大亚湾杨梅坑人工鱼礁区生态系统健康评价

以大亚湾杨梅坑人工鱼礁区海域2007～2009年间6个航次生态环境调查数据为基础,运用所建立的生态系统健康综合评价模型对该海域生态系统健康状况进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:(1)人工鱼礁区生态系统健康综合指数平均为0.794,生态系统健康总体状况处于较健康水平;(2)投礁后人工鱼礁区生态系统的健康状况明显提高,6个航次生态系统健康综合指数分别为0.713、0.807、0.830、0.841、0.759、0.815;(3)不同季节,生态系统健康水平呈现一定变化,总体以春、夏季节健康状况略优于秋、冬季节:(4)影响该海区生态系统健康的主要因素为海水总无机氮和沉积物无机碳。研究结果对于人工鱼礁区生态系统的管理、保护和规划具有参考意义。     

海州湾人工鱼礁海域春、夏季浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

根据2009年5月和8月海州湾人工鱼礁建设海域水化学和浮游生物调查资料,对浮游植物群落结构进行了研究,并运用灰色关联分析方法对浮游植物丰度与环境因子的关系进行相关性分析。结果表明,海州湾浮游植物群落组成以硅藻为主;浮游植物丰度的时间分布以夏季平均丰度为3.06×106 cells／m^3,高于春季的3.12×104 cells／m^3;空间分布表现为鱼礁区高于对照区,以夏季鱼礁区站点R5的7.97×106cells／m^3最高,其次为夏季R3的7.53×106cells／m^3;对群落多样性的研究表明,春、夏两季鱼礁区香农一威纳指数（H＇）均值均高于对照区;春季影响浮游植物丰度的主要环境因子依次为：可溶性无机氮（DIP）、BOD5和悬浮物（SS）,而活性硅酸盐（SiO3-Si）、活性磷酸盐（PO4-P）和BOD5对夏季浮游植物丰度影响较大。     

海州湾人工鱼礁二期工程海域大型底栖生物初步研究

2005、2007、2008年每年2月、5月和8月按《海洋监测规范》中大型底栖动物调查方法,分别对海州湾人工鱼礁二期工程施工海域(34°52′~30°55′N、119°25′34″~119°26′34″E)采用阿氏拖网进行了调查。监测结果显示,底栖动物的种类数较投放前有所增加;底栖动物年均总生物量逐年降低,2005年(1.0016g/m2)>2007年(0.9681g/m2)>2008年(0.7327g/m2);底栖生物群落生物多样性指数(H′)和丰富度(d)年均值呈逐年上升趋势,并且具有明显的季节性变化,春季最高,夏季次之,秋季最低;投礁前夏季的底栖动物的群落处于稳定状态而投礁后处于中度扰动状态。监测结果表明,鱼礁工程建设已经对投礁海域的底栖动物种类数、总生物量、多样性指数以及群落稳定性产生了一定程度的影响。     

莱州湾金城海域鱼礁投放后大型底栖动物群落变化

为研究莱州湾金城海域人工鱼礁对大型底栖动物的影响,2009-2012年对鱼礁区与对照区的大型底栖动物进行了9次调查,研究底栖动物种类组成、群落结构、种类相似性、生物量、丰度以及多样性的变化和群落稳定性.结果表明:人工鱼礁区与对照区共采集到大型底栖动物4门30科35种,其中鱼礁区30种,对照区27种.调查海域站点按照鱼礁投放与否可分为两个不同的群落,造成群落分组的首要贡献种为浮游生物食者.鱼礁区与对照区种类相似性由鱼礁投放后第一年的37.5％提高到第二年的58.6％.鱼礁区底栖动物生物量由第一年的1.00 g·m-2增加到第二年的1.55 g·m-2,差异显著;丰度由540 ind·m-2增至622ind·m-2.鱼礁区底栖动物的生物量和丰度均高于对照区.与对照区相比,鱼礁投放后鱼礁区Shannon指数、丰富度指数有所升高,均匀度指数有所降低.丰度/生物量比较(ABC)曲线表明,鱼礁投放后第二年底栖动物群落的扰动较第一年更为明显,说明人工鱼礁投放早期(1～2年)大型底栖动物群落还处于一个被扰动状态.莱州湾金城海域鱼礁投放后大型底栖动物群落变化主要受到物理、化学、生物以及人类活动的影响.     

