辣椒花药培养胚状体发生的组织学和细胞学研究

采用荧光显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜技术．系统研究了辣椒花药培养胚状体发生的组织学和细胞学变化特征。辣椒单个花药中花粉发育具有强烈的不同步性。随着培养时期的变化．不同时期花粉的百分率也发生变化。处于单核靠边期的小孢子培养以后按两种发育途径之一进行发育。在多数情况下,孢子体不对称分裂,产生典型双核花粉。胚性花粉粒是由营养核的重复分裂形成的。当小孢子从四分体中释放出来．特殊类型的外壁已经形成。在随后的花粉发育过程中．小孢子体积增大,外壁继续加厚。培养24h后,小孢子体积增大。胚性发生的小孢子表现出两种不同的形态变化。当胚状体发育到心形胚时．胚状体的表皮细胞排列规则。用光学和电子显微镜分析了小孢子胚状体形态形成过程．及胚状体诱导后细胞组织发生的一系列结构变化的时序性特征,这些变化主要影响质体、液泡室、细胞壁和细胞核,进一步分化的程序模拟合子胚的发育。     

离体培养下大豆体细胞胚胎发生的组织学研究

大豆胚状体可以直接从未成熟的子叶表皮及表皮下面1—3层细胞发生。这些细胞经过脱分化后,首先形成细胞质浓厚、核大的胚的发生细胞,胚发生细胞再分裂形成胚性细胞团,胚性细胞团再继续分裂形成胚状体。胚状体的发育过程和合子胚一样,经过球形、心形,鱼雷期和子叶期等诸阶段发育成小植株。此外,在诱导胚状体发生过程中,还观察到另一值得注意的现象:在未成熟胚的子叶表皮下面1至较深处的数层细胞,也转变成分生状细胞团,这些分生状细胞团呈不规则状,从其起源看,可称它们为内生“胚状体”,这些内生“胚状体”培养至20天,即停止生长发育。     

黑麦(Secale cereale L.)花药培养及其雄核发育

离体培养黑麦花药,单核花粉可以通过不等分裂和均等分裂由营养性质的核发育成花粉胚状体或愈伤组织,并且最后形成了单倍体植株。接种前对穗子进行适当的低温处理,可以有效地提高胚状体和愈伤组织的生成率。根据多核和多细胞花粉的败育情况,认为新壁的形成和花粉外壁的适时破裂是已经启动分裂的小孢子能否发育成胚状体和愈伤组织的两个关键问题。     

茴香组织培养中体细胞胚胎发生的组织细胞学研究

将茴香幼茎或叶柄的愈伤组织转入附加6-BA和低浓度2,4-D的MS培养基以后,愈伤组织逐步由松软状转变成为颗粒状的胚性愈伤组织,胚状体起源于胚性愈伤组织中的单个细胞或胚性细胞团。在含NAA和6-BA的培养基中,胚状体发育成熟,并再生小植株。茴香的胚状体主要以单细胞内起源方式发生。首先由胚状体单个原始细胞分裂形成2-细胞原胚,2-细胞原胚以三种方式进行分裂:1.T- 形分裂;2.直线形分裂;3.田字形分裂。不同的分裂方式决定了胚柄的有无。茴香胚状体的发育过程与合子胚基本相同。由原胚发育成为球形胚,依次经过心形胚和鱼雷胚阶段,形成成熟的子叶胚。在胚状体发育的每一个阶段,都有其分生组织的活动中心。球形胚期,两团分生组织位于胚体中部对应的两点;心形胚期,位于两侧和中部;鱼雷胚期,分生组织的分布在子叶形成区域呈倒“U”形,在下胚轴部位呈中空的梭形。到子叶期,分生组织从两片子叶伸向胚根,呈“Y”形分布。两子叶间产生茎生长点,由生长点分化出叶原基。胚状体最终发育成为完整植株。     

在三叶橡胶花药培养中体细胞与小孢子的关系

研究了三叶橡胶花药体细胞的愈伤组织化与花粉胚形成的关系。在只能促进花药体细胞增殖的培养基上,小孢子没有进一步发育而空瘪;在抑制体细胞增殖的培养基上,无论是花药体细胞组织或小孢子都未能进一步发育,小孢子逐渐解体,而在能诱导体细胞有一定程度的发育,同时又能诱导小孢子发育的培养基上,约有10—20%的花粉形成多细胞球。它们的发育与体细胞密切有关。还发现,在接种培养基中加入1—2毫克/升a—萘乙酸对体细胞与小孢子发育均有良好效果。对胚状体的细胞学观察表明:这些胚状体是单倍体(2n=18)。此外,花药接种前冷冻预处理(11℃24小时及3—5℃20小时),对小孢子有明显的不利影响。在经冷冻预处理后所得胚状体中,有相当多的二倍性细胞分裂相出现。这些胚状体可能来源于体细胞组织。     

