广东大亚湾七种腹毛类纤毛虫(原生动物,纤毛门)的形态学研究

利用活体观察和蛋白银染色技术对采自广东大亚湾沿岸水体的7个南海新纪录种:紧缩全列虫Holosticha diademata(Rees,1883)Kahl,1932、缩颈半腹柱虫Hemigastrostyla enigmatica(Dragesco & Dragesco-Kernéis,1986)Song&Wilbert,1997、念珠腹棘虫Gastrocirrhus monilifer(Ozaki & Yagiu,1942)Curds & Wu,1983、四核舍太虫Certesia quadrinudeata Fabre-Domergue,1885、斯特后尾柱虫Metaurostylopsis struederkypkeae Shao et al.,2008、盐尖毛虫Oxytricha saltans(Cohn,1866)Kahl,1932、小心毛虫Caryotricha minuta(Xu et al.,2008)Miao et al.,2009等腹毛类纤毛虫进行了形态学再研究,补充了有关活体形态学、纤毛图式以及性状变异等分类学新信息.结果显示,该7种的南海种群与我国北方海域种群之间存在不同程度的形态学差异.     

红色角毛虫的形态学和形态发生过程的研究

观察并描述了上海采集到的红色角毛虫的形态结构和形态发生过程。发现形态发生时虫体分别于前、后两个区域发生前、后两个口围带原基,并且由同一个体分裂而成的前,后两个仔虫内,额、腹、横棘毛和缘棘毛的分化并不完全相同,以至造成两个仔虫上棘毛的数目和缘棘毛的列数有明显差异。根据红色角毛虫的形态结构及其形态发生中的一些不够稳定的特点,推测它可能是一种还处于分化中的腹毛类纤毛虫。     

红色伪角毛虫的形态学重描述及与相近种的比较(纤毛门,腹毛目)

利用活体观察、蛋白银染色技术对1种海水腹毛目纤毛虫-红色伪角毛虫Pseudokeronopsis rubra的青岛种群之活体形态和纤毛图式做了研究.其特征如下:虫体呈长带状,尾钝圆,身体柔软,高度可曲;皮层颗粒棕黄色,主要呈玫瑰花形分布,其余散布;表膜下具另1种无色、双面凹形颗粒.口围带小膜数为48～55;左、右缘棘毛各1列,中腹棘毛排成典型的锯齿状并延伸至横棘毛附近;额棘毛无明确分化,呈冠状排布并与中腹棘毛列相连续;口棘毛1根,额前棘毛2根;背触毛4列.大核90～140枚.伸缩泡位于体后左侧1/3处.经比较表明,尽管纤毛图式高度相似,P.rubra仍可以很容易地依据体色、伸缩泡的位置、皮层颗粒的大小、颜色、排布等活体特征与相近种区分.说明活体观察在纤毛虫种类鉴定中具有十分重要的作用.     

甘肃农田四种土壤腹毛类纤毛虫（纤毛门， 旋毛纲，腹毛亚纲）的形态学研究

利用非淹没培养皿法、活体观察法和蛋白银染色法,对采自甘肃临夏县和会宁县农田土壤的4种腹毛类纤毛虫,即柠檬管膜虫(Cyrtohymena citrina)、背触毛拟腹柱虫(Gastrostylides dorsicirratus)、沙栖蠕形尖毛虫(Vermioxytricha arenicola)和半残毛虫属一种(Hemisincirra sp.)进行了研究。结果表明,柠檬管膜虫、背触毛拟腹柱虫和沙栖蠕形尖毛虫为中国纤毛虫分布新记录种。半残毛虫属一种因缺失相关分类学、细胞发生学和分子学信息,此处暂作为未定名种处理。文中对4种纤毛虫的形态学特征进行了详细描述和讨论。     

利用RAPD技术对三种伪角毛虫及五种全列虫(原生动物,纤毛虫)的属间及属内关系探讨

利用11种随机引物对腹毛类纤毛虫中两个相近属内8个海洋种(3种伪角毛虫和5种全列虫)进行了种间及种内关系的RAPD分析,所得清晰条带显示种间均具有明显的差异.计算和比较了种群间、同属种间及不同属间的相似性指数.利用RAPDistance软件构建的邻接(NJ)树表明:伪角毛虫属与全列虫属之间能很好地分开,而不同种群间表现了很好的同源性.本工作表明RAPD技术可以很可靠的用来区分形态相似种,同时也表明RAPD分析在纤毛虫属间水平的系统关系推定中存在一定的适用性.     

