葛洲坝下游中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)产卵场地形分析

根据1981年葛洲坝截流至1998年对葛洲坝坝下河床研究的历史资料,结合1999~2006年间获得的中华鲟产卵场所在江段河床的5次地形数据,采用ArcGIS9.0软件,对中华鲟产卵场河床的高程、坡度、坡向等地形因子进行了详细分析。结果表明:葛洲坝至磨基山江段中华鲟产卵场与历史产卵场相比具有极其相似的特征,临江溪至虎牙滩江段中华鲟自然繁殖频率不高可能主要是因为地形不符合要求,从而造成相关的水文因子也不能满足需要。中华鲟自然繁殖前期的迁徙分布和产卵后受精卵的散播与河床地形都有一定的关系,葛洲坝水利枢纽下游河势调整工程较大地改变了葛洲坝至庙咀江段河床的地形,地形复杂度的增加可能对中华鲟自然繁殖前期的栖息有利,而河床坡度、底质的改变则可能会对中华鲟受精卵的散播和发育产生不利影响。有必要结合中华鲟历史产卵场精确的地形数据,对"中华鲟产卵场功能分区模型假说"进行验证,并针对产卵场地形对中华鲟自然繁殖的影响,做出进一步探讨。     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）产卵场地形分析

根据1981年葛洲坝截流至1998年对葛洲坝坝下河床研究的历史资料,结合1999～2006年间获得的中华鲟产卵场所在江段河床的5次地形数据,采用ArcGIS 9.0软件,对中华鲟产卵场河床的高程、坡度、坡向等地形因子进行了详细分析。结果表明：葛洲坝至磨基山江段中华鲟产卵场与历史产卵场相比具有极其相似的特征,临江溪至虎牙滩江段中华鲟自然繁殖频率不高可能主要是因为地形不符合要求,从而造成相关的水文因子也不能满足需要。中华鲟自然繁殖前期的迁徙分布和产卵后受精卵的散播与河床地形都有一定的关系,葛洲坝水利枢纽下游河势调整工程较大地改变了葛洲坝至庙咀江段河床的地形,地形复杂度的增加可能对中华鲟自然繁殖前期的栖息有利,而河床坡度、底质的改变则可能会对中华鲟受精卵的散播和发育产生不利影响。有必要结合中华鲟历史产卵场精确的地形数据,对“中华鲟产卵场功能分区模型假说”进行验证,并针对产卵场地形对中华鲟自然繁殖的影响,做出进一步探讨。     

葛洲坝下游中华鲟产卵场的水文状况及其与繁殖活动的关系

国家一级保护动物中华鲟为江海溯河产卵的洄游性鱼类,1981年即葛洲坝截流前,其产卵场分布在金沙江下游和长江上游的约600km江段。葛洲坝水电工程阻断了其产卵洄游通道,调查发现自1982年以来,中华鲟在葛洲坝下游江段的狭小范围成功产卵。对中华鲟繁殖季节葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场的水温、流速、流量、含沙量和水位等水文数据进行了分析,并对其与中华鲟产卵的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,葛洲坝截流后,宜昌中华鲟产卵场江段10～11月份的月平均流速及11月份的月平均含沙量发生明显变化（P〈0．001）,而月平均水位、流量及水温的变化不明显。多年观察结果显示,中华鲟产卵时,5种水文因子的参数均有一定的变动范围。1983～2004年期问,37次中华鲟产卵时的日平均水温范围为16．10～20．60℃,平均为18．63℃;日平均水位范围为40．69～47．32m（黄海高程）,平均为43．91m;日平均流量范围为7170～26000m^3／s,平均为13908m^3／s;1983～2000年31次中华鲟产卵时的日平均含沙量范围为0．10～1．32kg／m。,平均为0．46kg／m。;日平均流速为0．81～1．98m／s,平均为1．30m／s。分析得到较适宜中华鲟产卵的水温是18．0～20．0℃,流量是14100m^3／s,水位是42．0～45．0m,含沙量是0．2～0．3kg／m^3,底层流速是1．0～1．7m／s。水温是中华鲟产卵的必备条件,水温适宜的情况下,水位、流速和含沙量出现逐渐从高位下降的趋势、而且各水文要素值均达到其适宜范围时,中华鲟即产卵繁殖。三峡工程运行后,下游江段水温的变化可能会对中华鲟的性腺发育和产卵繁殖产生不利影响,而江水含沙量下降对其产卵繁殖较有利。     

