中华鲟产卵场平面平均涡量计算与分析

采用Delft3D-Flow模型对葛洲坝下游中华鲟产卵场河段进行流场模拟,用实测资料对模型进行验证和参数率定,模拟结果和实测资料基本吻合.在此基础上,阐述了平面平均涡量计算方法,利用模拟所得流速场,通过计算得到中华鲟产卵场河段区域平面平均涡量强度分布.计算结果表明,鱼卵密集区的平面平均涡量为1.38×10-3～1.64×10-3s-1,说明中华鲟产卵对区域平面涡量强度有偏好选择,这种选择具有生物学意义.可为今后保护中华鲟产卵场水力学环境提供理论支持和参考.     

三峡蓄水以来葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场河床质特征变化

中华鲟是国家一级保护水生动物,是产底层产粘性卵鱼类。河床质构成了中华鲟受精卵和早期胚胎发育的物理环境,其变化可能直接影响中华鲟自然繁殖的规模和效果。基于水声学和水下视频技术对葛洲坝下现存唯一已知中华鲟自然产卵场的河床质特征进行了连续观测,对三峡水库蓄水以来中华鲟自然产卵场的河床质特征变化进行了研究。水声学分析结果显示,2004-2012年间,中华鲟产卵场区域内河床硬度未有明显变化,但粗糙度显著增加 (P < 0.05)。对产卵位点的河床质特征分析表明,下产卵区的硬度增加(2012年显著高于2008和2004年 (P < 0.05)),上产卵区硬度呈明显下降趋势(2004年显著高于2008和2012年(P < 0.05));上产卵区的河床粗糙度均呈不显著上升趋势(P > 0.05);下产卵场区的河床粗糙度呈显著上升趋势(P < 0.05)。水下视频观测结果显示,三峡蓄水导致的水体含沙量明显减少,对河床的冲刷日益明显,表现在产卵场江段沉积细砂和粗砂区域面积显著减少,河床卵石缝隙充塞度明显下降 (P < 0.05)。下产卵区在2007-2012年视频观察过程中发现河床卵石缝隙充分暴露,几乎没有任何细砂或粗砂填充,与上产卵区河床卵石缝隙充塞度特征明显不同。长期观测表明,2004-2012年期间中华鲟自然产卵位点发生了明显的改变,2004-2007年均发生在下产卵区,而2008-2012年均发生在上产卵区,自然繁殖规模和效果也明显下降。综合分析显示,中华鲟产卵场河床质特征的变化可能是导致中华鲟自然产卵位点的改变和迁移的原因,进而影响中华鲟自然产卵场的繁殖适合度,影响中华鲟自然繁殖的规模和效果。对三峡蓄水清水下泄的生态影响评估以及中华鲟自然产卵场的改良或修复有重要借鉴意义。     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）产卵场地形分析

根据1981年葛洲坝截流至1998年对葛洲坝坝下河床研究的历史资料,结合1999～2006年间获得的中华鲟产卵场所在江段河床的5次地形数据,采用ArcGIS 9.0软件,对中华鲟产卵场河床的高程、坡度、坡向等地形因子进行了详细分析。结果表明：葛洲坝至磨基山江段中华鲟产卵场与历史产卵场相比具有极其相似的特征,临江溪至虎牙滩江段中华鲟自然繁殖频率不高可能主要是因为地形不符合要求,从而造成相关的水文因子也不能满足需要。中华鲟自然繁殖前期的迁徙分布和产卵后受精卵的散播与河床地形都有一定的关系,葛洲坝水利枢纽下游河势调整工程较大地改变了葛洲坝至庙咀江段河床的地形,地形复杂度的增加可能对中华鲟自然繁殖前期的栖息有利,而河床坡度、底质的改变则可能会对中华鲟受精卵的散播和发育产生不利影响。有必要结合中华鲟历史产卵场精确的地形数据,对“中华鲟产卵场功能分区模型假说”进行验证,并针对产卵场地形对中华鲟自然繁殖的影响,做出进一步探讨。     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)产卵场地形分析