菸草(Nicotiana tabacum)和辣椒(Capsicum annuum)花药离体培养的研究

本文报道关于菸草和辣椒花药离体培养的研究结果。对于菸草花药离体培养曾进行四种培养基的对比试验,结果以 NH 效果最好,Blaydes 次之。10—20%(体积/体积)椰乳能提高花药成胚的百分比,对单倍体幼苗也有促进作用。蔗糖浓度从1—4%都能产生“胚状体”,以3%的蔗糖浓度产生“胚状体”的百分比最高,长出的幼苗也比较健壮。对花粉不同发育时期进行了比较试验,花药中花粉单核靠边时期进行培养的出苗率最高。“胚状体”的形成主要由单核花粉粒均等分裂或由营养核分裂两种方式形成“胚状体”。生殖核只进行几次分裂而最后逐渐退化消失。对菸草花粉植株进行根尖或茎尖制片,观察其染色体数目为24,证明是单倍体。用不同浓度的秋水仙碱对单倍体植株进行染色体加倍,得到许多二倍体后代,其中少数是四倍体。本文对花药离体培养和组织培养中产生“胚状体”问题进行了讨论。辣椒采用花粉单核靠边时期的花药,培养在 NT 及 MS 加有补充物质的培养基上,花药既产生“胚状体”又产生愈伤组织。观察到单核花粉最初分裂发育成多细胞“原胚”到最后形成幼苗的过程。“胚状体”的发育与合子胚的发育过程相似。在花粉发育成幼苗的各个发育时期都可能停止发育,长成幼苗的只是少数。由单核花粉粒所形成的多细胞“原胚”可突出花粉壁外但仍与花粉粒相连,花粉粒内细胞大而染色淡,花粉壁外的多细胞“原胚”的细胞排列紧密,体积小而有分生能力,有的已开始分化。小苗的根尖和愈伤组织细胞,用醋酸洋红压片检查,其染色体数目为12,证明是单倍体。     

多变小冠花(豆科牧草)原生质体和外植体胚状体的形成和植株的再生

EM-5游离大量的多变小冠花实生苗子叶原生质体。Kao的原生质体培养基使子叶原生质体分裂形成细胞团。MSD_4诱导多变小冠花原生质体愈伤组织产生胚状体、苗和植株的分化。MS-1诱导多变小冠花实生苗根、下胚轴和子叶愈伤组织的形成,胚状体、苗和值株的分化。根愈伤组织胚状体形成的频率(60%)高于子叶和下胚轴的(<23%)。组织切片的观察表明多变小冠花原生质体植株的再生通过胚状体形成的途径。     

在常温和低温条件下离体培养的小麦花药中小孢子的早期发育

本文对小麦花药培养中雄核的早期发育作了较详细的观察。描述了小孢子发育的七种类型。前三种类型(A、A_1、A_2)小孢子第一次分裂为不等分裂,形成营养细胞和生殖细胞,营养细胞分裂形成愈伤组织、胚状体和多核花粉粒。后四种类型(B、B_1、B_2、B_3)小孢子第一次分裂为均等分裂,这样,可由小孢子直接形成愈伤组织和胚状体,它们也形成多核花粉粒。在对愈伤组织和胚状体产生的途径进行观察和分析后,发现小麦花扮植株大多数来源于均等分裂的小孢子,即为B途径发育类型。 实验中还观察到花粉发育的各种异常情况,例如,在有丝分裂不同的阶段(如前期、中期和后期)都观察到同步分裂的现象。还观察到各种类型的间期核融合(如生殖核与生殖核、生殖核与营养核以及营养核与营养核)和核内有丝分裂。通过这些方式,可以形成加倍的花粉粒和愈伤组织,由此可产生自然加倍的二倍体值株。雄核的这些行为在培养花药接种后经受低温处理(—2— 2℃或—5—0℃,48小时)的情况下,表现出明显增加的趋势。     

芸苔属蔬菜小孢子胚状体再生成苗及倍性鉴定

研究影响大白菜、甘蓝和红菜薹小孢子胚状体再生成苗的几个生理因素的结果表明,在1．0％～1．2％的琼脂中胚状体再生成苗率显著高于0．8％琼脂的。4℃处理10d可显著提高大白菜和甘蓝胚状体再生成苗率。大白菜和红菜薹胚状体再生成苗的最适胚龄为20—29d,甘蓝则为30—35d。培养基B,和MS对再生成苗率影响不大。检测3种芸苔属蔬菜小孢子再生植株的倍性结果表明,大白菜和红菜薹小孢子植株自然加倍率较高,均超过70％;甘蓝较低,仅为30％左右。同一物种的不同品种间胚状体再生成苗所需的条件和加倍效率基本一致。     

