三峡工程中的生物多样性保护

三峡工程导致长江水文情势改变,水库淹没和移民搬迁,成为影响生物多样性的直接的,主要的因素,本文根据最新调查和研究成果,评述了三峡工程对生物多样性的影响,介绍了正在采取的措施及其效果。水库淹没和移民搬迁是影响陆生生物的主要因素。三峡库区有144个植物群系,6388种高等植物,3418种昆虫,500种陆生脊椎动物,其中36个植物群系受到部分或全部淹没影响,4种地方特有植物的野生种群遭到淹没（1种全淹,3种部分淹没）。水文情势改变是影响水生生物的主要因素,长江水系共有鱼类350种,浮游动植物,底栖动物,水生植物等1085种。其中三峡工程对部分珍稀大型水生动物,40余种特有鱼类和“四大家鱼”的影响值得重视,我们将通过建立长期的生物监测站,设立保护区和保护点,采用人工繁殖放流等措施保护生物多样性,减少三峡工程对生物多样性的不利影响,避免因三峡工程而造成物种丧失。     

中华鲟的性腺发育与退化问题研究

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis) 是我国的一级重点保护野生动物, 也是长江水生动物保护的旗舰物种。近年来, 中华鲟已多次被监测到未进行野外自然繁殖, 其生存前景堪忧。有关其没有繁殖的原因存在多方面的争议, 尤其是黄真理等提出葛洲坝水利枢纽修建造成中华鲟性腺退化严重, 是导致中华鲟种群数量急剧减少的主要因素; 同时, 还宣称“中科院水生所有关否定中华鲟性腺退化的方法和材料, 是不充分和不可靠的”。为了避免该错误观点对中华鲟的保护造成误导, 文章从中华鲟的性腺发育过程及退化的判断标准、中华鲟的生活史阶段及性腺状态、葛洲坝与三峡工程对中华鲟繁殖影响等方面, 分析该观点的谬误之处。柯福恩等将正常发育的中华鲟III期性腺误判为是“退化性腺”; 文章认为刚进入长江不久的中华鲟亲鱼即出现性腺退化, 不符合中华鲟性腺发育的规律。多年监测数据显示, 葛洲坝水利枢纽导致中华鲟洄游距离缩短并没有改变中华鲟繁殖的时间格局, 也没有改变中华鲟性腺成熟的比例。黄真理等歪曲他人实际监测的数据, 提出的洄游距离影响中华鲟性腺发育的模型纯粹是不懂鱼类生物学的人玩弄的数学游戏。尽管现阶段中华鲟的保护确实遇到了困境, 但随着“长江十年禁渔”的实施, 电捕和滚钩等彻底取缔, 限制产卵场区域人类活动, 加强中华鲟野外产卵场的修复, 并进行更大规格、更大规模的群体放流, 中华鲟的种群还是有可能恢复的。     

长江禁渔

<正>现在要想保护长江鱼类,需要禁渔10年以上,之后等时机成熟时再采用科学的、现代化的方式捕捞,实现资源的可持续性利用。禁渔对我国水产品供应没有多大影响,因为我国以养殖为主,捕捞为辅,而长江捕捞仅占全国水产品总供应量的千分之一。长江是世界上生物多样性最为丰富的地区之一,生活有白鲟等一百多种特有珍稀的鱼类。此外,长江鱼类还是我国淡水养殖(尤其是四大家鱼)的优良种质来源。四大家鱼历     

中华鲟的保护生物学研究进展

中华鲟是一种洄游性的鲟科鱼类,平时生活于海洋,亲鲟成熟后溯游到江河里繁殖。在长江葛洲坝修筑以前,中华鲟产卵场位于长江上游和金沙江下游江段。６０－７０年代中期,一些科研单位对上游中华鲟繁殖群体及产卵场等进行了较为全面的调查,撰写出现敢《长江鲟鱼类生物学与人工繁殖研究》,中华鲟的人工繁殖也于１９７１年产首获成功。葛洲坝枢纽建成以后,中华鲟繁殖群体被阻隔于葛洲坝下游宜昌江段,围绕大坝对中华鲟生存带来的不     