根据1981年葛洲坝截流至1998年对葛洲坝坝下河床研究的历史资料,结合1999~2006年间获得的中华鲟产卵场所在江段河床的5次地形数据,采用ArcGIS9.0软件,对中华鲟产卵场河床的高程、坡度、坡向等地形因子进行了详细分析。结果表明:葛洲坝至磨基山江段中华鲟产卵场与历史产卵场相比具有极其相似的特征,临江溪至虎牙滩江段中华鲟自然繁殖频率不高可能主要是因为地形不符合要求,从而造成相关的水文因子也不能满足需要。中华鲟自然繁殖前期的迁徙分布和产卵后受精卵的散播与河床地形都有一定的关系,葛洲坝水利枢纽下游河势调整工程较大地改变了葛洲坝至庙咀江段河床的地形,地形复杂度的增加可能对中华鲟自然繁殖前期的栖息有利,而河床坡度、底质的改变则可能会对中华鲟受精卵的散播和发育产生不利影响。有必要结合中华鲟历史产卵场精确的地形数据,对"中华鲟产卵场功能分区模型假说"进行验证,并针对产卵场地形对中华鲟自然繁殖的影响,做出进一步探讨。     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟产卵场的水文状况及其与繁殖活动的关系

国家一级保护动物中华鲟为江海溯河产卵的洄游性鱼类,1981年即葛洲坝截流前,其产卵场分布在金沙江下游和长江上游的约600km江段。葛洲坝水电工程阻断了其产卵洄游通道,调查发现自1982年以来,中华鲟在葛洲坝下游江段的狭小范围成功产卵。对中华鲟繁殖季节葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场的水温、流速、流量、含沙量和水位等水文数据进行了分析,并对其与中华鲟产卵的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,葛洲坝截流后,宜昌中华鲟产卵场江段10～11月份的月平均流速及11月份的月平均含沙量发生明显变化（P〈0．001）,而月平均水位、流量及水温的变化不明显。多年观察结果显示,中华鲟产卵时,5种水文因子的参数均有一定的变动范围。1983～2004年期问,37次中华鲟产卵时的日平均水温范围为16．10～20．60℃,平均为18．63℃;日平均水位范围为40．69～47．32m（黄海高程）,平均为43．91m;日平均流量范围为7170～26000m^3／s,平均为13908m^3／s;1983～2000年31次中华鲟产卵时的日平均含沙量范围为0．10～1．32kg／m。,平均为0．46kg／m。;日平均流速为0．81～1．98m／s,平均为1．30m／s。分析得到较适宜中华鲟产卵的水温是18．0～20．0℃,流量是14100m^3／s,水位是42．0～45．0m,含沙量是0．2～0．3kg／m^3,底层流速是1．0～1．7m／s。水温是中华鲟产卵的必备条件,水温适宜的情况下,水位、流速和含沙量出现逐渐从高位下降的趋势、而且各水文要素值均达到其适宜范围时,中华鲟即产卵繁殖。三峡工程运行后,下游江段水温的变化可能会对中华鲟的性腺发育和产卵繁殖产生不利影响,而江水含沙量下降对其产卵繁殖较有利。     

中华鲟的保护生物学研究进展

中华鲟是一种洄游性的鲟科鱼类,平时生活于海洋,亲鲟成熟后溯游到江河里繁殖。在长江葛洲坝修筑以前,中华鲟产卵场位于长江上游和金沙江下游江段。６０－７０年代中期,一些科研单位对上游中华鲟繁殖群体及产卵场等进行了较为全面的调查,撰写出现敢《长江鲟鱼类生物学与人工繁殖研究》,中华鲟的人工繁殖也于１９７１年产首获成功。葛洲坝枢纽建成以后,中华鲟繁殖群体被阻隔于葛洲坝下游宜昌江段,围绕大坝对中华鲟生存带来的不     

基于物理模型实验的光倒刺鲃生态行为学研究

建立了基于天然河道的物理模型,通过控制实验研究水环境因子对鱼类行为的影响。文中选取了金沙江下游2.6 km河段建立物理模型,以南方水系的经济鱼类光倒刺鲃为研究对象,进行了鱼的行为对底质和流速的响应实验。分析得出,光倒刺鲃对砂卵石底质的选择明显大于其它底质且差异极其显著(P<0.01),光倒刺鲃2龄幼鱼期的喜好流速范围为0.3-0.6 m/s;研究同时发现水流紊动强度对光倒刺鲃行为具有重要影响。该研究结果可以为光倒刺鲃栖息地模型提供参考。     

