基于SSR分子标记分析云南月季种质资源亲缘关系(英文)

利用简单重复序列SSR(simple sequence repeat)标记技术对48份月季种质资源(包括14份野生种、20份古老月季品种和14份栽培品种)的遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了分析.结果表明,(1)18对SSR引物在18个SSR位点上共检测到160个等位基因,每一位点的等位基因变幅为6～13个,平均8.9个,材料间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.157 8～0.754 9,表明在分子水平上云南月季种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性.(2)聚类分析结果显示,在相似系数为0.44处,可将 14个野生种明显分为6个组,这与植物形态学分类结果上基本一致;在遗传相似系数为0.40水平上将48份供试材料分为八大组群.(3)亲缘关系分析结果显示,5个野生种和所有古老月季品种与大多数栽培品种的亲缘关系较近.     

5种樱桃属植物的POD、CAT和SOD同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板凝胶电泳技术对5种樱桃属植物的过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶、过氧化氢酶(CAT)同工酶和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶的酶谱特征进行分析,结果表明:5种樱桃属植物共电泳出12条POD同工酶酶带、4条CAT同工酶酶带和8条SOD同工酶酶带;其中,POD同工酶酶谱具有5条共同谱带,CAT同工酶4条,SOD同工酶5条。冬季休眠期的樱桃属植物,POD与SOD同工酶谱带的多样性比较丰富,不同植物之间的谱带差异较大;而CAT同工酶谱带差异不明显。     

Cucumis属3种不同倍性种间杂交后代的同工酶分析

以3种不同倍性的Cucum is属种间杂交后代[异源四倍体C.hy tivus(2n=4x=38,HHCC)、异源三倍体(2n=3x=26,HCC)和正反交种间杂种F1(2n=2x=19,HC/CH)]及其双亲为试材,比较研究了过氧化物酶(POD)和酯酶(EST)同工酶在不同器官中的酶谱表达特性.结果表明,花蕾中的POD和EST同工酶谱带都比叶片中的丰富,表现出明显的组织特异性.在相同器官的同一酶系统中,3种不同倍性种间杂交后代的酶谱基本一致,主要表现为互补双亲的酶带,同时出现了双亲所没有的酶带(POD4c和EST3b等),表明远缘杂交扩大了黄瓜的遗传基础.此外,在幼叶和花蕾的POD同工酶中,大部分酶带活性随染色体倍性增加而减弱,表明基因剂量与POD同工酶酶谱的表达呈负相关.     

利用酯酶同工酶技术检测香菇双单杂交后代

选用香菇的野生株Ｑ 与栽培株苏香的四种孢子单核体进行完全亲和双单杂交,运用拮抗试验并辅以液体出菇试验初步鉴定出１２ 个杂交后代,且对杂交后代酯酶同工酶进行了检测,并以聚类分析方法分析了菌株间酯酶同工酶酶谱的结果,较直观本质地反映了杂交后代及其与亲本之间的遗传差异,表明１ —１２ 号菌株是真正的双单杂交后代,认为菌株间酯酶同工酶酶相似系数值可以作为香菇遗传育种选择亲本的辅助的遗传标记     

几种薏苡的过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶同工酶分析

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）的方法,对薏苡,野生薏苡和水生薏苡的几个不同种质分别进行了过氧化物酶（POD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的同工酶酶谱分析,结果表明：POD和PPO含量丰富,活性强,酶谱复杂,酶带清晰,稳定,种间差异明显。结果可以作为薏苡研究种质亲缘关系的基础。     