基于中华鲟繁殖群体数量的长江中、下游生态环境考核指标

繁殖群体数量是中华鲟能否成功繁殖的重要影响因子, 建议作为长江生态考核的重要评价指标。根据重要种群参数和历史数据, 基于稳态转换理论和方法, 确定中华鲟繁殖群体数量指标的评估基准值和等级, 670尾以上为“优”、400—670尾为“良”、200—400尾为“中”、50—200尾为“差”、50尾以下为“极差”。水声学探测结果显示, 1998—2001年中华鲟繁殖群体数量指标评级为“良”; 2004—2012年三峡工程蓄水后至向家坝蓄水前评级为“中”; 2013—2020年评级为“极差”。为了复壮中华鲟野生种群, 建议修复葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场功能, 大规模放流性成熟亲鱼和大规格个体, 建立国家级中华鲟保育中心。     

转食不同饵料对野生中华鲟幼鱼肌肉营养成分的影响

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis Gray)是中国特有大型洄游性名贵珍稀鱼类,属国家一级保护动物.成年中华鲟每年4-6月由海入江进行生殖洄游,当年孵化的仔、幼鱼于翌年6-7月洄游到长江口[1].     

基于鱼类物种状况的长江生态环境质量评估

鱼类是水域生态系统的重要组成部分, 也是水域生态环境良好的指示类群。为合理评估长江生态环境的现状和变化趋势, 文章提出将土著鱼类物种数和珍稀特有鱼类物种数作为评价指标, 并建立了相关的评价基准和等级划分标准。以2010年和2020年为评价年, 评估了长江干流及代表性重点水域的生态环境质量。结果显示, 当前长江上游干流和下游干流的生态环境质量优于中游; 支流赤水河的生态环境质量良好, 大型湖泊鄱阳湖的生态环境质量中等。从时间上看, 随着长江十年禁渔等一系列保护措施的实施, 长江干流的生态环境质量有不同程度地好转。在此基础上, 提出了进一步改善长江生态环境的对策与建议。     

长江生态考核指标: 基于被动声学监测的长江江豚数量

长江是复杂的生态系统, 但是随着长江生态环境的持续变化, 尤其是人类扰动所致的变化, 长江中的几种极其重要的大型物种先后因此而走向“灭绝”, 或“极可能灭绝”, 或“极度濒危”, 因此在现阶段有必要以现存于长江中的大型物种的生存状况为核心, 建立一项新的生态考核指标, 以综合表征长江生态系统的健康状况和生物多样性的完整性, 为“十年禁捕”和《长江保护法》的顺利实施提供科技支持。长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)仅分布于长江中下游及洞庭湖、鄱阳湖, 是长江中极可能仅存的大型水生哺乳动物, 多年来一直受到社会各界的高度关注, 已成为长江“明星”物种。长江江豚种群分布和数量的变化与长江生态环境和鱼类资源的变化密切相关, 具有综合表征生态环境质量和生物多样性及其变化的基本属性。在复杂的水下声环境中, 长江江豚的声纳信号具有独特的时频特征, 具有较强的可监测性和可量化特征, 并且已被广泛应用于长江江豚的被动声学监测、实时识别和群体估算。同时, 在自然水域对长江江豚进行被动声学监测是一项方便和高效的工作。在沿江和沿湖设置一些样地水域, 布置水下声学仪器, 开展长期被动声学监测, 不但可以掌握长江江豚的分布规律、群体规模及其变化, 而且可以为定量分析样地水域生态环境质量和鱼类等水生生物的丰度提供可信的依据, 继而可以为定量评价所监测水域人类活动对生态环境及水生生物扰动提供长期数据支撑。因此, 基于被动声学监测的长江江豚种群数量, 可作为一项重要的生态考核指标, 用于定量评价长江生态环境质量和水生生物多样性及其在时间和空间上的变化, 并用于考核相关保护工作的落实情况和实际的保护效果。     

中华鲟物种保护的历史与前景

中华鲟是在我国和朝鲜近海生长,在长江上游或珠江中游繁殖的大型溯河洄游鱼类,长江中华鲟种群的繁殖季节在10月中旬至11月上旬1、2,珠江的在3初至4月初3,二者属于不同的生态类群,但也有学者认为二者是不同的种4,60年代末,国家决定在长江中下游交界处宜昌修建葛洲坝水利枢纽(以下简称葛洲坝),由于该枢纽将阻隔中华鲟的生殖洄游通道,有关其对中华鲟资源影响的程度,以及如何采取相应的保护措施等问题,曾引起广泛的争论。       

