河流鱼类产卵场紊动能计算与分析

通过对鱼类产卵场地形分析,认为水流能量损失是鱼类产卵场形成的重要原因之一,这种能量损失主要是由于特殊河道地貌形成的水流紊动而产生的.在此基础上探索性地推导了考虑这种河道水流能量损失的明渠非恒定流方程.以中华鲟为例,对产卵场河段进行了三维水流数值模拟,计算了产卵河段紊动能的分布,探讨了中华鲟产卵行为与水流紊动之间的关系,结果表明产卵区因紊动产生的能量损失明显大于非产卵区.以期为保护中华鲟和其他鱼类产卵场水力学环境提供参考.     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）产卵场地形分析

根据1981年葛洲坝截流至1998年对葛洲坝坝下河床研究的历史资料,结合1999～2006年间获得的中华鲟产卵场所在江段河床的5次地形数据,采用ArcGIS 9.0软件,对中华鲟产卵场河床的高程、坡度、坡向等地形因子进行了详细分析。结果表明：葛洲坝至磨基山江段中华鲟产卵场与历史产卵场相比具有极其相似的特征,临江溪至虎牙滩江段中华鲟自然繁殖频率不高可能主要是因为地形不符合要求,从而造成相关的水文因子也不能满足需要。中华鲟自然繁殖前期的迁徙分布和产卵后受精卵的散播与河床地形都有一定的关系,葛洲坝水利枢纽下游河势调整工程较大地改变了葛洲坝至庙咀江段河床的地形,地形复杂度的增加可能对中华鲟自然繁殖前期的栖息有利,而河床坡度、底质的改变则可能会对中华鲟受精卵的散播和发育产生不利影响。有必要结合中华鲟历史产卵场精确的地形数据,对“中华鲟产卵场功能分区模型假说”进行验证,并针对产卵场地形对中华鲟自然繁殖的影响,做出进一步探讨。     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)产卵场地形分析

根据1981年葛洲坝截流至1998年对葛洲坝坝下河床研究的历史资料,结合1999~2006年间获得的中华鲟产卵场所在江段河床的5次地形数据,采用ArcGIS9.0软件,对中华鲟产卵场河床的高程、坡度、坡向等地形因子进行了详细分析。结果表明:葛洲坝至磨基山江段中华鲟产卵场与历史产卵场相比具有极其相似的特征,临江溪至虎牙滩江段中华鲟自然繁殖频率不高可能主要是因为地形不符合要求,从而造成相关的水文因子也不能满足需要。中华鲟自然繁殖前期的迁徙分布和产卵后受精卵的散播与河床地形都有一定的关系,葛洲坝水利枢纽下游河势调整工程较大地改变了葛洲坝至庙咀江段河床的地形,地形复杂度的增加可能对中华鲟自然繁殖前期的栖息有利,而河床坡度、底质的改变则可能会对中华鲟受精卵的散播和发育产生不利影响。有必要结合中华鲟历史产卵场精确的地形数据,对"中华鲟产卵场功能分区模型假说"进行验证,并针对产卵场地形对中华鲟自然繁殖的影响,做出进一步探讨。     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟产卵场的水文状况及其与繁殖活动的关系

国家一级保护动物中华鲟为江海溯河产卵的洄游性鱼类,1981年即葛洲坝截流前,其产卵场分布在金沙江下游和长江上游的约600km江段。葛洲坝水电工程阻断了其产卵洄游通道,调查发现自1982年以来,中华鲟在葛洲坝下游江段的狭小范围成功产卵。对中华鲟繁殖季节葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场的水温、流速、流量、含沙量和水位等水文数据进行了分析,并对其与中华鲟产卵的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,葛洲坝截流后,宜昌中华鲟产卵场江段10～11月份的月平均流速及11月份的月平均含沙量发生明显变化（P〈0．001）,而月平均水位、流量及水温的变化不明显。多年观察结果显示,中华鲟产卵时,5种水文因子的参数均有一定的变动范围。1983～2004年期问,37次中华鲟产卵时的日平均水温范围为16．10～20．60℃,平均为18．63℃;日平均水位范围为40．69～47．32m（黄海高程）,平均为43．91m;日平均流量范围为7170～26000m^3／s,平均为13908m^3／s;1983～2000年31次中华鲟产卵时的日平均含沙量范围为0．10～1．32kg／m。,平均为0．46kg／m。;日平均流速为0．81～1．98m／s,平均为1．30m／s。分析得到较适宜中华鲟产卵的水温是18．0～20．0℃,流量是14100m^3／s,水位是42．0～45．0m,含沙量是0．2～0．3kg／m^3,底层流速是1．0～1．7m／s。水温是中华鲟产卵的必备条件,水温适宜的情况下,水位、流速和含沙量出现逐渐从高位下降的趋势、而且各水文要素值均达到其适宜范围时,中华鲟即产卵繁殖。三峡工程运行后,下游江段水温的变化可能会对中华鲟的性腺发育和产卵繁殖产生不利影响,而江水含沙量下降对其产卵繁殖较有利。     

