普通齿蛉幼虫的呼吸系统及呼吸行为

研究了普通齿蛉Neoneuromus ignobilis Navás幼虫的呼吸系统及其呼吸行为。结果表明:普通齿蛉幼虫为全气门式(10对气门)呼吸系统,前中胸、中后胸之间、腹部8节各有1对气门,腹部8节各有气管鳃1对,前6对细短,管状,有较短绒毛,后2对气管鳃较粗长,呈羽毛状。腹部1～7节各有1对毛簇,第8腹节无毛簇。侧纵干气管较粗,4束,自前胸前缘部分成左右2组,每组两根侧纵干气管,向胸腹部延伸,二级气管分别伸达各个气门和毛簇,腹部每节由毛簇处的二级气管分支而来的三级气管相连或延伸至消化道等处。气管鳃中无气管。有毛簇呼吸、气门呼吸和体壁呼吸3种呼吸方式,在水中以毛簇呼吸为主,在陆上进行气门呼吸和体壁呼吸。     

昆虫纲八个常见目肺结构的普遍性验证

昆虫的肺是由加拿大昆虫学家Locke提出的, 这是昆虫生理学领域的一个新概念。本文从组织学和解剖学方面研究了8个目37个科的62种昆虫中肺的结构。结果表明: 代表种棉大卷叶螟Sylepta derogata及粘虫Leucania separata蛹和成虫无肺结构。在鳞翅目幼虫中肺普遍存在, 且随着由低等向高等进化, 肺结构也表现出一个由不太清楚到清楚, 最后到十分清楚的进化过程。直翅目、螳螂目、同翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目和膜翅目蜜蜂科的这些常见种的若（幼）虫虽没有明显肺结构, 但其气管表现出由简单到复杂的进化趋势; 膜翅目叶蜂科幼虫的气管具有肺功能。在这8个常见目中肺呈现出一个由无到有的进化趋势。     

一种鉴别斜纹夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

叙述了一种通过外部特征,快速判断斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)蛹、成虫性别的方法。蛹期的主要判断标准为雌雄生殖器官的差异分布:雄蛹第7腹节与第8腹节分界处平滑,外生殖器分布于第9腹节腹面中央,为连接两半圆状瘤状突起;雌蛹第7腹节与第8腹节分界线处不平滑,外生殖器为紧挨第8腹节。综上所述,可以以第7、8腹节分界处是否平滑以及是否有突起作为判断雌雄的标准。成虫期雌雄鉴别则表现在外观和结构上的差异:雄蛾翅面斑纹的外缘线与外横线之间有一明显的灰蓝色条纹,雌蛾则没有,雄蛾腹部狭长且末端有一圈黄色长毛簇,雌蛾腹部较为浑圆,末端毛簇较短。以此标准所建立的斜纹夜蛾雌雄的快速鉴别方法,对于识别田间性比、预测种群动态,斜纹夜蛾人工养殖具有重要作用。     

冬虫夏草寄主蒲氏钩蝠蛾幼虫的毛序

蒲氏钩蝠蛾Thitarodes pui(Zhang et al.)幼虫是冬虫夏草的寄主昆虫,本文首次对其幼虫毛序进行观察。结果表明,蒲氏钩蝠蛾幼虫头壳刚毛数量、相对位置与多数蝠蛾昆虫一致,但比拉脊钩蝠蛾少了2对刚毛;蒲氏钩蝠蛾幼虫前胸节也比拉脊钩蝠蛾少1对微腹毛;第2、第3胸节毛序相似,均缺失前背毛而多了微背毛、微亚背毛;除第9、第10节外,所有腹节的背毛、侧毛、亚背毛排列是一致的,但是在有足腹节中,亚腹毛为3对,其它腹节亚腹毛仅有2对;除第1和第2腹节具2对微腹毛外,其它腹节微腹毛仅1对,这些微腹毛在排列、长度上均存在一定的差异。     

胚后发育期臭腹腺蝗中的血细胞种类

应用血球计数器统计了胚后发育期臭腹腺蝗Zonocerus variegatus中存在的血细胞类型和数目。从1龄幼虫至成虫的发育阶段中共观察到6种血细胞类型,即原血细胞 （PRS）、 浆血细胞 （PLS）、粒细胞 （GRS）、珠血细胞 （SPS）、绛色细胞（OES） 和adipohaemocytes （ADS）。不过,在1龄幼虫期未发现OES。在这6种血细胞中,PLS的总平均数最高,OES的总平均数最低。成虫期的血细胞数目显著高于其他发育阶段（P<0.05）,而1龄幼虫和2龄幼虫期的血细胞数目不存在显著差异（P>0.05）。     