葛洲坝下游江段中华鲟产卵场食卵鱼类资源量估算

为定量评估食卵鱼类对中华鲟资源的危害,1997－2001年间,对中华鲟产卵场所在的葛洲坝水利枢纽坝址至下游庙嘴之间长约5km的江段,进行了渔业捕捞样本抽样和解剖检测,运用体长股分析方法并结合淦获物中不同种类的相对数量比例估算出食卵鱼类资源量,研究结果表明,吞食中华鲟卵的主要有圆口铜鱼,铜鱼,瓦氏黄颡鱼等11种鱼类,其年度资源量为197487－744487尾,多年平均444822尾。     

Variation in the suitability of Chinese sturgeon spawning habitat after construction of dams on the Yangtze River

The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is an anadromous fish inhabiting the Yangtze River. Migration of Chinese sturgeon from the estuary to upper Yangtze River was blocked by Gezhou Dam, completed in 1981, and a new, much smaller, spawning ground was established below the dam. However, Three Gorges Dam began operating in 2003, altering hydrological conditions in the new spawning grounds and the impact on Chinese sturgeon reproduction was severe. The annual survey of Chinese sturgeon shows that both spawning scale and breeding population decreased during this period. To illustrate the impact of Three Gorges Dam on the spawning grounds and reproduction of Chinese sturgeon, the habitat suitability of spawning grounds on spawning day was simulated using River2D. Results show that the area of suitable spawning grounds positively correlates with the scale of reproduction and both have decreased sharply since 2003.     

长江中华鲟繁殖群体资源现状的初步研究

根据1994—1998年获得的246尾标本,对中华鲟繁殖群体的性比、性腺发育成熟个体比例、年龄结构、体长和体重特征等进行了研究。并结合历史资料,对其种群资源现状进行评价,提出了相应的资源保护措施建议。     

Assessing the effect of the Three Gorges reservoir impoundment on spawning habitat suitability of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) in Yangtze River,China

The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), a kind of maricolous anadromous migratory fish species, is endangered and protected in China. Historical spawning habitats were distributed in the lower reaches of Jinsha River and the upper reaches of Yangtze River. Since the establishment of the Gezhouba water conservancy pivot in 1981, the migratory route of Chinese sturgeon spawning was blocked. Therefore, the fish was forced to propagate in a new spawning ground which was mainly distributed in the 4-km-long mainstream from Gezhouba Dam to Miaozui in the middle Yangtze River. After water storage and power generation of the Three Gorges reservoir (TGR) in 2003, the propagation of Chinese sturgeon has been impacted gradually. According to field surveys, the fish used to spawn twice a year before TGR impoundment, but only once happened after that. Besides, the spawning scale is also declining with each passing year.In order to simulate and evaluate the effect of TGR impoundment on spawning habitats of Chinese sturgeon, with consideration of their reproductive characteristics, an eco-hydrodynamic model was established by coupling a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model and a fuzzy fish habitat module based on fuzzy logic inference. Flow fields at the studied site in an impoundment scenario and an assumed no impoundment scenario were simulated with the 2D hydrodynamic model. Afterwards, by linking hydrodynamic conditions to the expert knowledge base, the fuzzy habitat model used fuzzy logic inference to compute habitat suitability of the Chinese sturgeon. In addition, the approach was used to propose a suitable instream flow range during the propagation period for Chinese sturgeon. The results indicated that the suitable instream flow needed for Chinese sturgeon spawning in middle Yangtze River should be between 10,000 m³/s and 17,000 m³/s and it also showed that after TGR was put into pilot impoundment operation at the designed water level of 175 m, the habitat suitability has decreased significantly in October. Besides, the water temperature of spawning habitat increased to a higher level in propagation period due to the impoundment of the TGR. All these alterations have had imposed tremendous impacts on the propagation of Chinese sturgeon. Therefore, adjusting impoundment schedule of the TGR to recover the water flow over spawning habitat in October is a crucial way to improve the habitat suitability. Furthermore, the presented method also provides a theoretical basis for further research on the assessment of habitat suitability of aquatic species at a micro-habitat scale.     

Effects of damming on population sustainability of Chinese sturgeon, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser sinensis</Emphasis>: evaluation of optimal conservation measures

The numbers of spawning sites for Chinese sturgeon have been drastically reduced since the construction of the Gezhouba Dam across the Yangtze River. This dam has blocked migration of Chinese sturgeon to their historic spawning ground causing a significant decline of the Chinese sturgeon population. We conducted a VORTEX population viability analysis to estimate the sustainability of the population and to quantify the efficiency of current and alternative conservation procedures. The model predicted the observed decline of Chinese sturgeon, resulting from the effect of the Gezhouba Dam. These simulations demonstrated the potential interest of two conservation measures: increasing spawning area and reducing predation on sturgeon eggs. The simulations also demonstrated that the actual restocking program is not sufficient to sustain sturgeon population as the artificial reproduction program induce the loss of more wild mature adults that the recruitment expected by the artificial reproduction.     