陆地棉×比克氏棉育成种质系的同工酶和RAPD分析

为了从分子水平上检验野生棉遗传特性向陆地棉转育的结果以及育成种质之间的遗传差异,通过等电聚焦电泳和RAPD技术,对来自科遗181陆地棉品系与野生比克氏棉杂交后代的6个遗传稳定的不同种质系及其亲本的过氧化物酶同工酶图谱和DNA指纹图谱进行了分析。结果如下（1）6个种质系的基本酶谱特征均倾向于陆地棉亲本,但在其中2个种质系的过氧化物酶图谱中,观察到各具有1条等电点值（PI）为4.85的野生亲本的特征带;（2）DNA指纹图谱的分析表明,不同种质系之间在基因组水平上具有高度的异质性。并且在OPO10和OPO112个引物的扩增图谱中观察到4个育成种质系具有野生比克氏棉亲本的特征带。     

香菇双单杂交后代不同发育阶段酯酶同工酶研究

选用香菇野生株分别与栽培株及杂交株进行双单杂交 ,得到 8个杂交后代 ,且具有结实能力 ,分别对液培 2 0d杂交后代菌丝与液培原基酯酶同工酶进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,液培 2 0d菌丝菌株间酯酶同工酶酶谱显示出多样性 ,可以作为鉴定菌株的辅助遗传标记 ,而原基菌株间酯酶同工酶酶谱谱带较少 ,呈现趋同效应 ,不宜作为鉴定香菇菌株的辅助遗传标记。     

木耳栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对木耳（Ａｕｒｉｃｕｌａｒｉａａｕｒｉｃｕｌａ（Ｈｏｏｋ）Ｕｎｄｅｒｗ）１０个栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性进行了研究。１０个供试菌株的幼龄菌丝（７ｄ）中仅检测到２５条酶带,各个菌株分别具有２～３条酶带,１０个菌株仅有２种酶谱类型;老龄菌丝（７２ｄ）中共检测到４４条酶带,各个菌株分别具有３～６条酶带,１０菌株共有８种酶谱类型。研究表明,木耳双核体菌丝中某些酯酶同工酶基因位点在一定的发育时期才开始表达,老龄菌丝酯酶同工酶酶谱在木耳菌株鉴别和遗传育种研究中具有更大的应用价值。     

龙舌兰麻种质的过氧化物同工酶研究

以23份龙舌兰麻种质的嫩叶为材料,采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳,分析它们的过氧化物(POD)同工酶酶谱特征,为杂交育种亲本选择提供依据.结果表明,23份材料显示出3～10条不等的酶带,有22种不同的酶谱类型,说明过氧化物同工酶酶谱可鉴定除'粤西117'和'东292'之外的21份龙舌兰麻种质;Rf为0.37的酶带为所有供试材料的共有谱带.DPS聚类分析结果表明,23份材料根据亲缘关系远近可分为3大类:第一类为包括'金边弧叶龙舌兰'、'弧叶龙舌兰'等在内的9份种质;第二类为包括'多叶普通剑麻'、'南亚2号'等在内的5份种质;第三类为包括'假菠萝麻'、'银边假菠萝麻'等在内的9份种质.     

欧李叶片过氧化物酶同工酶与叶果矿质元素含量变化的关系

以同一生境条件下113份燕山山脉野生欧李为试材,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,研究欧李叶片过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶与叶果中6种矿质元素的含量变化及其相关关系,为在酶水平上揭示欧李矿质营养代谢遗传差异提供理论参考。结果表明,欧李叶片过氧化物酶同工酶划分为7种酶谱类型,其中Rf 0.126和Rf 0.716酶带为共有的特征带,不同酶谱类型中单株个体间的相同酶带酶量大小以及叶果中的矿质元素含量存在明显差异,变异程度较大;相关分析结果显示,不同酶谱类型中相关酶带酶量大小与叶果中矿质元素含量变化存在显著或极显著的相关关系,表明欧李叶片过氧化物酶同工酶酶量大小变化在一定程度上反映矿质营养代谢的遗传差异和多样性。     

Genetic relationships among melon breeding lines revealed by RAPD markers and agronomic traits