鳙幼鱼游泳行为与紊动强度响应关系

紊流是自然界普遍存在的一种复杂流态,对鱼类生存有重要影响。鱼类游泳行为与紊流密切相关,受到广泛关注。选取体长为(10.10±0.54)cm的鳙幼鱼为实验对象,通过在水槽内设置直径10 cm球体紊动扰动器制造恒定紊流场,选取表征紊流特征量紊动强度,将球体后的紊动空间分布与鳙幼鱼典型游泳轨迹相叠加,定量分析了鳙幼鱼在上溯过程中其游泳行为与紊动强度的响应关系。结果表明:鳙幼鱼上溯游泳行为主要受紊动强度的影响;在流速分别为14、26和34 cm·s-1的实验条件下,鳙幼鱼敏感紊动强度范围为8.5~9.2 cm·s-1;其偏好紊动强度范围为5.25~8.40 cm·s-1。该结果对研究鱼类行为与水流紊动的关系,以及鳙鱼保护研究具有一定参考价值。     

水生所与三峡和葛洲坝水利工程中的鱼类保护

葛洲坝和三峡水利枢纽是世界上著名的大型水电工程, 对长江中下游防洪、发电、航运、水资源利用等产生了巨大的综合效益。如何减轻葛洲坝-三峡工程对长江流域生态环境及水生生物的影响经历了漫长而激烈的论证过程。中国科学院水生生物研究所(以下简称“水生所”)自始至终参加了这两个工程的水域生态环境影响评价和鱼类保护工作, 并且做出了重要的贡献。在葛洲坝工程的救鱼对象讨论中, 水生所指出救鱼的主要对象是中华鲟; 在救鱼的措施方面, 水生所科学论证了葛洲坝工程不必修建过鱼设施, 中华鲟在葛洲坝下能够自然繁殖, 中华鲟的救护措施以人工繁殖放流和产卵场的保护为主。在葛洲坝工程建设后, 水生所进一步预测了三峡工程对长江珍稀特有鱼类、重要经济鱼类以及渔业的影响, 并且建议在赤水河建立自然保护区, 作为长江上游珍稀特有鱼类的庇护所; 提出最早的生态调度想法, 通过三峡水库的调度形成人造洪峰, 刺激“四大家鱼”产卵等等。实践证明, 水生所做出的工程影响评价和鱼类保护建议是科学的、符合客观实际的, 对国家的决策起到了重要作用。     

兴修水利枢纽后汉江产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖生态

1．汉江产漂流性卵的鱼类至少有25种,其中经济鱼类有草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙、鯮、鳤、鱤、长春鳊、赤眼鳟、铜鱼、吻鮈、鳜以及三种红鲌属鱼类。2．产漂流性卵鱼类开始产卵的水温分别在16—20℃之间,经济鱼类多在18℃上下。产卵时需要有江河的涨水过程。在河流涨水的诸水文要素中,流速的增大,对促使产卵起着主要作用。不同的鱼类产卵时对流水的要求是有差异的。鱼类的产卵规模与江水的流速增大紧密相关。3．丹江水库建成后,上游的产卵场有前房、天河口和安康等10处。中游有钟祥和马良等7处,支流唐河、白河也有产卵场。就总产卵量来看,上游1977年为1745．9亿粒,中游1976年为47亿粒。上游为中游的37倍。其中,四种家鱼的产卵量,上游为171．3亿粒,中游为9．3亿粒。4．丹江口水利枢纽对汉江上游产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖的影响,主要表现为给上游提供了规模较大的繁殖群体。另一方面,由于主要产卵场分布在接近水库的江段,致使占上游总产卵量90％的鱼卵在孵化前随江水流入水库,有一部分鱼卵会受到损失。对中游的影响主要是由于水库的低温水和大坝对径流的调节,改变了中游的水文条件,导致产卵场的变迁,繁殖季节推迟和产卵规模缩小。总的来看,对上游的影响明显的有利,对于中游则不利的影响要多一些。5．根据产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖的生态习性和汉江的条件,可以认为,在汉江和类似汉江的条件下,兴建水利枢纽可以不必附建过鱼建筑物。为了充分发挥水体的渔业效益,水库区应做好渔业规划,加强经营管理。水利枢纽的下游需充分重视改变了的水文条件,特别是低温水对鱼类生活的影响,以采取补救措施。     