三峡蓄水以来葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场河床质特征变化

中华鲟是国家一级保护水生动物,是产底层产粘性卵鱼类。河床质构成了中华鲟受精卵和早期胚胎发育的物理环境,其变化可能直接影响中华鲟自然繁殖的规模和效果。基于水声学和水下视频技术对葛洲坝下现存唯一已知中华鲟自然产卵场的河床质特征进行了连续观测,对三峡水库蓄水以来中华鲟自然产卵场的河床质特征变化进行了研究。水声学分析结果显示,2004-2012年间,中华鲟产卵场区域内河床硬度未有明显变化,但粗糙度显著增加 (P < 0.05)。对产卵位点的河床质特征分析表明,下产卵区的硬度增加(2012年显著高于2008和2004年 (P < 0.05)),上产卵区硬度呈明显下降趋势(2004年显著高于2008和2012年(P < 0.05));上产卵区的河床粗糙度均呈不显著上升趋势(P > 0.05);下产卵场区的河床粗糙度呈显著上升趋势(P < 0.05)。水下视频观测结果显示,三峡蓄水导致的水体含沙量明显减少,对河床的冲刷日益明显,表现在产卵场江段沉积细砂和粗砂区域面积显著减少,河床卵石缝隙充塞度明显下降 (P < 0.05)。下产卵区在2007-2012年视频观察过程中发现河床卵石缝隙充分暴露,几乎没有任何细砂或粗砂填充,与上产卵区河床卵石缝隙充塞度特征明显不同。长期观测表明,2004-2012年期间中华鲟自然产卵位点发生了明显的改变,2004-2007年均发生在下产卵区,而2008-2012年均发生在上产卵区,自然繁殖规模和效果也明显下降。综合分析显示,中华鲟产卵场河床质特征的变化可能是导致中华鲟自然产卵位点的改变和迁移的原因,进而影响中华鲟自然产卵场的繁殖适合度,影响中华鲟自然繁殖的规模和效果。对三峡蓄水清水下泄的生态影响评估以及中华鲟自然产卵场的改良或修复有重要借鉴意义。     

金沙江中上游中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)产卵场的发现及意义

该研究分别于2012年4月、7—8月及11月针对云南省金沙江梨园电站影响区域的鱼类早期资源进行了3次监测。并于2012年7—8月对云南省玉龙县大具乡大具渡口金沙江的监测中,发现中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)卵汛两次,分别为8月1日8:00—4日10:00和8月9日23:00—13日6:00。结果发现,中华金沙鳅鱼卵卵径3.37~4.41 mm,平均3.89 mm,自然受精率为91.5%,模拟培养出膜率为97.1%,畸形率为2.2%;产卵场共3处,分别位于云南省玉龙县龙蟠镇、黎明乡和巨甸镇;三处产卵场两次产卵共计~1.49×107ind.。此次产卵场的发现是对以往中华金沙鳅生物学资料的重要补充,对电站建设背景下金沙江鱼类资源的保护具指导意义。     