 RAPD markers and agronomic traits were used to determine the genetic relationships among 32 breeding lines of melon belonging to seven varietal types. Most of the breeding lines were Galia and Piel de Sapo genotypes, which are currently being used in breeding programmes to develop new hybrid combinations. A total of 115 polymorphic reliable bands from 43 primers and 24 agronomic traits were scored for genetic distance calculations and cluster analysis. A high concordance between RAPDs and agronomic traits was observed when genetic relationships among lines were assessed. In addition, RAPD data were highly correlated with the pedigree information already known for the lines and revealed the existence of two clusters for each varietal type that comprised the lines sharing similar agronomic features. These groupings were consistent with the development of breeding programmes trying to generate two separate sets of parental lines for hybrid production. Nevertheless, the performance of certain hybrids indicated that RAPDs were more suitable markers than agronomic traits in predicting genetic distance among the breeding lines analysed. The employment of RAPDs as molecular markers both in germplasm management and improvement, as well as in the selection of parental lines for the development of new hybrid combinations, is discussed. Received: 25 July 1997 / Accepted: 6 October 1997     

Isozyme variation in germplasm accessions of the wild oat Avena sterilis L.

Summary Optimal exploitation of crop genetic resources requires a knowledge of the range and structure of the variation present in the gene pool of interest. Avena sterilis L., the cultivated oat progenitor, contains a store of genetic diversity that is readily accessible to the oat breeder. The objectives of the present paper were: (1) to evaluate isozyme polymorphisms in a sample of A. sterilis accessions from the U.S. National Small Grains Collection, (2) to analyze the distribution of isozyme diversity across the geographic range of the accessions, (3) to classify the accessions into groups based on isozyme variation, and (4) to suggest strategies for efficient sampling of this germplasm collection. One thousand and five accessions from 23 countries and 679 collection sites were screened for variation using 23 enzyme systems. Due to limited information about the genetic relationship among individual members of families of isozymes in hexaploid oat species, data were recorded solely for band presence. The frequencies of bands in accessions from the various countries were used to calculate the probability of genotypic identity (I_x.y), the probability of a unique genotype (U_x.y), and an adjusted polymorphic index (H_x). Accessions from Turkey and Lebanon had the largest polymorphic index values, Turkish and Moroccan accessions displayed the greatest numbers of bands. Accessions from Iran, Turkey, Iraq, and Lebanon had the largest mean probabilities of containing unique genotypes. Based on isozyme data, Turkey appeared to represent the center of diversity in this germplasm collection. Band frequencies calculated among countries were used in a principal component analysis. Accessions from Israel and Morocco clustered together; accessions from Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Ethiopia formed another group; and Algerian accessions formed an outlying group. Several isozyme bands had a regional distribution. These results suggested that choosing accessions from countries based on their groupings in the principal component analysis should secure a greater range of diversity than sampling from the collection at random. Cluster analyses based on Jaccard's distances calculated for all pairwise combinations of the 1005 accessions revealed six broad genetic groups of accessions. Groups 1 and 6 contained accessions from many countries and encompassed half of all accessions. Groups 2 and 4 were heavily populated by accessions from Israel and Morocco. Groups 3 and 5 were composed almost exclusively of accessions from Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. By selecting representative accessions from these six groups, oat breeders could most effectively sample the range of genetic variation in this A. sterilis collection.     

蓖麻杂交种的SSR鉴定及遗传变异分析

采用SSR标记对蓖麻CSR24×CSR181杂交所得的F1种子进行分析,为蓖麻早期杂种鉴定和遗传变异分析奠定技术与理论基础。结果表明:(1)各位点鉴定所得结果基本一致,除RCM207和RC129位点鉴定的杂种率未超过10%外,其它位点的杂种率都十分接近,在13.46%～17.27%之间。(2)少数个体在相关位点发生了变异,在引物RC242的扩增图谱中有4个单株出现了双亲特异条带的缺失,产生了双亲都没有的新条带;在引物Rco23、Rco26、Rco29、RC129、RCM613和RCM999的扩增结果中出现了父本特异条带的缺失,同时产生了一条新条带。(3)多样性及UPGMA聚类分析表明杂交后代遗传变异显著,子代个体与亲本间的遗传相似系数在0.45～1.0之间,个体间差异明显。     