回声探测仪的发展趋势及渔业应用

为探究葛洲坝下中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)产卵场的河床质特征变化规律, 研究基于水声学和水下视频影像分析三峡蓄水以来现有数据(2004—2020年), 研究底质表观特征与水声学特征的相关性, 分析产卵场底质特征变化及其原因。结果表明: (1)硬度、粗糙度和分形维数分别与河床质充塞度、粒径和主要组成相关; (2)葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场河床底质特征参数在2004—2020年发生了明显的变化, 硬度、粗糙度和分形维数三种特征均值在2004—2012年均呈现先增加后减少的趋势(P<0.01), 在2012—2019年均显著增加(P<0.01), 在2019—2020年显著减少(P<0.01); (3)产卵场含沙的底质比例在2004—2008年减少33.08%, 在2008—2012年增加12.69%, 在2012—2015年减少33.83%, 此后其持续减少至2019年, 在2019—2020年增加39.37%, 期间的底质变化可能与三峡蓄水、泥沙调度、新修水坝的蓄水运行及期间发生的洪水有较大关联, 且中华鲟的自然繁殖活动明显受河床质变化影响。研究结果为葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场河床质的推演和产卵场的恢复与重建提供基础数据。

     

葛洲坝下中华鲟繁殖生物学特性及其人工繁殖效果

以1998—2004年(除2002年外)间从葛洲坝下产卵场捕获的57尾(雌36尾,雄21尾)中华鲟人工繁殖群体为材料,研究了中华鲟人工繁殖群体的繁殖生物学特性.结果表明:1998—2004年间中华鲟雌鲟体长240～320cm,体质量140～432kg,年龄15～30龄;雄鲟体长153～284cm,体质量70～244kg,年龄12～26龄.雌鲟催产率93·1%,雄鲟催产率100%.卵子可明显分为7种颜色;绝对怀卵量为20～59万粒,平均35·8万粒;相对怀卵量820～3020粒·kg-1,平均1590粒·kg-1.精液明显分为4种颜色;绝对采精量1000～5952ml,平均2597·8ml;相对采精量1·25～31·24ml·kg-1,平均13·3ml·kg-1.多年人工催产受精率平均达到63·7%,孵化率达到48·1%,6年共孵化出苗476·2万尾,保证了人工繁殖放流的实施.资料对比显示,中华鲟繁殖群体自然繁殖力大幅下降.     

低温强光下籼粳稻紫黄质脱环氧化酶活性和类囊体膜脂不饱和度的变化

为了阐明籼稻(oryza sativa L.spp.indica)、粳稻(O.sativa L.spp.japonica)对低温强光敏感性的差异,着重研究了低温强光下水稻类囊体膜脂不饱和度与叶黄素循环的变化.随着低温强光处理时间的延长,类囊体膜脂不饱和脂肪酸含量降低,饱和脂肪酸含量增加,因而膜脂不饱和指数(IUFA)下降.同时,叶黄素循环的关键酶--紫黄质脱环氧化酶(VDE)活性降低,叶黄素循环组分中紫黄质(V)含量增加,而单环氧玉米黄质(A)和下米黄质(Z)的含量减少,表现为(A+Z)/(A+Z+V)比值下降.Arrhenius分析证明,VDE对低温和膜脂不饱和度都敏感.相关分析表明,类囊体IUFA分别与VDE活性、(A+Z)/(A +Z+V)和D1蛋白量呈显著的正相关.与粳稻9516相比,籼稻油优63类囊体膜的IUFA较低,低温下类囊体膜脂流动性和稳定性较差,VDE活性和(A+Z)/(A+Z+V)比值较低.     

不同生境条件下蕨类和被子植物的气孔形态特征及其对光强变化的响应

气孔是植物与大气环境进行气体交换的重要通道, 在调控植物碳水平衡方面发挥着重要作用。为探讨生境和植物类型对气孔形态特征的影响以及气孔对光强变化的响应格局在不同植物间和不同生境条件下的变异, 选取开阔生境和林下生境的5种蕨类植物和4种被子植物, 测定了它们的气孔形态特征和气孔导度对光强变化的响应。此外, 还收集了8篇文献中开阔和林下生境的45种蕨类植物和70种被子植物的气孔密度和气孔长度数据, 以增大样本量从而更好地探讨不同生境条件下蕨类和被子植物气孔密度及长度的变异格局, 并通过分析生境和植物类型对气孔形态特征的影响来推测生境和植物类型对气孔响应行为的可能影响。实验结果表明, 与林下植物相比, 开阔环境下的植物气孔密度更大, 气孔长度更小, 气孔对光强降低的响应更敏感; 但植物类型对气孔形态特征的影响以及对气孔响应光强的敏感程度的影响均不显著。对文献数据的分析表明, 生境和植物类型对气孔形态特征均有显著影响。考虑到气孔响应快慢与气孔形态特征密切相关, 与蕨类植物相比, 被子植物小而密的气孔可能为其更快地响应环境变化提供了基础。研究表明生境和植物类型对气孔响应行为均有显著影响。     

