不同颜色遮阳网遮光对丘陵茶园夏秋茶和春茶产量及主要生化成分的影响

为研究不同颜色遮阳网遮光对夏秋茶与春茶产量和品质的影响,在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站以“碧香早”茶树为试验材料,选用不遮光和中度遮光（遮光率(50?4)%）的黑色、绿色、银灰色遮阳网开展遮光试验。结果表明：不同季节使用黑色遮阳网能显著增加氨基酸和咖啡碱含量,降低茶多酚含量和酚氨比,与对照茶园比较,夏季、秋季、春季茶叶氨基酸含量分别增加了14.22%、17.07%、6.23%,茶多酚含量分别降低了4.40%、6.43%、27.66%,咖啡碱含量分别增加了9.48%、8.10%、7.28%。夏秋季银灰色遮阳网效果最差,绿色遮阳网效果介于黑色和对照之间,春季三种颜色遮阳网效果均优于对照;茶树遮光后品质明显优于对照,夏秋茶经遮光可达到制高档茶的要求,春茶遮光可达到制名优茶的要求。     

夏秋季遮光对山东黄金芽茶树生理生化特性的影响

选用遮光率分别为55%、70%、85%的黑色、蓝色遮阳网,观测遮光后茶园小气候、茶树叶色、叶绿素荧光参数、茶树生长状况及茶叶生化成分,分析不同遮光处理对山东黄金芽生理生化特性的影响,明确适宜夏秋季的遮光方式.结果表明: 与对照相比,遮光直接降低光照强度,茶园空气温度、叶面温度明显降低,空气湿度则增高;遮光程度越大,黄金芽叶色返绿越明显,叶绿素含量增幅越大;55%遮光处理能保持品种叶色黄化特性,且生化品质较好;而70%遮光率处理茶苗生长势较好,不受光胁迫;与蓝色遮阳网相比,黑色遮光处理能更好地促进茶树生长,保持叶色黄化和提高茶叶品质.黄金芽茶树品种苗期管理宜选择黑色70%遮光率处理(日光合有效辐射为1.2～3.5万lx),以促进茶树生长;成龄后则以黑色55%遮光处理(日光合有效辐射为1.8～5.5万lx)为优,既能保证黄金芽叶色黄化又能提高茶叶生化品质,从而充分发挥其品种特色,实现优质高产目标.     

地表覆盖对茶园土壤水分、养分变化及茶树生长的影响

以山东青岛2年生茶园为对象,设置对照(CK)、覆盖秸秆(T1)、覆盖地膜(T2)和覆盖秸秆+地膜( T3 )4个处理,分析了不同覆盖模式对茶园土壤水分和养分以及茶树生长的影响.结果表明:地表覆盖可以保持茶园土壤水分,提高水分利用效率,其中T1、T3处理的茶树生长水分利用效率比CK提高43％ ～48％,产量水分利用效率提高7％ ～ 13％;T1和T3处理土壤有机质、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮的含量显著增加,提高了土壤肥力;叶片硝酸还原酶活性增强,叶片中硝态氮的含量增加,有效地促进茶树生长,茶叶产量比CK增加12％～13％,使茶树新梢生长高峰提前.从茶树生长、茶叶产量、水分和养分利用率、环境安全和经济效益等因素考虑,覆盖秸秆是幼龄茶园地表覆盖的有效方式.     

亚热带丘陵茶园间作白三叶的土壤环境调控效果

在亚热带丘陵区1年生幼龄茶园通过连续4年间作白三叶大田试验,研究了其对茶园土壤环境及茶叶品质、产量的影响,结果表明,茶园间作白三叶降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度、有机质、全氮、水解氮的含量及钾的活性,消耗了部分有效磷;增加了土壤关键层次（0～20cm）和关键时期（4～6月）的水分含量,延缓和缩短了夏季高温干旱与秋季持续干旱时间;获得了土壤降温时增温、保温与升温时降温的双向动态调控效果．增加了同一层次土壤温度的稳定性,延缓了高温和低温的出现时间,缩短了过度高温时间。从而促进了茶树生长,改善了茶叶品质,显著增加了茶叶产量。与清耕茶园相比,茶园间作白三叶后,春秋茶的酚氨比分别下降了17．10％和30．90％,产量提高了32.65％。     

亚热带丘陵茶园间作白三叶草的生态效应

在亚热带丘陵区1a生幼龄茶园通过连续4a的大田对比试验,研究了茶园间作白三叶草的生态效应,结果发现：茶园间作白三叶草降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度、有机质、全N、水解N的含量、K的活性、蚯蚓的数量和生物量,消耗了部分有效P;增加了土壤关键层次（0—20cm）和关键时期（4～6月）的水分含量,延缓和缩短了夏季高温干旱与秋季持续干旱时间;获得了土壤降温时增温、保温与升温时降温的双向动态调控效果,增加了同一层次土壤温度的稳定性,延缓了高温和低温的出现时间,缩短了过度高温时间,减少了高温对茶树生长产生的影响;抑制了杂草生长,增加了天敌的种类和种群数量,减少了虫害发生率。从而形成了立地环境．茶树．伴生生物群落系统自我调节的动态平衡,促进了茶树生长,改善了茶叶品质,显著增加了茶叶产量。与清耕茶园相比,茶园间作白三叶草后,春秋茶的酚氨比分别下降了17．10％和30．90％,产量提高了32．65％。     