长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状及水文影响条件

为了解长江中游鱼类的早期资源现状, 2017年和2018年5—7月在长江干流宜都断面开展鱼类早期资源调查, 采样网具包括弶网和圆锥网。调查期间共采集鱼卵21120粒和仔鱼2123尾。利用形态学和分子生物学等方法, 鉴定鱼类5目9科37种。其中, 鱼卵有29种, 仔鱼有27种。2017年和2018年通过宜都断面的鱼卵径流量分别为124.45×108粒和101.07×108粒, 优势种为四大家鱼和贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri); 仔鱼径流量分别为16.43×108尾和8.29×108尾, 优势种为贝氏?和寡鳞飘鱼(Pseudolanbuca engraulis)。根据发育期和流速分析, 四大家鱼鱼卵来源于三峡大坝下游至宜都断面之间的产卵场, 仔鱼来源于三峡大坝以上的产卵场。与2009—2010年相比, 2017—2018年通过宜都断面的鱼卵径流量增大了85.3%, 尤其是四大家鱼的鱼卵径流量与2005—2012年相比增加了约13倍。冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis, RDA)结果显示, 流量和流量日变化对产漂流性鱼卵密度有影响。研究结果表明, 2017—2018年仍有大量的鱼卵和仔鱼补充到长江中游江段。与历史数据相比, 三峡大坝下游宜昌江段鱼类产卵规模有明显的增加, 可能与长江中游四大家鱼亲鱼增殖放流和生态调度等保护措施的实施有关。为了更加有效地保护长江中游的鱼类资源, 建议除了已经逐步实施的长江全面禁渔措施之外, 还应恢复江湖连通, 保护和修复长江中游河漫滩生境, 继续开展重要经济鱼类亲本放流, 以及开展生态调度。     

Biology and life history of Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, in the Yangtze River

Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, is a relatively small (130 cm, 16 kg) and now rare sturgeon restricted to the Yangtze River Basin. It behaves as a resident freshwater fish, does not undertake long distance migrations (except for spawning), and lives in a variety of habitats. It historically spawned in the upper Yangtze River, but the spawning sites are unknown. Acipenser dabryanus reaches maturity earlier than do other Chinese sturgeons, which gives the species aquaculture potential, and artificial spawning has been carried out. However, the native population in the Yangtze has sharply declined in the last two decades due to overfishing, pollution and habitat alteration and destruction, especially since the construction of the Gezhouba Dam, which was built in 1981 across the Yangtze River at Yichang, Hubei Province. Since 1981, Dabry's sturgeon rarely occurs below the Gezhouba Dam because downstream movements are blocked. Clearly, conservation of Dabry's sturgeon must be emphasized. Conservation methods may include protecting habitats, controlling capture and stock replenishment.     

Potential causes of habitat degradation and spawning time delay of the Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)

In fish conservation, it is important to simulate fish habitat suitability and determine the potential impact on habitat quality and species behavior. This study analyzed the impact of several hydraulic projects on fish habitat quality and spawning time by numerical modeling. The case study involved the only Chinese sturgeon spawning site in the Yangtze River, China. Four habitat assessment indexes reflected both habitat quality and spatial characteristics, including fragmentation and connectivity. Previous studies did not simulate the water temperature impact on the fish habitat; spawning time delay was attributed to water temperature increases and discharge decreases. The results of the present study showed that the water temperature increase from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) impoundment primarily caused the habitat degradation and spawning time delay. The effect of the water temperature increase on the degradation of average habitat suitability was eight times that of a decrease in discharge. A 25-day delay in the water temperature trend line was significantly correlated with a 26-day delay in the first spawning date. A decrease in discharge after TGR impoundment did not cause the spawning date delay. The Dike Project mainly impacted spawning site connectivity. Controlling the water temperature of the released water discharge is the most important means of conserving the wild Chinese sturgeon. This research can benefit other regions considering hydraulic projects by identifying potential factors impacting fish habitat quality and overall ecosystem health.