征中,除颏鳞、吻鳞和地理分布范围数据完整外(100%),其余特征数据都有不同程度的缺失(完整度为7.72%–99.70%)。本数据集是目前中国最新和最完整的蛇类特征数据集,可为我国蛇类的生态学、生物地理学和保护生物学等方面的研究提供基础数据支持。     

湖南发现四川竹叶青蛇

2020年7月30日,在湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区石碾子沟（30°00′46″N,110°32′18″E,海拔615 m）采集到1号蛇类标本,经形态鉴定和分子系统关系比较,确定为四川竹叶青蛇（Trimeresurus sichuanensis）,为湖南省蛇类分布新记录种,该标本（CSUFTHPS2007080）存放于中南林业科技大学动物标本室。此次发现增补了四川竹叶青蛇的生物学信息,也表明该物种在武陵山脉及其延伸地区可能有着更为广泛的地理分布。建议进一步开展该物种种群生态学的研究,以便为该特有种种群和栖息地保护提供参考。     

中国特有蛇类资源及保护建议

概述了中国54种特有蛇类状况,对香港盲蛇Typhlops lazelli、温泉蛇Thermophis baileyi、莽山烙铁头蛇Zhaoermia mangshanensis和蛇岛蝮Gloydius shedaoensis 4种极危种类进行了初步分析.讨论了中国特有蛇类的受胁现状及因素,提出保护策略和措施,建议建立中国特有珍稀蛇类繁育基地.     

沙漠中的蟒蛇——红沙蟒

沙蟒是爬行纲蟒科的代表物种之一,分布于温带沙漠绿洲的边缘地带。在我国分布于新疆、内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏地区,是营穴居、卵胎生的特殊小型无毒蛇类。主要以啮齿动物和蜥蜴为食,具有特殊生态习性,应加以很好地保护利用。     

各地蛇类养殖图片展

当前,我国蛇类养殖已成为新兴的产业,养殖场的数量及规模在不断扩大,同时,蛇类保护和人工繁育也越来越受到政府的重视,这为我国蛇类资源的保护和可持续利用带来新的机遇。     

黑龙江省外来入侵植物的种类组成

近年来,黑龙江省外来入侵植物种类呈逐渐增多趋势。为摸清本地区外来入侵植物状况,我们于2008年6月至2010年10月对原产地在国外、已经在黑龙江省内自然或半自然生态系统建立种群、威胁或者破坏当地经济和生态环境的植物种类(包括种下分类单位)进行了全面调查。根据实地调查和文献资料,我们给出了目前黑龙江省外来入侵植物名录,对它们的原产地、引入途径以及区系成分等进行了分析。黑龙江省目前共有外来入侵植物41种,隶属于17科35属,以菊科种类为最多,有12种,占外来入侵植物总种数的29.3%,并且它们以草本植物为主,共39种,占95.1%。从来源地来看,来自美洲、欧洲的种类分别为22种和14种,占外来入侵植物总种数的53.7%和34.2%。从传入途径看,基本上为有意或无意引入(40种,占97.6%)。本区外来入侵植物属的区系成分共包括9个分布区类型,其中温带成分占明显优势,共17属,占68.0%。根据对黑龙江省外来植物的入侵现状及有效防治进行的探讨,我们建议实行具有地域特色的外来物种引进风险评估制度。     

黑龙江省爬行动物区系和地理区划

1　研究简史黑龙江省爬行动物的研究历史悠久 ,在《盛京通志》 (1 73 6)、《黑龙江外记》 (1 81 0 )、《黑龙江志稿》(1 93 2 )以及早期的地方志中就有记载 ,记述较多的有蛇、蛇师 (指蜥蜴 )和鳖等。Ｐａｌｌａｓ(1 773 )、Ｍｉｄｄｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ(1 85 3 )、Ｍａａｃｋ(1 85 9)、Ｓｏｗｅｒｂｙ(1 92 3 )、Ｐａｖｌｏｆｆ(1 92 6)、森为三 (1 92 7)、宫地传三郎 (1 93 7)、张孟闻 (1 962 )、马逸清 (1 989)、王纳丹 (1 993 )和赵文阁 (2 0 0 0 )等就黑龙江省爬行动物的种类、分布、生态和区系等进行过研究和记载。本文结合全国“陆生脊椎动…     