覆盖与间作对亚热带丘陵茶园地温时空变化的影响

研究了亚热带丘陵茶园连续4年进行稻草覆盖与白三叶草间作对茶园地温时空动态变化的影响.结果表明,茶园地温具有明显的时空动态变化特征和位相滞后现象,与茶树的年生长发育周期各阶段的最适温度非常吻合.稻草覆盖与白三叶草间作改变了土壤热量交换层（地表层）的性质,具有升温时降温和降温时增温、保温的双向动态调控作用,降低了日较差,增强了同一土层温度的稳定性,其调控效果为随着土壤深度增加而降低,13：00>19：00>7：00,降温大于增温和保温,降温幅度随气温的升高而增大,增温和保温随气温的下降而加强,间作白三叶草的降温效果大于稻草覆盖,保温效果则相反.茶园地温时空变化转换点得到调节,显著地降低了有害高温的出现次数,明显地降低了持续高温期的土壤温度,有效地缩短了极限高温时间.     

不同栽培模式对茶园生态环境及茶叶品质的影响

对陕南茶区的纯茶园、塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园及林篱茶园4种常见栽培模式的茶园生态环境(包括小气候因子、土壤因子)和茶叶中各项生化指标(包括氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚、酚氨比、茶水浸出物)进行了测定.结果表明:不同栽培模式茶园小气候因子有显著差异.相对于纯茶园,塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园和林篱茶园能更有效地改善光照条件、降低环境温度、提高土壤水分和有机质含量、增强空气湿度,提高土壤养分状况.3种复合式茶园茶叶品质也较纯茶园显著提高,氨基酸和茶水浸出物含量显著高于纯茶园茶叶,而茶多酚含量却显著低于纯茶园茶叶.因此,林茶复合栽培模式和大棚模式茶园的生态环境更有利于茶树的生长和茶叶品质的提高.     

高温下干旱和渍水对冬小麦花后旗叶光合特性和物质转运的影响

以蛋白质含量不同的两个冬小麦品种扬麦9号和豫麦34为材料,研究了不同温度和水分条件下小麦花后旗叶光合特性的变化、营养器官花前贮藏干物质和氮素转运特征及其与籽粒产量和品质形成的关系.结果表明,高温及干旱和渍水均明显降低了旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,但高温下干旱和渍水对光合作用的影响加重.小麦营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素转运量和转运率在适温下表现为干旱>对照>渍水,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.适温下花后同化物积累量表现为对照>渍水>干旱,高温下则表现为对照>干旱>渍水.花后氮素积累量在适温和高温下均表现为对照>渍水>干旱.籽粒淀粉含量以适温适宜水分处理最高,高温渍水下最低;蛋白质含量以高温干旱下最高,适温渍水下最低.温度和水分逆境下小麦粒质量和淀粉含量的降低与花后较低的光合能力及干物质积累有关,而蛋白质含量则与花前贮藏氮素的转运量和转运率有关.     

茶园土壤类型对铁观音茶叶稀土元素分布和组成的影响

为探明铁观音茶的质量安全状况,追溯隐患来源,对福建安溪县不同土壤茶园的铁观音茶叶进行稀土元素的分布、组成、迁移和富集能力进行研究。结果表明,安溪县红壤、黄红壤、黄壤茶园稀土组成均以镧、铈、钕、钇为主,但具体组成特征各异。3种类型土壤茶园铁观音茶叶片、叶柄稀土元素组成均以钇、镧、铈、钕4种元素为主,且含量均以第3叶第2叶第1叶叶柄。同种土壤类型茶园铁观音茶树不同部位叶片的稀土元素组成特征类似,但叶与叶柄对稀土元素的吸收能力不同。土壤类型对茶叶稀土元素的累积有显著影响,黄红壤茶园的茶叶稀土元素含量要显著低于红壤、黄壤茶园的(P0.05)。土壤与茶叶中稀土元素组成的相关系数为0.886～0.985,P 0.001,表明二者稀土元素组成密切相关。因此,铁观音茶叶中稀土元素累积、分布与茶园土壤类型有显著相关性。     

茶叶主要化学品质指标和茶树体部分微量元素的钙铝调控效应

以一年生茶树扦插苗为材料,采用水培法研究了添加钙铝对茶叶主要化学品质及茶树钙、铝、锌、铁吸收积累的调控效应.结果表明:(1)适量铝(10或20mg·L-1)有利于提高茶叶茶多酚、咖啡碱、黄酮、可溶性总糖和氨基酸的含量;添加钙可提高上述化学成分的含量,且在高铝浓度(30mg·L-1)下提高的幅度最大.(2)适量的铝可促进茶树对铝和铁的吸收和积累,而高浓度的铝(30mg·L-1)抑制茶树对铝和铁的吸收与积累;添加铝可降低茶树根对钙和锌的吸收,但适量添加铝不影响茎和叶对钙和锌的积累.(3)添加钙可提高茶树体钙的含量,降低铝和锌的吸收与积累,但对铁的吸收与积累没有明显影响.研究表明,铝和钙可调控茶叶化学品质含量和茶树体微量元素的吸收;合理控制茶园土壤铝积累,并适量补充钙可能有利于提高茶叶品质,创建生态高值茶园.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.