大麦不同基因型游离小孢子的直接培养再生及培养体系的优化

以微搅拌法建立了小孢子直接游离的预处理和培养程序。在大田生长的４个对培养反应不同的大麦基因型上,以新鲜幼穗游离小孢子进行直接培养,均成功地诱导了胚状体并获得再生绿色植株。小孢子的发育进程说明,直接游离的小泡子在预处理过程中的发育要慢于在花药中预处理的小孢子,而且其培养效率也较低。直接游离小孢子的培养密度以０．８～１．０×１０５／ｍｌ较理想,至少应不低于６×１０４／ｍｌ．８％－１０％的糖浓度可明显提高小孢子分裂频率和胚状体诱导频率。实验结果也表明两种培养基ＦＨＧ和ＭＮ６无明显差异,均适宜于直接游离的小孢子培养,并对游离小孢子直接培养在理论和应用上的意义进行了讨论     

Embryogenic Suspension Culture and Plant Regeneration from Suspension-Derived Proto-plasts of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Fast growing embryogenic cell suspension culture was established when embryogenic callus derived from cotyledon protoplasts of cucumber was transferred into a liquid culture. So far the cell line has been subcultured for two years and retained the ability of embryogenesis and plant regeneration. Experimental data showed that the concentration of ABA or sucrose had a dramatic effect on embryogenesis and synchronization of embryoid development. Low level of sucrose concentration (1%) facilitated the precocious germination of the embryoids while 1 mg/l of ABA or 7–9% of sucrose was found to be effective for reducing callusing of the cultures and synchronisticly controlling the embryoids at globular or late globular stage. Embryogenic cells taken from 3–5 days after subculture were enzymatically digested. A large amount of viable protoplasts was isolated. Protoplasts were cultured in a DPDK1 medium either by means of drop or thin layer liquid culture or by means of sodium alginate encapsulation culture. Actively dividing cells formed cell colonies and globular embryoids which were transferred onto a solidified agar medium or directly into a liquid medium to form a shaken culture. The embryoids would proliferated continuously. Embryoids eventually developed into plantlets when they were transferred onto a 1/2 MSO medium devoid of phytohormones.     

Development of Pollen Embryoids in Anther Cultures of Datura innoxia: I. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL FACTORS

To obtain the maximal production of pollen embryoids in culturedanthers of Datura innoxia, the critical stage of anther developmentand the effect of physical factors, such as the precise modeof implantation of the anthers in the culture medium, light,temperature, and pH, were studied. In almost all media used,anthers containing uninucleate pollen were the best for initiationof embryogenesis. Variations in light and temperature also affecteddevelopment of the embryoids significantly. The percentage ofanthers producing pollen embryoids increased almost linearlywhen the temperature was raised from 22 to 30 °C. At lowertemperatures (15 to 20 °C) no embryoids were produced. Cultureskept in darkness produced embryoids, but upon transfer of culturesto the light the percentage of responding anthers increasedconsiderably.     

石防风细胞悬浮培养中的体细胞胚发生

石防风试管苗的根经2,4-D诱导可形成具有发生体细胞胚潜能的愈伤组织,用愈伤组织制备悬浮细胞。细胞及组织学的观察表明,体细胞胚发生经历了单细胞、丝状体、细胞团、愈伤组织及胚性细胞团的出现及类胚体的各个发育阶段。丝状体可以经过不同的分裂途径发育为细胞团。愈伤组织表面或者内部的某些细胞演变为胚性细胞,它们不断分裂形成了体细胞胚,一个愈伤组织可形成一个或几个体细胞胚。     

CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EMBRYOGENIC CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE DERIVED FROM CULTURED INFLORESCENCES OF PENNISETUM AMERICANUM (PEARL MILLET,GRAMINEAE)

An embryogenic suspension culture was established from cultured inflorescence segments of Pennisetum americanum in Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 5% coconut milk. The suspension was composed of two major cell types: 1) small, richly cytoplasmic and starch-containing cells, generally found in small, compact clumps, here termed embryogenic cells; and 2) elongated, thick-walled cells with large vacuoles. By manipulating the duration of culture and dilution ratios (cell suspension: fresh medium) at the time of subculture, suspensions consisting predominantly of embryogenic cells were obtained. Suspensions grown for 2-3 wks were transferred to agar media with reduced amounts of 2,4-D. This resulted in the production of hundreds of globular and early cotyledonary embryoids. Further development of the embryoids was promoted by their transfer to a medium containing abscisic acid. Many of the embryoids germinated and produced normal green plants. Atypical embryoids, some containing many shoot meristems and a leafy scutellum, were also observed. The relevance of such atypical embryoids in the interpretation of organogenesis and embryogenesis reported in tissue cultures of cereal species is discussed. It is also suggested that somatic embryogenesis occurs in tissue cultures of most, if not all, species of cereals and grasses.     