中国枝肠涡虫属二新种记述（三肠目：淡水亚目：枝肠涡虫科）

本文记述枝肠涡虫属２新种,即中华枝肠涡虫和绥芬河枝肠涡虫。前者标本采自黑龙江省德都县,孙吴县和逊克县,后者标本采自黑龙江省绥芬河市。     

鲁西地区蛇类的分布格局

以山东聊城分布的7种蛇类作为研究对象,探讨了鲁西平原区蛇类的群落结构和分布格局.结果 表明,该区蛇类平均分布密度较高的是白条锦蛇Elaphe dione、赤链蛇Dinodon rufozonatum和虎斑颈槽蛇大陆亚种Rhabdophis tigrina lateralis.多数蛇类倾向于选择湿地周边、边缘富有灌草丛的农田区以及有丰富草被的居民区等为栖息地,该区蛇类的栖息地选择有着显著的不重叠性.     

Human overexploitation and extinction risk correlates of Chinese snakes

China is one of the countries with the richest snake biodiversity in the world. However, about one‐third of all 236 species are now considered threatened, partially due to the intense human overexploitation. Despite that, to date, no study has explicitly investigated the patterns and processes of extinction and threats of Chinese snakes, or between human exploited and unexploited snake subgroups. We addressed the following three questions: 1) which snake families proportionally include more human exploited species than expected by chance? 2) Which species traits and extrinsic factors are correlated with their extinction risk? 3) Are there differences between human exploited and unexploited species in terms of patterns and processes of extinction? We found that the family Elapidae contained a significantly higher number of exploited species. Considering eight species traits and four extrinsic factors, we performed phylogenetic correlation tests, finding that small geographic range size, large body length, oviparous reproduction, diurnal activity and high human exploitation were important in determining the extinction risk of all Chinese snakes. Moreover, human exploited snakes had a higher percentage of threatened species and large‐bodied species than unexploited snakes. Extinction risk of human exploited species was related to body length, reproduction mode and activity period, whereas that of human unexploited species were associated with geographic range size, microhabitat and annual temperature. Overall, we highlight the phylogenetic non‐random exploitation of snakes, and different factors underlying species response to human overexploitation. We suggest that conservation priority should be given to exploitation‐prone families and species with extinction‐prone traits, as identified in this study. Moreover, human exploited and unexploited species should be managed considering different strategies since their extinction risk was associated with different ecological traits. Conservation actions should also focus on preventing human threats, such as human overexploitation and habitat loss, for the effective preservation of Chinese snakes.     

黑龙江省林区药用植物资源及其区划

黑龙江省森林面积为1,5771百万公顷,占全省总面积的34.7%。全国森林总面积的12.5%。黑龙江省森林具有丰富的药用植物资源,研究表明,共有药用植物724种,分别隶属于110科,410属,其中商品药植物352种,分别隶属于91科,250属,根据地域分异规律。结合全省气候,土壤,地形,地貌,植被及药用植物生态分布特点,自然植被,植物区系与药用植物生态分布的相关性,将全省森林药用植物资源进行了综合区划,全省共分为2个区,即大,小兴安岭药用植物区和张广才岭药用植物区,进行全省森林药用植物资源区划,对于合理保护和利用林区药用植物资源,发展林区经济具有重要现实意义。     

Helminth infracommunity structure of the sympatric garter snakes Thamnophis eques and Thamnophis melanogaster from the Mesa Central of Mexico