一种快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

【目的】柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton是柑橘重要害虫,本研究拟建立一种快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫性别的简易方法。【方法】利用体视显微镜观察、拍照记录柑橘潜叶蛾蛹和成虫的腹部末端形态特征并进行比较分析,待蛹羽化后进行解剖验证结果。【结果】与柑橘潜叶蛾雄蛹相比,雌蛹的第7腹节下缘分界线不明显,生殖孔和肛门分别在第8腹节和第10腹节,而雄蛹的第7腹节下缘分界线明显,生殖孔在第9腹节,肛门在第10腹节。柑橘潜叶蛾雌成虫腹部末端呈圆筒形,而雄成虫腹部末端相对尖细;轻轻按压成虫腹部,雌蛾在末端伸出部分的两侧有黑斑,而雄蛾在末端伸出部分的两侧没有黑斑,但有一对长毛簇,在伸出的同时散开。该方法能快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫的性别,其准确率为100%。【结论】通过比较柑橘潜叶蛾雌雄蛹生殖孔及肛门的位置,可以准确区分雌雄蛹;轻压并观察雌雄成虫腹部伸出末端黑斑或长毛簇的有无可有效区分成虫性别。     

异斑酷大蚕蛾幼虫、蛹和成虫的性别鉴定

本文描述了一种准确、快速鉴定异斑酷大蚕蛾末龄幼虫、蛹和成虫性别的方法。通过对蛹和成虫性别特征比较可知,雌虫生殖孔位于第8和第9腹节,且第8腹节不愈合,雄虫生殖孔仅位于第9腹节上,且生殖孔两侧有瘤状突起。雌性末龄幼虫头壳的蜕裂线附近浅色区域较多,雄性浅色区域较少,且雌性后唇基区域的颜色较雄性更浅。雌雄成虫差异较大,雄虫触角羽状,前翅一般无透明斑或透明斑很小;雌虫为近丝状的羽状触角,前翅有3个较大且连续排列的透明斑。经过对30对雌雄蛹的测量后,发现在蛹长、蛹宽与蛹重等体型数据上,雌雄蛹之间都存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。     

雷氏黄萤幼虫呼吸系统和呼吸行为

研究雷氏黄萤Luciola leii Fu and Ballantyne幼虫的呼吸系统及其呼吸行为。结果表明:雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸系统中只有气管无气囊。前胸、中胸和后胸均分布有气门,无气管鳃,腹部1~8节分布有气门和气管鳃,气门腔基部和气管鳃基部相连,呈"√"状,气管鳃内气管与气门气管相连通。雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸行为分为3种:利用胸部气门呼吸、腹部气门呼吸和气管鳃呼吸,其中以腹部气门呼吸为主。     

苹果蠹蛾不同虫态体征及雌雄个体的快速鉴别方法

【目的】通过对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella (L.)不同虫态的形态特征进行识别描述和定量观测,比较分析并研究提出苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫雌雄个体的快速、准确鉴别特征与方法。【方法】利用体式显微镜拍照、测量记录苹果蠹蛾不同虫态雌雄个体间的形态特征、体征参数等。【结果】苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄性腹节背面有明显肾形斑,雌性无斑。蛹雌雄个体的体征差异:雄蛹腹面翅尖后有4条明显体节线,第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,裂缝两侧各有一半圆形的瘤状突起;而雌蛹翅尖后有3条明显体节线,第8腹节腹面前缘有一纵裂缝,与腹节线相连形成类似"Y"形,裂缝两侧平坦无突起。成虫雌雄个体的体征差异:雄虫前翅反面中室后缘有一黑褐色条斑,雌虫无此条斑;雄虫腹部狭长,抱器瓣常开张,呈钳状,雌虫腹部圆筒状,末端较细。【结论】研究结果揭示了苹果蠹蛾老熟幼虫、蛹及成虫等不同虫态雌雄个体间的体征差异,比较研究并提出了便于快速鉴别雌雄个体的典型特征和识别方法。     

黄翅绢野螟蛹和成虫雌雄形态的快速鉴定

报道一种通过外部形态特征迅速、准确判断黄翅绢野螟蛹和成虫雌雄的方法。观察对比131头黄翅绢野螟蛹和120头成虫腹部形态特征发现:雌蛹第8腹节中央有一条由生殖孔和产卵孔连接组成的纵裂缝,生殖孔与第7腹节后缘相连,裂缝两侧无明显突起,与肛门裂缝之间的距离显著大于雄蛹,腹部末端着生8根毛钩,分节明显,呈"八"字形凹陷;雄蛹生殖孔位于第9腹节,裂缝两侧各有一半圆形瘤状突起,腹部末端也着生8根毛钩,但分节不明显。雌成虫腹部浑圆,末端具黄色毛簇;雄成虫腹部狭长,末端具黑色毛簇。以此标准建立的黄翅绢野螟雌雄快速鉴别方法,对于识别田间性比、预测种群动态、人工饲养及生物学特性研究等具有重要作用。     