大亚湾浮游植物群落特征

于2002年冬、春、夏和秋季对大亚湾浮游植物进行采样调查,分析了浮游植物的种类组成、丰度、优势种、多样性及群落结构的季节变化特征和平面分布特征。并讨论了浮游植物与营养盐、水温及环流等环境因子之间的关系。2002年大亚湾浮游植物共鉴定出48属114种(包括变型和变种),丰度范围在5.79×104~5.37×106cells/m3之间,平均值为1.14×106cells/m3。其中硅藻共37属84种,其种数和细胞丰度都占绝对优势,平均丰度为1.08×106cells/m3,其次为甲藻,9属23种,平均丰度为9.91×104cells/m3。此外还鉴定出蓝藻和金藻。大亚湾浮游植物丰度变化呈单一周期型,春夏季高,秋冬季节低。虽然硅藻的丰度占优势,但秋季硅藻丰度降低(占总丰度75.8%)使甲藻和蓝藻所占比例上升。研究得出春夏季大亚湾浮游植物主要以沿岸暖水性种类为主,秋季和冬季除沿岸暖水种之外,广布种和大洋种也较多,尤其在冬季后者占优势。大亚湾浮游植物优势种类多,不同季节既有交叉又有演替。与以往调查资料相比,部分优势种发生变化,优势程度顺序和细胞丰度发生了一定改变,个体较大的细胞丰度优势逐渐增加。另外,受季风、潮流、地理位置及人类活动影响,大亚湾浮游植物丰度和群落结构有一定的季节和平面分布特征。大亚湾浮游植物的多样性在夏季偏低,尤其在大亚湾核电站和大鹏澳养殖区附近表现明显。大亚湾浮游植物的丰度、种数、优势种演替及群落结构等其它群落特征与营养盐尤其是氮、磷和N/P、水温、环流等环境因子密切相关。     

象山港人工鱼礁区的网采浮游植物群落组成及其与环境因子的关系

根据2010年1月(冬)、4月(春)、7月(夏)和11月(秋)对象山港人工鱼礁区及其邻近海域的网采浮游植物样品,共鉴定出浮游植物8门74属220种,主要由硅藻(168种)和甲藻(38种)组成。春、秋、冬季全区浮游植物丰度(分别为67.85、65.88和56.77×104个/m3)显著高于夏季(7.19×104个/m3),优势种主要有琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus jonesianus)、大洋角管藻(Cerataulina pelagica)、洛氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros lorenzianus)和罗氏角毛藻(C.lauderi)等,其中琼氏圆筛藻为全年的优势种,且在春、冬季为该海域的绝对优势种。浮游植物群落参数(丰度、chl a浓度、种类数、Shannon-Wiener多样性、Pielou均匀度和Margalef丰富度等指数)和环境因子(温度、盐度、透明度、pH值、DO、悬浮物、DIN、PO4-P和SiO3-Si浓度)均存在极显著的季节变化(P<0.001),但区域(鱼礁区与对照区)间基本无显著差异。聚类、多维尺度和相似性分析结果也表明,浮游植物群落组成存在显著季节差异(P=0.001),但区域间无显著差异。可见,人工鱼礁投放对网采浮游植物群落无显著影响。究其原因:(1)可能是该海域人工鱼礁投放数量不多,仅有230个水泥鱼礁体(共5000空立方),建礁时间也较短,导致其生态效应在短期内难以显著体现;(2)对照区与人工鱼礁区的距离较近,且采样站位均靠近岛屿,潮流和岛屿对浮游植物的影响可能超过了人工鱼礁投放对其的影响。典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)显示,影响浮游植物群落的主要因子依次为温度、营养盐、盐度和悬浮物。     