Seventy-two Mexican garter snakes (Thamnophis eques) and 126 black-bellied garter snakes (T. melanogaster) were collected from 4 localities of the Mesa Central of Mexico between July 1996 and February 1998 and examined for helminths. Both species of garter snakes occurred sympatrically in every locality except in Lake Cuitzeo. Both species of snakes shared 9 helminth species, and in general, T. melanogaster hosted a larger number of species than T. eques. In each locality, a different helminth species showed the highest levels of prevalence and abundance (Spiroxys susanae in Ciénaga de Lerma, Telorchis corti in Lago de Pátzcuaro, Proteocephalus variabilis in Lago de Cuitzeo, and Contracaecum sp. in Lago de Chapala). Helminth communities in garter snakes of the Mesa Central are depauperate and dominated by a single parasite species. In those localities where the snakes occurred in sympatry, helminth communities were, in general, more diverse and species-rich in T. melanogaster. Differences in the ecology and physiology of these species of garter snakes may explain this pattern because black-bellied garter snakes (T. melanogaster) are more aquatic than Mexican garter snakes (T. eques) and primarily eat aquatic prey, potentially exposing themselves to a larger number of helminths transmitted by predator-prey infection. The helminth infracommunities of garter snakes in the Mesa Central of Mexico show a strong Nearctic influence because most of the species infecting these hosts have been recorded in other Nearctic colubrid snakes. However, the helminth infracommunities of these garter snakes are less species-rich and less diverse than those in colubrid snakes in more temperate latitudes. The widespread ecological perturbation of sampling sites in the Mesa Central because of human activity, and geographic differences in foraging ecology of the hosts and, thus, exposure to parasites transmitted by intermediate hosts may help to explain these patterns.     

黑龙江省低额溞属的种类及分布（鳃足纲：双甲目）

本文对黑龙江省低额属Ｓｉｍｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ的种类及分布进行了初步的调查。鉴定出低额９种,即锯顶低额Ｓｉｍｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｓｅｒｒｕｌａｔｕｓ,老年低额Ｓ．ｖｅｔｕｌｕｓ,拟老年低额Ｓ．ｖｅｔｕｌｏｉｄｅｓ,棘爪低额Ｓ．ｅｘｓｆｉｎｏｓｕｓ,西伯利亚低额Ｓ．ｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓ,角壳低额Ｓ．ｌｕｓａｔｉｃｕｓ,微齿低额Ｓ．ｈｉｍａｌａｙｅｎｓｉｓｍｉｃｒｏｄｕｓ,黑龙江低额Ｓ．ｈｅｉｌｏｎｇｊｔａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ和北安低额Ｓ．ｂｅｉａｎｅｎｓｉｓ。对各种低额的形态特征及分布特点作了概括并编制了种的检索表。对所述各种的模式形态及已获种中雄体的精子形态提供活体照片。对部分低额生活环境中的几种主要因子进行了测试,其结果表明,本属各种多生活在水质清洁溶解氧较高且偏碱的水环境中,其水质多在寡污到β中污之间。     

The colouration of the venomous coral snakes (family Elapidae) and their mimics (families Aniliidae and Golubridae)

The bright coloured, highly venomous coral snakes, Leptomicrurus, Micrurus and Micruroides (family Elapidae) and a series of harmless or mildly toxic mimics form an important component of the snake fauna of the Americas. Coral snake patterns are defined as any dorsal pattern found in any species of venomous coral snake and/or any dorsal pattern containing a substantial amount of red, pink or orange distributed so as to resemble that of some species of venomous coral snake. The components of coral snake colouration are described and four principal dorsal patterns are recognized: unicolour, bicolour, tricolour and quadricolour. The tricolour patterns may be further clustered based on the number of black bands or rings separating the red ones as: monads, dyads, triads, tetrads or pentads. A detailed classification of all coral snake colour patterns is presented and each pattern is illustrated. The taxonomic distribution of these patterns is surveyed for mimics and the 56 species of highly venomous coral snakes. Among the latter, the most frequent encountered patterns are tricolour monads, tricolour triads and bicolour rings, in that order. No venomous coral snakes have a tricolour dyad, tricolour tetrad or quadricolour pattern. As many as 115 species of harmless or mildly toxic species, c. 18% of all American snakes, are regarded as coral snake mimics. The colouration and behavioural traits of venomous coral snakes combine to form a significant antipredator defence of an aposematic type. The mimics in turn receive protection from predators that innately or through learning avoid coral snake colour patterns. The precise resemblances in colouration between sympatric non-coral snakes and venomous coral snakes and the concordant geographic variation between the two strongly support this view. Batesian mimicry with the highly venomous coral snakes as the models and the other forms as the mimics is the favoured explanation for this situation. It is further concluded that a number of species in the genera Elaphe, Farancia, Nerodia and Thamnophis, although having red in their colouration, should not be included in the coral snake mimic guild.