The probable significance of tracheal tufts in the 8th abdominal segment of Heliothis virescens (F.) on the development of its parasitoid, Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck)

The 8th abdominal segment of Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) larvae contains aerating trachea and tracheole tufts that end in the hemocoel of the 8th segment, unlike the tracheae that invade tissues in other segments. These tracheal tufts from the 8th abdominal segment extend to the tokus region, which along with the telson cavity is known to act as a “lung” for hemocytes in Calpodes ethlius and a few other lepidopteran larvae. The goal of this research was to study the effects of these tracheal tufts in the 8th abdominal segment on parasitoid development inside the host larvae, H. virescens. The first objective was to determine if the eggs of the parasitoid, Toxoneuron nigriceps, are predominantly located among the tracheal tufts of the 8th abdominal segment compared to other body cavity regions irrespective of their oviposition site or the position of the host larvae. The results showed that several hours after oviposition most of the eggs are found in the 8th abdominal segment irrespective of the oviposition site or the position of the host larvae. The second objective was to study the effect of varying oxygen concentrations in vitro on various developmental stages of the egg. The results showed that decreasing oxygen concentrations adversely affects the parasitoid egg development in vitro. A third objective was to determine the oxygen concentration in 8th abdominal segment of the host larvae and compare it to other regions of the body using an oxygen sensor placed in vivo. The results suggested relatively high concentration of oxygen in the 8th abdominal segment compared to other regions of the host, thus supporting our hypothesis that the increased oxygen level in the 8th abdominal segment is important to the development of the parasitoid eggs.     

Caterpillars have evolved lungs for hemocyte gas exchange

Since insect blood usually lacks oxygen-carrying pigments it has always been assumed that respiratory needs are met by diffusion in the gas-filled lumen of their tracheal systems. Outside air enters the tracheal system through segmentally arranged spiracles, diffuses along tubes of cuticle secreted by tracheal epithelia and then to tissues through tracheoles, thin walled cuticle tubes that penetrate between cells. The only recognized exceptions have been blood cells (hemocytes), which are not tracheated because they float in the hemolymph. In caterpillars, anoxia has an effect on the structure of the hemocytes and causes them to be released from tissues and to accumulate on thin walled tracheal tufts near the 8th (last) pair of abdominal spiracles. Residence in the tufts restores normal structure. Hemocytes also adhere to thin-walled tracheae in the tokus compartment at the tip of the abdomen. The specialized tracheal system of the 8th segment and tokus may therefore be a lung for hemocytes, a novel concept in insect physiology. Thus, although as a rule insect tracheae go to tissues, this work shows that hemocytes go to tracheae.     

Fine structure of the hemocytes and nephrocytes of Argas (Persicargas) arboreus (Ixodoidea: Argasidae)

The fine structure of the hemocytes and nephrocytes in Argas (Persicargas) arboreus is described and compared with that of similar cells in other tick species and insects. The hemocytes are of three types: prohemocytes, with a relatively undifferentiated cytoplasm lacking granular inclusions and probably serving as progenitors of the other hemolymph cell types; plasmatocytes, containing abundant mitochondria, cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and free ribosomes, as well as some small granular inclusions; granulocytes, the predominant cell type in the hemolymph, containing numerous granules of variable electron density and maturity, and pseudopodia-like processes on the cell surface. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes are phagocytic and possibly also have other functions in the tick body. Cells with intermediate features appear to be in a stage of transition from plasmatocyte to granulocyte. Nephrocytes contain vacuoles enclosing fibrillar material, some electrondense granules, and moderate amounts of the active organelles—mitochondria, RER, and ribosomes. The nephrocyte is surrounded by a basal lamina and its plasma membrane infolds to form many deep invaginations coated by a fine fibrillar material. Openings to these invaginations are closed by membranous diaphragms. Coated tubular elements connect the surface invaginations with large coated vesicles, which appear to be specialized for internalization of proteins from the hemolymph. The dense granules may represent an advanced stage of condensation of ingested protein and thus may be lysosomal residual bodies, or they may develop by accumulation of secretory products.     