Inheritance of antagonistic properties and lytic enzyme activities in sexual crosses of Talaromyces flavus

Two wild-type strains and three benomyl-resistant mutants of the antagonistic ascomycete Talaromyces flavus were crossed in six combinations, two of which yielded hybrid cleistothecia. Parental strains and their ascospore progenies varied in several traits considered to play an important role in the capacity to control soilborne fungal pathogens: extracellular activities of glucose oxidase and cell-wall degrading enzymes, antibiosis towards Verticillium dahliae, and parasitism and biocontrol of Sclerotium rolfsii. A non-Mendelian quantitative mode of inheritance was found for β-1, 3-glucanase and chitinase activities but only the latter exhibited a normal frequency distribution. Some of the progenies exhibited higher glucanase and chitinase activities than those found in the parental strains. Progeny analysis for chitinase, glucanase, cellulase, and glucose oxidase activities revealed no genetic association between any two of these enzymes. Antibiosis was correlated with glucose-oxidase activity in one cross, but not in the other. The ability to reduce bean root rot caused by S. rolfsii was correlated with mycoparasitic activity against S. rolfsii sclerotia in one cross, but not in the other. One out of the 20 progenies tested was able to reduce bean root rot more effectively than its parent strains, thus demonstrating the feasibility of improving a biocontrol agent by conventional breeding.     

Characterization of zygotic and nucellar seedlings from sour orange-like citrus rootstock candidates using RAPD and EST-SSR markers

A series of crosses designed for introgression of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and pummelo (C. maxima Merr.) germplasm, to develop an alternative rootstock to sour orange (C. aurantium L.), were carried out. It is necessary to identify those hybrids that yield nucellar seedlings for rootstock propagation. Rootstocks can be developed through traditional plant breeding methods; however, the ability to screen and select for economically important traits (such as production of true nucellar seedlings) in an efficient fashion is limited by the difficulties of screening techniques based on whole plant performance. To address these problems, we have used randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and fluorescently labeled expressed sequence tag simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) molecular markers. A total of 204 individual seedlings obtained from 34 hybrid parental plants were successfully characterized using five RAPD primers. Ten hybrid parents and their progenies, found to be genetically similar among themselves, were selected for more scrutiny using eight EST-SSR primer pairs. The degrees of genetic similarity (nucellars) among progeny seedlings were determined and compared with that of their parents. The mean genetic similarity varied from 67–99% among the selected rootstock candidates screened. The genetic similarity relationship identified using RAPD and EST-SSR molecular markers was highly concordant (p = 0.001). Two elite rootstock candidates (B6R5T56; B6R11T129) that seem to be ideal for future mandarin and pummelo derived rootstock breeding programs have been identified. Our results indicate that either RAPD or EST-SSR analyses could be equally successful in identifying true nucellars among the progenies obtained from introgression crosses of mandarin and pummelo, thus improving the accuracy of early selection in a citrus rootstock breeding program.     

QTL mapping for European corn borer resistance (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ostrinia nubilalis</Emphasis> Hb.), agronomic and forage quality traits of testcross progenies in early-maturing European maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.) germplasm