Assessing the effect of Separation Levee Project on Chinese sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipensor sinensis</Emphasis>) spawning habitat suitability in Yangtze River,China

Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is a protected anadromous fish species. The migration pattern of the fish has been blocked by the construction of Gezhouba Dam, reducing the natural spawning site length to less than 7 km along the Yangtze River. However, the fish has since established an alternative spawning ground in the narrow reach downstream of Gezhouba Dam. To enhance navigation, a Separation Levee Project (SLP) was implemented in the new-found spawning habitat of the fish. To therefore evaluate the effect of the SLP on Chinese sturgeon spawning habitat suitability, the conditions in the spawning habitat were simulated using River2D (a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model). Two main approaches (habitat kinetic energy and circulation metrics) were used in the simulation. The study showed that SLP only slightly changed the physical conditions in the spawning habitat. Using hydrodynamic simulation, the weighted usable area (WUA) before and after the SLP construction was also computed and habitat preference curve developed for water depth and velocity. On the average, SLP reduced WUA—a finding that was consistent with field-measured data. Based on WUA, the habitat conditions were more sensitive to SLP proximity than metrics based on velocity gradients. SLP posed detrimental impacts on the suitability of spawning habitats of Chinese sturgeon. The findings in this study provide further basis for the protection and restoration of Chinese sturgeon spawning habitats in especially the lower reach of Yangtze River.     

Variation in the suitability of Chinese sturgeon spawning habitat after construction of dams on the Yangtze River

The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is an anadromous fish inhabiting the Yangtze River. Migration of Chinese sturgeon from the estuary to upper Yangtze River was blocked by Gezhou Dam, completed in 1981, and a new, much smaller, spawning ground was established below the dam. However, Three Gorges Dam began operating in 2003, altering hydrological conditions in the new spawning grounds and the impact on Chinese sturgeon reproduction was severe. The annual survey of Chinese sturgeon shows that both spawning scale and breeding population decreased during this period. To illustrate the impact of Three Gorges Dam on the spawning grounds and reproduction of Chinese sturgeon, the habitat suitability of spawning grounds on spawning day was simulated using River2D. Results show that the area of suitable spawning grounds positively correlates with the scale of reproduction and both have decreased sharply since 2003.     

Potential causes of habitat degradation and spawning time delay of the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)

In fish conservation, it is important to simulate fish habitat suitability and determine the potential impact on habitat quality and species behavior. This study analyzed the impact of several hydraulic projects on fish habitat quality and spawning time by numerical modeling. The case study involved the only Chinese sturgeon spawning site in the Yangtze River, China. Four habitat assessment indexes reflected both habitat quality and spatial characteristics, including fragmentation and connectivity. Previous studies did not simulate the water temperature impact on the fish habitat; spawning time delay was attributed to water temperature increases and discharge decreases. The results of the present study showed that the water temperature increase from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) impoundment primarily caused the habitat degradation and spawning time delay. The effect of the water temperature increase on the degradation of average habitat suitability was eight times that of a decrease in discharge. A 25-day delay in the water temperature trend line was significantly correlated with a 26-day delay in the first spawning date. A decrease in discharge after TGR impoundment did not cause the spawning date delay. The Dike Project mainly impacted spawning site connectivity. Controlling the water temperature of the released water discharge is the most important means of conserving the wild Chinese sturgeon. This research can benefit other regions considering hydraulic projects by identifying potential factors impacting fish habitat quality and overall ecosystem health.     