四种淡水缘毛类纤毛虫的形态学研究

通过活体显微观察及银染法对采自武汉东湖的4种固着缘毛类纤毛虫: 粗茎睫纤虫Ophrydium crassicaule Penard, 1922, 念珠伪钟虫Pseudovorticella monilata (Tatem, 1870) Foissner & Schiffmann, 1974, 垂盖虫Opercularia nutans (Ehrenberg, 1831) Stein, 1854和一个鞘居虫未定种Vaginicola sp.的活体、纤毛图式、银线系以及细胞核的形态学特征进行详细的描述, 补充和完善了缘毛类纤毛虫的形态学资料, 为纤毛虫分类和系统发育学的研究提供重要信息。此外, 首次在伪钟虫中观察到有性生殖现象, 为纤毛虫生殖进化的研究提供了基础资料。     

西藏三种苔藓栖生纤毛虫的形态和系统发育分析

本研究利用活体观察和蛋白银染色方法对采自西藏日喀则和那曲的3种苔藓栖生纤毛虫,鬃异源棘尾虫(Tetmemena pustulata)、棘毛虫未定种(Sterkiella sp.)和殖口虫未定种(Gonostomum sp.)进行了形态学研究,描述了活体、核器以及纤毛图式等形态学特征.同时,测定了这3种纤毛虫的SSU r...     

关于“腹毛虫一种新的无性生殖过程”的讨论——腹毛虫暴食现象全过程的连续观察

许多年来,我们在腹毛类纤毛虫棘尾虫Stylonychia mytilas的培养过程中,时常见到有些体积特大的虫体内部,除原有两个大核外,出现了大小不同的超额“大核”,有时在这些超额大核的外围还有一团近似另一虫体的细胞质。甚至有时棘尾虫被撑破,这些近似虫体的东西脱落了出来,之后有的可以活泼游走,有的则形成包囊。这些象很类似于Curds(1966)在同属于腹毛类的织毛虫Histriculus vorax上所见到的,而他认为是“内出     

青岛沿海七种腹毛类纤毛虫的形态学研究(原生动物,纤毛门)

借助活体观察及银染法等对采自青岛沿海的7种较罕见的腹毛类纤毛虫(拉氏游仆虫Euplotes raikovi,拟伍氏游仆虫Euplotes parawoodruffi,坚盾檐纤虫Aspidisca leptaspis,斯坦槽纤虫Aspidsca steird,收缩沙冠虫Psammnomitra retractilis,柔弱异列虫 Anteholosticha manca,条纹小双虫Amphisiella annulata)进行了形态学研究,包括两个国内新纪录:拉氏游仆虫,拟伍氏游仆虫,同时补充了各青岛种群的纤毛图式及银线系等资料.对迄今缺乏详细研究的拉氏游仆虫首次做了纤毛图式水平上的描述并在前人工作基础上给出了修订后的定义:活体约40～60 μn×25～40 μn,背部有明显的6列嵴突;口区延至虫体1/2后;口围带由23～35片小膜组成;额-腹棘毛包括7根典型棘毛以及位于额区中部的仅由1对毛基粒构成的退化结构;稳定的1根缘棘毛、2根尾棘毛;背触毛6～8列;银线系为double-patella型;海水种.     

拟翁口虫形态学及形态发生学现象的初步研究

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记方法显示了一种腹毛类纤毛虫拟翁口虫(Onychodromopsis sp.)腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器及形态发生,根据该纤毛虫的皮层纤毛模式和纤毛器基部微管的形态,将其归为侧毛虫科(Pleurotrichidae)拟翁口虫属(Onychodromopsis);并据后仔虫口原基的发生、左右缘棘毛原基的...     