Haploid embryogenesis in anther cultures of pigeon-pea (Cajanus cajan)

Summary Pollen embryogenesis and callus showing a wide range of ploidy is induced in the in vitro cultured anthers of pigeon-pea. A suspension of pollen from such anthers incubated in drop cultures on agar medium develops further to form embryoids and colonies of callus.     

Improvement of Citrus somatic embryo development by temporary immersion

Liquid medium improves and facilitates somatic embryo development from Citrus deliciosa Ten. suspension cultures. Three different culture conditions were compared to determine a means of overcoming poor somatic embryo development. Somatic embryos derived from suspension cultures were plated on solid medium, maintained in suspension culture or temporarily immersed. About 60% of somatic embryos plated on solid medium developed to the cotyledonary stage, but were hyperhydric. Continuous growth in suspension culture at 100 rpm hindered cotyledon and protoderm formation, and somatic embryos were unable to develop beyond the globular stage. Temporary immersion promoted somatic embryo development, i.e. 66% of the somatic embryos produced were cotyledonary, and were morphologically similar to nucellar embryos. This latter culture system also improved regeneration synchronization by hampering secondary embryogenesis at the onset of germination. Irrespective of the culture system used, most cotyledonary somatic embryos studied had no caulinary meristem or starch and protein reserves, thus explaining the low germination rates obtained. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

金花茶子叶在离体培养中胚状体的发生和小植株的形成

研究了金花茶(Camellia chrysantha(Hu)Tuyama)子叶在离体培养中体细胞胚状体发生的条件。在MS基本培养基中附加苄基嘌呤(BA)或苄基嘌呤与萘乙酸(NAA)组合,诱导了胚状体发生。组织学观察表明,胚状体起源于子叶的表皮细胞。在增添细胞分裂素和生长素的MS或改良B_5液体培养基里振荡培养,明显地促进了胚状体根的生长和茎的发育。胚状体在继代培养中能保持旺盛的再生能力。已得到两个繁殖率较高的胚状体无性系。在合适的条件下,胚状体能长成正常的小植株。     

EMBRYOGENIC DETERMINATION AND RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN POLLEN GRAINS OF HYOSCYAMUS NIGER (HENBANE)

³H-uridine administered as a one- or two-hour pulse to embryogenic pollen grains of freshly excised anthers of Hyoscyamus niger (henbane) was autoradiographically localized in embryoids formed during a subsequent chase. Although continuous incubation of anthers in actinomycin D inhibited embryogenesis, a small percentage of potentially embryogenic pollen escaped inhibition if anthers were grown for at least one hour in the basal medium before actinomycin treatment. The results imply that certain pollen grains become embryogenically determined immediately after culture of the anther and that this is accompanied by the synthesis of ribonucleic acid.     

Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts of Cowpea (Vigna sinensis)

Immature cotyledons of cowpea (Vigna sinensis Endlo) were used for protoplast isolation. Enzyme solution for protoplast isolation contained 40% cellulase Onozuka R-10,0.30% Macerozyme R-10 and 2% hemicellulase. The purified protoplasts were cultured in Bs,MS or KM8p liquid medium in dark (25℃) at a density of 1 × 105–5 × 105/ml. The protoplasts started cell division in 3–5 days . Sustained cell divisions resulted ill formation of cell clusters and small calli,with cell division frequency reaching 23%–28% in MS medium . Calli of 2 mm in size were transferred onto MSB (MS salts+B5 vitamins) medium with 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 0. 5mg /L BA forfurther growth. Embryogenic calli appeared on this medium. After passage to fresh medium with the same composition, the embryogenic calli were transferred into MSB liquid medium to establish suspension culture. When the suspended calli were transferred back onto MSB agar medium with 0. 1 mg /L IAA, 0.5mg/L KT, 5% mannitol (cultured in light,2000 lx,12h/d), a lot of adventitious roots formed in 7–10 days, and then somatic embryos formed from the protoplast derived calli. But only a few embryoids developed further into the cotyledonary stage ,and the others died at globular, heart-shaped, or torpeto stage . Finally, some cotyledonary embryoids germinated and developed into plantlets or shoots with leaves.     

Somatic embryogenesis in suspension cultures of Gossypium klotzschianum anderss

Somatic embryoids differentiated in suspension cultures of G. klotzschianum after 3–4 weeks of culture in a liquid medium containing glutamine (optimally, 10–15 mM). Embryogenesis occurred after a preculture of callus on a medium containing 10 mg/l of the cytokinin, 2iP. The embryoids had meristematic regions, a well formed epidermis, and formed roots and vestigial leaves. Asparagine was much less effective than glutamine in promoting embryoid differentiation. The presence of 2,4-D in the medium resulted in increased vigor of the suspension cultures and subsequently in the formation of many embryoids, but does not seem to be necessary for somatic embryogenesis in cotton.Technical Article 14646 from the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station