In hybrid breeding the performance of lines in hybrid combinations is more important than their performance per se. Little information is available on the correlation between individual line and testcross (TC) performances for the resistance to European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis Hb.) in maize (Zea mays L.). Marker assisted selection (MAS) will be successful only if quantitative trait loci (QTL) found in F₂ derived lines for ECB resistance are still expressed in hybrid combinations. The objectives of our study were: (1) to identify and characterize QTL for ECB resistance as well as agronomic and forage quality traits in a population of testcrossed F_2:3 families; (2) to evaluate the consistency of QTL for per se and TC performances; and (3) to determine the association between per se and TC performances of F_2:3 lines for these traits. Two hundred and four F_2:3 lines were derived from the cross between maize lines D06 (resistant) and D408 (susceptible). These lines were crossed to D171 and the TC progenies were evaluated for ECB resistance and agronomic performance in two locations in 2000 and 2001. Using these TC progenies, six QTL for stalk damage rating (SDR) were found. These QTL explained 27.4% of the genotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Three QTL for SDR were detected consistently for per se and TC performance. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations were low for per se and TC performance for SDR. Correlations between SDR and quality traits were not significant. Based on these results, we conclude that MAS will not be an efficient method for improving SDR. However, new molecular tools might provide the opportunity to use QTL data as a first step to identify genes involved in ECB resistance. Efficient MAS procedures might then be based on markers designed to trace and to combine specific genes and their alleles in elite maize breeding germplasm.Communicated by G. Wenzel     

中山杉302和墨西哥落羽杉及其回交一代的同工酶分析

落羽杉属有落羽杉〔Ｔａｘｏｄｉｕｍｄｉｓｔｉｃｈｕｍ (Ｌ .)Ｒｉｃｈ .〕、墨西哥落羽杉 (Ｔ .ｍｕｃｒｏｎａｔｕｍＴｅｎｏｒｅ)和池杉 (Ｔ .ａｓｃｅｎｄｅｎｓＢｒｏｎｇｎ .) 3个种 ,该属是世界重要的园林及用材树种 ,墨西哥落羽杉是其中较耐盐碱的树种 ,它的引种选育历来受到广泛重视。中山杉 30 2 (Ｔ .‘Ｚｈｏｎｇｓｈａｎｓｈａ 30 2’)是江苏省·中国科学院植物研究所于 2 0世纪 80年代从落羽杉×墨西哥落羽杉杂交后代中选育出来的优良品种 ,具有生长快和耐盐碱等特性[1 ] 。本实验从中山杉 30 2×墨西哥落羽杉回交一代中选…     

人工雌核发育鲢的遗传多样性及异源遗传物质整入的RAPD分析

运用RAPD技术对连续二代人工雌核发育鲢的遗传多样性及异源遗传物质的整入进行了分析 ,结果表明 :一代雌核发育鲢 ,个体间遗传相似度为 0 94 5— 0 995 6 ,多样性指数为 0 175 ;二代雌核发育鲢 ,个体间遗传相似度为0 96 15— 1 0 0 ,平均为 0 985 2 ,多样性指数为 0 0 6 2。研究揭示经过连续二代人工雌核发育后 ,其遗传多样性明显减少 ,种质进一步纯化。通过对雌核发育鲢二代、亲本鲢和雄鲤的RAPD扩增比较 ,发现雌核发育鲢含有少数与父本相同的特异DNA扩增带 ,而亲本鲢没有 ,在基因水平上表明雌核发育鲢整入了雄鲤的遗传物质     

Identification and analysis of genetic variation among rose cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA

Identified germplasm is an important component for efficient and effective management of plant genetic resources. Traditionally, cultivars or species identification has relied on morphological characters like growth habit or floral morphology like flower colour and other characteristics of the plant. Studies were undertaken for identification and analysis of genetic variation within 34 rose cultivars through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Analysis was made by using twenty five decamer primers. Out of twenty five, ten primers were selected and used for identification and analysis of genetic relationships among 34 rose cultivars. A total of 162 distinct DNA fragments ranging from 0.1 to 3.4 kb was amplified by using 10 selected random decamer primers. The genetic similarity was evaluated on the basis of presence or absence of bands. The cluster analysis indicated that the 34 rose cultivars form 9 clusters. The first cluster consists of eight hybrid cultivars, three clusters having five cultivars each, one cluster having four cultivars, two clusters having three cultivars each and two clusters having one cultivar each. The genetic distance was very close within the cultivars. Thus, these RAPD markers have the potential for identification of clusters and characterization of genetic variation within the cultivars. This is also helpful in rose breeding programs and provides a major input into conservation biology.