Molecular phylogeny of Pseudokeronopsis (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Urostylida), with reconsideration of three closely related species at inter- and intra-specific levels inferred from the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequences

In order to address the confused taxonomy of morphotypes within the genus Pseudokeronopsis , the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SS rRNA) gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1)-5.8S-ITS2 region for 13 populations/clones of morphologically similar Pseudokeronopsis species, Pseudokeronopsis flava , Pseudokeronopsis rubra and Pseudokeronopsis carnea , were sequenced and compared at inter- and intra-specific levels. Different geographical/time interval isolates belonging to the same species were slightly divergent, while clones from the same strain had identical SS rRNA gene sequences. Compared with the SS rRNA gene sequence, the sequence of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of Pseudokeronopsis revealed higher diversity, with nucleotide dissimilarities of 3.9–4.9% at the intra-specific level and 8.0–10.5% at the inter-specific level. There were several minor differences among ITS2 secondary structures of three Pseudokeronopsis species, while three Pseudok. carnea populations were identical. Phylogenetic analyses using multiple algorithms and different species selections confirm that Pseudok. flava , Pseudok. rubra and Pseudok. carnea form a monophyletic group within the urostylids. The result also supports the closest relationship of Pseudokeronopsis and Pseudourostyla that forms the so-called Acaudalia Berger (2006) .     

Morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine ciliate, Apokeronopsis bergeri nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida), from the Yellow Sea, China

The morphology and morphogenesis of a new marine hypotrich ciliate, Apokeronopsis bergeri nov. spec., collected from mussel-farming waters near Qingdao, China, are described from living and protargol-impregnated specimens. This ciliate has characteristics that place it in the family Pseudokeronopsidae, namely, two long rows of frontal cirri (bicorona), which are continuous with the long midventral rows, and a single row of marginal cirri on each side of the body. It shares with its only congener, Apokeronopsis crassa, the long rows of buccal and transverse cirri and the wide spacing between the midventral rows of cirri. These characters separate the genus Apokeronopsis from Pseudokeronopsis, which has a single buccal cirrus, fewer transverse cirri and midventral rows of cirri arranged in a typical zig-zag pattern. A. bergeri differs from A. crassa in its shape, colour and in the numbers of membranelles and transverse cirri. Although morphogenesis in A. bergeri is similar to that of A. crassa in most respects, the mode of formation of the buccal cirri is slightly different. The close relationship of A. bergeri with A. crassa, and the more distant relationship with three Pseudokeronopsis species, is supported by a comparison of the sequences of their ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA regions.     

Redefinition of the Urostylidae (Ciliophora,Hypotrichida) on the Basis of Morphogenetic Characters*

SYNOPSIS Examination of stained specimens (protargol and nigrosinbutanol) of hypotrich ciliates during division allows understanding of morphogenesis of buccal structures and cirri. Midventral, frontal, and transverse cirri in both proter and opisthe of Urostyla marina differentiate from a longitudinal series of numerous oblique ciliary streaks in a manner similar to that of Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsii. Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. This pattern differs markedly from that in Amphisiella, Kahliella, Paraholosticha, and Paraurostyla, in which the fronto-ventral and transverse cirri arise from a series of fewer (2–5) ciliary streaks in a longitudinal or fan-like array. Rows of marginal cirri in U. marina arise independently, as in Urostyla grandis. On the basis of comparisons of both structural and morphogenetic features of this and other hypotrichs, the family Urostylidae is redefined to contain Urostyla (type), Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsis, Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. Other genera formerly contained in the families Holostichidae and Urostylidae are placed in synonymy, assigned to other families, or held in uncertain familial relationship pending their rediscovery and further investigation.     

Morphology and small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence of the new brackish water ciliate Neobakuella flava n. g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Spirotricha, Bakuellidae) and SSU rRNA gene sequences of six additional hypotrichs from Korea

The morphology and the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence of the hypotrich Neobakuella flava n. g., n. sp. from the estuary of the Taehwagang River (Ulsan, South Korea) were investigated. The three frontal cirri, the composition of the midventral complex of cirral pairs and rows, and the simple dorsal kinety pattern of three bipolar kineties assign it to the urostyloid taxon Bakuellidae. The increased number of buccal and parabuccal cirri, the presence of transverse cirri, and more than one left marginal row, as well as the lack of caudal cirri separate Neobakuella n. g. from the other bakuellids. Neobakuella flava n. sp. has many 0.3 μm sized green and/or yellow usually dark-green cortical granules and some sparsely distributed, 2 × 1 μm sized grass green with yellowish shimmer granules. The gene sequence data indicate a close relationship with Diaxonella and a distinct separation from the bakuellid Metaurostylopsis and parabirojimid Parabirojimia. The SSU rRNA gene sequences of four further urostyloids (i.e. Diaxonella pseudorubra, Anteholosticha monilata, Metaurostylopsis struederkypkeae, Pseudourostyla cristata) and two stylonychines (i.e. Sterkiella cavicola, Sterkiella histriomuscorum) from Korea were analyzed. Anteholosticha monilata, type of the genus, is clearly separated from the Holosticha clade, supporting the morphological separation from Holosticha. Sterkiella cavicola, type of Sterkiella, clusters within the stylonychines and is obviously closely related with S. histriomuscorum.     

Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Two Novel Brackish Water Hypotrich Ciliates,with the Establishment of a New Genus,Antiokeronopsis gen. n. (Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)

Two novel brackish water urostyloid ciliates, Anteholosticha paramanca sp. n. and Antiokeronopsis flava gen. n., sp. n., isolated from the Shenzhen Mangrove Nature Protection Area on the coast of the South China Sea, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation techniques. Anteholosticha paramanca sp. n. is characterized by its spherical yellowish cortical granules arranged in lines, shortened midventral complex and three transverse cirri. Morphogenesis is similar to that in Anteholosticha manca. The new genus Antiokeronopsis is diagnosed by having a continuous adoral zone of membranelles, frontal cirri arranged in a bicorona, midventral complex composed of midventral pairs only, one marginal cirral row on each side, the presence of frontoterminal and transverse cirri, and the lack of buccal and caudal cirri. The type species A. flava sp. n. is characterized by its elongated body shape, brown to yellowish body color and two types of cortical granules. Small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence data justify the classification of both species. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that A. paramanca clusters with Bakuella subtropica within a clade that includes two other Anteholosticha species, while Antiokeronopsis groups within the core urostylids and is most closely related to the well‐known genera Pseudokeronopsis and Uroleptopsis.     

Morphology and phylogeny of four marine or brackish water spirotrich ciliates (Protozoa,Ciliophora) from China,with descriptions of two new species

In this study, we investigated the morphology and molecular phylogeny of four marine or brackish spirotrichean ciliates found in China, namely: Caryotricha sinica sp. nov., Prodiscocephalus orientalis sp. nov., P. cf. borrori, and Certesia quadrinucleata. Caryotricha sinica is characterized by its small size, seven cirral rows extending posteriorly to about 65% of the cell length, and four transverse cirri. Prodiscocephalus orientalis differs from its congeners mainly by the number of cirri in the “head” region and on the ventral side. The SSU rDNA sequence of P. cf. borrori differs from that of other population of P. borrori by ca. 40 bp. Consequently, the nominal species P. borrori is considered to be a species-complex. New data are provided for Certesia quadrinucleata. The Chinese population of C. quadrinucleata, for example, has fewer left marginal cirri than the other populations for which such data are available. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequence data show that the genus Caryotricha is monophyletic. All typical “discocephalids” with a discoid “head” form a strongly supported clade that is sister to the unstable uronychiids + pseudoamphisiellids clade within the Euplotia. The genus Certesia forms a sister group to the Euplotes clade, also within the Euplotia assemblage.     

A redescription of the oxytrichid Tetmemena pustulata () and notes on morphogenesis in the marine urostylid Metaurostylopsis salina Lei et al., 2005 (Ciliophora,Hypotrichia)

Two hypotrichous ciliates from China were investigated. The common oxytrichid species Tetmemena pustulata (Müller, 1786) Eigner, 1999, isolated from the estuary of the Pearl River in southern China, was investigated with emphasis on its living morphology and infraciliature. Tetmemena pustulata is characterized as follows: body elliptical to obovoid in shape; 75–115 × 40–60 μm in vivo; two macronuclear nodules and two micronuclei; one contractile vacuole left of midline and somewhat ahead of midbody positioned; three frontal, four frontoventral, one buccal, three postoral ventral, two pretransverse ventral and five transverse cirri; cirrus III/2 ahead of level of cirrus IV/3; cirrus IV/2 arranged more anteriorly than cirrus V/4; transverse cirri not forming two distinct groups; three prolonged and widely separated caudal cirri; six dorsal kineties in Oxytricha-pattern with dorsal kineties 3 and 4 bipolar. The marine urostylid species Metaurostylopsis salina Li et al., 2005, isolated from an aquarium in Qingdao, northern China, was investigated with emphasis on its morphogenesis which is characterized by the de novo formation of the oral primordium in the proter and the development of the marginal rows from two anlagen that form within each parental structure separately in both dividers.