基于Gash模型的青海云杉林降水截留模拟

选择Gash(1995)改进后的模型对祁连山东部青海云杉林冠层截留进行模拟。首先在2009年的5月底至9月期间对降水事件、降水截留和林冠结构进行观测,其次对林冠附加截留量进行计算,在不同的时间步长上利用Gash模型模拟截留量,最后对模型参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明:Gash模型对整个观测期间林冠截留模拟值比实测林冠总截留量偏低8.70%,15 d尺度和次降雨事件尺度上模拟值比观测值分别偏低18.92%和14.23%;附加截留占总截留的74.94%,吸附截留占总截留的25.06%;饱和林冠的平均蒸发强度和降雨强度的比值是模型的敏感性参数,精确获得平均蒸发强度是保证模型精度的前提条件,并且独立降水事件的界定是提高Gash模型的关键点。     

滴灌条件下温室番茄需水量估算模型

基于修正后的Pnman-Monteith方程,通过分析作物系数与积温的关系,构建了基于常规气象资料的滴灌条件下温室番茄需水量估算模型,并分别采用2009年5月2-13日(开花坐果期)和6月9-20日(成熟采摘期)2个时段内的实测蒸腾量和实测棵间土壤蒸发量对模型模拟结果进行验证.结果表明:修正后的Penman-Monteith方程适用于温室参考作物需水量(ET0)的计算;温室番茄作物系数与积温呈抛物线关系;所建需水量模型模拟值的平均相对误差小于10%,可用于估算滴灌条件下温室番茄需水量.     

中华鲟的性腺发育与退化问题研究

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis) 是我国的一级重点保护野生动物, 也是长江水生动物保护的旗舰物种。近年来, 中华鲟已多次被监测到未进行野外自然繁殖, 其生存前景堪忧。有关其没有繁殖的原因存在多方面的争议, 尤其是黄真理等提出葛洲坝水利枢纽修建造成中华鲟性腺退化严重, 是导致中华鲟种群数量急剧减少的主要因素; 同时, 还宣称“中科院水生所有关否定中华鲟性腺退化的方法和材料, 是不充分和不可靠的”。为了避免该错误观点对中华鲟的保护造成误导, 文章从中华鲟的性腺发育过程及退化的判断标准、中华鲟的生活史阶段及性腺状态、葛洲坝与三峡工程对中华鲟繁殖影响等方面, 分析该观点的谬误之处。柯福恩等将正常发育的中华鲟III期性腺误判为是“退化性腺”; 文章认为刚进入长江不久的中华鲟亲鱼即出现性腺退化, 不符合中华鲟性腺发育的规律。多年监测数据显示, 葛洲坝水利枢纽导致中华鲟洄游距离缩短并没有改变中华鲟繁殖的时间格局, 也没有改变中华鲟性腺成熟的比例。黄真理等歪曲他人实际监测的数据, 提出的洄游距离影响中华鲟性腺发育的模型纯粹是不懂鱼类生物学的人玩弄的数学游戏。尽管现阶段中华鲟的保护确实遇到了困境, 但随着“长江十年禁渔”的实施, 电捕和滚钩等彻底取缔, 限制产卵场区域人类活动, 加强中华鲟野外产卵场的修复, 并进行更大规格、更大规模的群体放流, 中华鲟的种群还是有可能恢复的。     

葛洲坝下中华鲟繁殖生物学特性及其人工繁殖效果

以1998—2004年(除2002年外)间从葛洲坝下产卵场捕获的57尾(雌36尾,雄21尾)中华鲟人工繁殖群体为材料,研究了中华鲟人工繁殖群体的繁殖生物学特性.结果表明:1998—2004年间中华鲟雌鲟体长240～320cm,体质量140～432kg,年龄15～30龄;雄鲟体长153～284cm,体质量70～244kg,年龄12～26龄.雌鲟催产率93·1%,雄鲟催产率100%.卵子可明显分为7种颜色;绝对怀卵量为20～59万粒,平均35·8万粒;相对怀卵量820～3020粒·kg-1,平均1590粒·kg-1.精液明显分为4种颜色;绝对采精量1000～5952ml,平均2597·8ml;相对采精量1·25～31·24ml·kg-1,平均13·3ml·kg-1.多年人工催产受精率平均达到63·7%,孵化率达到48·1%,6年共孵化出苗476·2万尾,保证了人工繁殖放流的实施.资料对比显示,中华鲟繁殖群体自然繁殖力大幅下降.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.