Tracheation of abdominal ganglia and cerci in the house cricket Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera,Gryllidae)

Patterns of tracheation in the abdominal central nervous system and the cerci of Acheta domesticus are described from whole mounts, and light and electron microscopy. The tracheal supply of the ganglia is derived from ventral longitudinal tracheal trunks which have segmental connections to the spiracels. Each abdominal ganglion is served by a single pair of tracheal trunks, except the terminal ganglion, which has two pairs. Within the ganglia, tracheoles occur principally in association with glia-rich areas of the neuropile. We suggest that the respiratory exchange may be concentrated in the cell bodies of neurons and glia. Each cercus has a tracheal supply in paralle with a large air sac which, it is suggested, serves to lighten the cercus, functions as a resonator for sound reception, or facilitates tidal flow of hemolymph and postecdysial expansion of the cercus. No tracheae run continuously between ganglia or between the terminal ganglion and the cerci, and they do not appear to have a potential role as a contact guidance pathway for cercal nerve growth.     

The structure and function of the gill tufts in larval Amphipterygidae (Odonata:zygoptera)

Larvae of the subfamily Amphipteryginae (Odonata) bear a tuft of tracheal gills on either side of the anus. The two tufts are derived from the laminae sub-anales, and are protected by the non-respiratory epiproct and paraprocts, and by plates derived from the cerci, lamina supra-analis or the lamina sub-analis itself. Each is approximately 1 mm long in mature larvae and comprises a series of repeatedly branching filaments, the terminal twigs of which are 5 to 10 μ in diameter. The total surface area of the tufts is approximately 5.0 mm² in mature larvae of Devadatta, and more in the larvae of Pentaphlebia and Rimanella. Each tuft is connected by a large trachea to the longitudinal tracheal trunk. This large trachea divides many times, eventually forming a dense palisade of tracheoles in the epidermis of the filaments, immediately beneath the thin investing cuticle.     

The hemocytes of Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Five hemocyte types were identified in the hemolymph of Panstrongylus megistus by phase contrast and common light microscopy using some histochemical methods. These are: Prohemocytes, small cells presenting a great nucleus/cytoplasm ratio; Plasmatocytes, the most numerous hemocytes, are polymorphic cells mainly characterized by a large amount of lysosomes; Granulocytes, hemocytes very similar to plasmatocytes which contain cytoplasmic granules and are especially rich in polysaccharides; Oenocytoids, cells presenting a small nucleus and a thick cytoplasm; they show many small round vacuoles when observed in Giemsa smears and many cytoplasmic granules under phase microscopy; Adipohemocytes, very large hemocytes, presenting many fat droplet inclusions which could correspond to free fat bodies which entered the hemolymph. Only prohemocytes and plasmatocytes can be clearly classified; all the other hemocyte types have a more ambiguous classification.     

Ultrastructural studies of the hemocytes of Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Ultrastructural analyses revealed the presence of six hemocyte types in the hemolymph of Panstrongylus megistus, partially confirming our previous results obtained through light microscopy. Prohemocytes: small, round hemocytes with a thin cytoplasm layer, especially rich in free ribosomes and poor in membranous systems. Plasmatocytes: polymorphic cells, whose cytoplasm contains many lysosomes and a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). They are extremely phagocytic. Sometimes, they show a large vacuolation. Granulocytes: granular hemocytes whose granules show different degrees of electrodensity. Most of them, have an internal structuration. Coagulocytes: oval or elongated hemocytes, which show pronounced perinuclear cisternae as normally observed in coagulocytes. The cytoplasm is usually electrodense, poor in membranous systems and contains many labile granules. Oenocytoids: large and very stable hemocytes, whose homogeneous cytoplasm is rich in loose ribosomes and poor in membranous systems. Adipohemocytes: large cells, containing several characteristic lipid droplets. The cytoplasm is also rich in glycogen, RER and large mitochondria. The total and differential hemocyte count (THC and DHC) were also calculated for this reduviid. THC increases from 2,900 hemocytes/mm3 of hemolymph in the 4th instar to 4,350 in the 5th and then, decreases to 1,950 in the adults. Plasmatocytes and coagulocytes are the predominant hemocyte types.     

EPR detection of reactive oxygen species in hemolymph of Galleria mellonella and Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Lepidoptera) larvae.

The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hemolymph and hemocytes of Galleria mellonella and Dendrolimus superans sibiricus larvae was studied by ESR spectroscopy using spin-trap 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-pyrrolidine (CP-H). The background level of ROS formation was detected in the intact hemolymph. The addition of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) into free cells of the hemolymph increased CP-H oxidation about two times for G. mellonella and about four times for D. superans sibiricus. This increase was completely inhibited by a specific inhibitor of phenoloxidase, phenylthiourea. The presence of exogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not change CP-H oxidation in the hemolymph. The data obtained in hemocytes showed only a DOPA-induced increase in CP-H oxidation. Phagocytosis activators did not affect ROS formation in hemocytes of both insect species. SOD decreased DOPA-induced CP-H oxidation 20-30% in suspension of hemocytes of D. superans sibiricus only. Our results are in agreement with the contribution of superoxide radical and DOPA-derived quinones/semiquinones in the immune response of insects.