大亚湾人工鱼礁附着生物的初步研究

1988年8月至1989年7月在大亚湾鱼礁区进行附着生物调查研究,记录79种生物,大约有82.7％的生物种类是鱼礁区鱼虾的饵料生物(包括35种不带壳和32种带壳的饵料生物),有17.3％的生物种类为非饵料生物。礁区附着生物种类多,附着量大,生长迅速,投礁半年后100％被生物覆盖,附着厚度30mm,附着量达17.487kg/m~2。礁区生物一年四季都能繁殖附着,主要附着期4—10月,高峰期7、8、9三个月,是投礁的最佳时间。     

基于Ecopath模型的荣成俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统结构和功能评价

基于2009年在荣成俚岛人工鱼礁区进行的周年生物资源调查数据,构建了俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统生态通道模型(Ecopath),系统分析了俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统的能量流动规律和系统结构特征.该模型由19个功能组构成,基本涵盖了俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统能量流动的主要过程,根据礁区调查出现的鱼类与鱼礁的对应位置关系划分功能组,并引入浮游异养细菌功能组.结果表明:礁区调查出现的鱼类可划分成7个功能组,系统中各功能组的营养级在1.00 ～ 3.72级,其中,礁区I型鱼类处于最高营养级;系统总流量为10786.68t·km-2·a-1,其中,27％流向碎屑,17％以捕捞和沉积的形式流出系统;系统的总初级生产力为4131.97 t· km-2·a-1;系统的总能量转换效率为10.5％,流量中来自碎屑的比例为39％,61％直接来源于初级生产者,能流通道以牧食食物链为主导;系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸量为1.84,系统连接指数为0.20,Finn循环指数为4.5％,能流平均路径为2.62.俚岛人工鱼礁区生态系统当前的成熟度和稳定性较低,是一个正处于发育阶段的生态系统,系统抵抗外界干扰的能力较弱,鱼礁区的生态环境和渔业产出在年际间会出现一定波动,人工鱼礁对生态环境的修复作用需要继续养护才能得以实现.     

人工鱼礁建设对浙江嵊泗海域营养盐与水质的影响

根据2003-2007年对嵊泗人工鱼礁海域11个航次调查所获得的实验数据,运用鱼礁区和对照区相比较的方法,分析了该海域不同季节氮、磷营养盐和水质在投放人工鱼礁后的变化,并对海域水质状况进行评价。结果表明,无机氮大多数处于阈值范围或低于最小阈值,活性磷酸盐含量则严重超标,N/P值范围为0.6280-14.8273,嵊泗海域处于氮限制,溶解氧不成为该海域浮游生物的生长限制因子。投放人工鱼礁后,生态效应不能在短期里得以体现,鱼礁区的水质情况要好于对照区,海域对P的富集强度大于N,人工鱼礁建设对再生生产力影响较大,对新生产力的贡献很小。       

环境因子对大亚湾人工鱼礁上附着生物分布的影响

通过对深圳大亚湾人工鱼礁区7个月(2008-04～2008-10)挂板实验,同时监测相应的环境因子指标.以附着生物丰度数据进行了除趋势对应分析(DCA),并根据附着生物丰度数据和7个环境因子进行了典范对应分析(CCA).共鉴定出附着生物54种,物种鉴定结果表明实验试板上的常见种有华美盘管虫 (Hydroides elegans)、三角藤壶( Balanus trigonus)、细肋肌蛤(Musculus mirandus)等.DCA种类排序图可明显地看出每种附着生物都有自己的分布中心和分布区域;CCA分析结果表明深度、透明度、溶解氧是影响附着生物群落变化的最主要环境因子,其次是盐度和温度.CCA排序图较好地反映了人工鱼礁上附着生物分布与各环境因子的相互关系.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.