Assessing the effect of the Three Gorges reservoir impoundment on spawning habitat suitability of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) in Yangtze River,China

The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), a kind of maricolous anadromous migratory fish species, is endangered and protected in China. Historical spawning habitats were distributed in the lower reaches of Jinsha River and the upper reaches of Yangtze River. Since the establishment of the Gezhouba water conservancy pivot in 1981, the migratory route of Chinese sturgeon spawning was blocked. Therefore, the fish was forced to propagate in a new spawning ground which was mainly distributed in the 4-km-long mainstream from Gezhouba Dam to Miaozui in the middle Yangtze River. After water storage and power generation of the Three Gorges reservoir (TGR) in 2003, the propagation of Chinese sturgeon has been impacted gradually. According to field surveys, the fish used to spawn twice a year before TGR impoundment, but only once happened after that. Besides, the spawning scale is also declining with each passing year.In order to simulate and evaluate the effect of TGR impoundment on spawning habitats of Chinese sturgeon, with consideration of their reproductive characteristics, an eco-hydrodynamic model was established by coupling a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model and a fuzzy fish habitat module based on fuzzy logic inference. Flow fields at the studied site in an impoundment scenario and an assumed no impoundment scenario were simulated with the 2D hydrodynamic model. Afterwards, by linking hydrodynamic conditions to the expert knowledge base, the fuzzy habitat model used fuzzy logic inference to compute habitat suitability of the Chinese sturgeon. In addition, the approach was used to propose a suitable instream flow range during the propagation period for Chinese sturgeon. The results indicated that the suitable instream flow needed for Chinese sturgeon spawning in middle Yangtze River should be between 10,000 m³/s and 17,000 m³/s and it also showed that after TGR was put into pilot impoundment operation at the designed water level of 175 m, the habitat suitability has decreased significantly in October. Besides, the water temperature of spawning habitat increased to a higher level in propagation period due to the impoundment of the TGR. All these alterations have had imposed tremendous impacts on the propagation of Chinese sturgeon. Therefore, adjusting impoundment schedule of the TGR to recover the water flow over spawning habitat in October is a crucial way to improve the habitat suitability. Furthermore, the presented method also provides a theoretical basis for further research on the assessment of habitat suitability of aquatic species at a micro-habitat scale.     

Effects of damming on population sustainability of Chinese sturgeon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser sinensis</Emphasis>: evaluation of optimal conservation measures

The numbers of spawning sites for Chinese sturgeon have been drastically reduced since the construction of the Gezhouba Dam across the Yangtze River. This dam has blocked migration of Chinese sturgeon to their historic spawning ground causing a significant decline of the Chinese sturgeon population. We conducted a VORTEX population viability analysis to estimate the sustainability of the population and to quantify the efficiency of current and alternative conservation procedures. The model predicted the observed decline of Chinese sturgeon, resulting from the effect of the Gezhouba Dam. These simulations demonstrated the potential interest of two conservation measures: increasing spawning area and reducing predation on sturgeon eggs. The simulations also demonstrated that the actual restocking program is not sufficient to sustain sturgeon population as the artificial reproduction program induce the loss of more wild mature adults that the recruitment expected by the artificial reproduction.     

中华鲟的性腺发育与退化问题研究

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis) 是我国的一级重点保护野生动物, 也是长江水生动物保护的旗舰物种。近年来, 中华鲟已多次被监测到未进行野外自然繁殖, 其生存前景堪忧。有关其没有繁殖的原因存在多方面的争议, 尤其是黄真理等提出葛洲坝水利枢纽修建造成中华鲟性腺退化严重, 是导致中华鲟种群数量急剧减少的主要因素; 同时, 还宣称“中科院水生所有关否定中华鲟性腺退化的方法和材料, 是不充分和不可靠的”。为了避免该错误观点对中华鲟的保护造成误导, 文章从中华鲟的性腺发育过程及退化的判断标准、中华鲟的生活史阶段及性腺状态、葛洲坝与三峡工程对中华鲟繁殖影响等方面, 分析该观点的谬误之处。柯福恩等将正常发育的中华鲟III期性腺误判为是“退化性腺”; 文章认为刚进入长江不久的中华鲟亲鱼即出现性腺退化, 不符合中华鲟性腺发育的规律。多年监测数据显示, 葛洲坝水利枢纽导致中华鲟洄游距离缩短并没有改变中华鲟繁殖的时间格局, 也没有改变中华鲟性腺成熟的比例。黄真理等歪曲他人实际监测的数据, 提出的洄游距离影响中华鲟性腺发育的模型纯粹是不懂鱼类生物学的人玩弄的数学游戏。尽管现阶段中华鲟的保护确实遇到了困境, 但随着“长江十年禁渔”的实施, 电捕和滚钩等彻底取缔, 限制产卵场区域人类活动, 加强中华鲟野外产卵场的修复, 并进行更大规格、更大规模的群体放流, 中华鲟的种群还是有可能恢复的。     