Mortality of Herring Eggs on Different Algal Substrates (Furcellaria spp. and Cladophora spp.) in the Baltic Sea – An Experimental Study

In the Baltic Sea, herring (Clupea harengus membras) spawns in the littoral zone, where its eggs are attached to algae or vascular plants. Field studies indicate that egg mortality can be very high (up to 100%) in eggs that are attached to red algae (Rajasilta et al., 1989, 1993). Because high mortality can be due to allelochemical effects of the algae, we studied the mortality of herring eggs on different algal substrates experimentally. Four types of substrates were tested: fresh Cladophora and Furcellaria, and Furcellaria that had decomposed six days or 23 days. The incubation time in the experiments was 3 days and incubation temperature 12–13 ^oC (ca. 700–800 h-degrees). The results were in accordance with observations made in field studies and indicated significant differences among the substrate types. In eggs attached to fresh Cladophora, mortality was significantly lower (mean=2.8%; n=20) than in those attached to Furcellaria, independently of the treatment of the algae. The highest values of mortality (mean=14.4%; n=20) were found in eggs attached to Furcellaria that had decomposed over a six days’ period. This suggested that Furcellaria contain some chemical substances, which can cause mortality in herring embryos and the effect seems to be dependent on the state of decomposition of the algae.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinusBenth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

生态因子对红螯相手蟹捕食毛蚶苗种的影响

敌害生物的捕食在控制海洋底栖生物群落的丰度和组成中起着关键性的作用。以红螯相手蟹(Sesarma haematocheir)和毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)为试验对象,研究了红螯相手蟹的密度、规格、性别,以及毛蚶的密度、规格、海水温度和底质条件对毛蚶苗种存活的影响。结果表明,蟹表现出了第二种类型的功能反应,高密度底播毛蚶苗种可以显著提高成活率;当毛蚶苗种壳长达到20mm以上时,蟹的摄食速率显著下降;随着蟹个体的增大,其摄食速率显著增加,毛蚶的存活率下降;当蟹的密度逐渐增加的时候,同种个体之间的干扰竞争显著提高了毛蚶存活率;雄蟹凭借强有力的螯导致了更多毛蚶苗种的死亡;海水温度较低的春季和秋季底播毛蚶苗种可以显著提高成活率;底质条件的复杂性和异质性为毛蚶的存活提供了\"庇护空间\",从而减少了敌害生物捕食所带来的损失。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

酒醅来源酵母菌合成异戊醇能力与途径解析

【背景】异戊醇是酵母菌在白酒发酵过程中通过氨基酸合成代谢途径和氨基酸分解代谢途径合成的主要高级醇,其含量影响白酒饮用的舒适度。【目的】分析和比较分离自浓香型白酒酒醅中的酵母菌合成异戊醇的能力,揭示酵母菌合成异戊醇的途径。【方法】从酒醅中分离具有异戊醇合成能力的酵母菌株,比较不同生长时期酵母菌合成异戊醇的能力,通过前体物代谢分析它们合成异戊醇的途径。【结果】分离自酒醅的5株酵母的异戊醇合成能力从强到弱依次为Naumovozyma castellii JP3-1、Saccharomyces cerevisiae JP3、Pichia fermentans JP22、Pichia kudriavzevii JP1和Naumovozyma dairenensis CBS421。这些酵母合成异戊醇的时期主要在对数生长期,N. castellii JP3-1、P. fermentans JP22和N. dairenensis CBS421在稳定生长期也合成异戊醇。S. cerevisiae JP3、N. castellii JP3-1和N. dairenensis CBS421在整个生长时期主要通过Harris途径合成异戊醇;P. kudriavzevii JP1在整个时期主要通过Ehrlich途径合成异戊醇;P. fermentans JP22在对数生长期通过Harris途径和Ehrlich途径合成异戊醇的能力接近,在稳定生长期主要通过Harris途径合成异戊醇。【结论】本研究揭示了酒醅来源5个属种酵母合成异戊醇的途径、能力与其生长时期的关系,研究结果可为解析浓香型白酒发酵过程异戊醇合成、积累机制及实施白酒发酵过程异戊醇合成的精准调控提供理论依据。