Biology and life history of Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, in the Yangtze River

Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, is a relatively small (130 cm, 16 kg) and now rare sturgeon restricted to the Yangtze River Basin. It behaves as a resident freshwater fish, does not undertake long distance migrations (except for spawning), and lives in a variety of habitats. It historically spawned in the upper Yangtze River, but the spawning sites are unknown. Acipenser dabryanus reaches maturity earlier than do other Chinese sturgeons, which gives the species aquaculture potential, and artificial spawning has been carried out. However, the native population in the Yangtze has sharply declined in the last two decades due to overfishing, pollution and habitat alteration and destruction, especially since the construction of the Gezhouba Dam, which was built in 1981 across the Yangtze River at Yichang, Hubei Province. Since 1981, Dabry's sturgeon rarely occurs below the Gezhouba Dam because downstream movements are blocked. Clearly, conservation of Dabry's sturgeon must be emphasized. Conservation methods may include protecting habitats, controlling capture and stock replenishment.     

A bedform morphology hypothesis for spawning areas of Chinese sturgeon

Results from previous research suggested that geomorphic characteristics may be important controlling factors among other microhabitat variables for spawning fish. We investigated the bedform morphology of seven spawning areas (five historic and two present spawning areas) of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) by analysis of relief maps of the riverbed and by field surveys. We conclude that the topographic characteristics of the spawning areas include rocky or gravelly substrate river bend, large variations in water depth and river width and a slope with moderate length and slope. The turning structure and the adverse slope may be the most important topographic characteristics for the spawning areas. Combined with the reproductive occurrence of the fish in these spawning areas, we tentatively propose a bedform morphology hypothesis for the spawning areas. We consider that a spawning area of A. sinensis should consist of three functional areas: Mating area (M), Dispersal area (D) and Incubation area (I). M, D and I are distributed along the water current and their bedform characteristics are clearly different. M is the place for mature fish to mate and spawn. It is usually below a riffle with rolling terrain. D is the place for fertilizing and dispersing fertilized eggs. It is usually in a river bend with sharp variations in terrain, such as deep pools or steep slopes. I is the place for dispersal of fertilized eggs. It is usually in long point bars or broad shallow areas with rocky substrate. This hypothesis could serve as a guideline for improving the present spawning areas or constructing new spawning areas, so as to rehabilitate the wild stock of the sturgeon.     

Environmental cues for natural reproduction of the Chinese sturgeon,Acipenser sinensis Gray, 1835, in the Yangtze River,China

For effective conservation, it is important to explore the environmental cues initiating the spawning activities of a fish species. Based on monitoring data gathered between 1998 and 2011, the relationships between spawning activities of the Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, and several environmental cues were analyzed using the rare events logistic regression ‘Relogit’ method, which indicated that water temperature, 1‐day ?‐discharge, and atmospheric pressure were among the key spawning cues for A. sinensis (P < 0.05). It is suggested that Chinese sturgeon might have an optimal environment window of 17–20°C water temperature, high day‐to‐day discharge increase, and low atmospheric pressure for spawning. In support of Chinese sturgeon reproduction, suggested modifications to the operational procedures for the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) to trigger spawning are: lowering the downstream water temperature to below 20°C before mid‐October and expanding the period with water temperatures of between 17 and 20°C; to create a day‐to‐day intermittent increase in the discharge to an optimal spawning water temperature; and to regulate flow at nights with a low atmospheric pressure.