葡萄ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

采用正交设计L9(34)对影响葡萄ISSR-PCR反应体系的4个因素(dNTP、TaqDNA聚合酶、引物、模板DNA)在3个浓度水平上进行试验,并通过直观分析初步确定其反应体系;在此基础上,通过单因素试验探讨了dNTP、TaqDNA聚合酶、引物、模板DNA、退火温度及循环次数等因素或条件对葡萄ISSR-PCR扩增结果的影响,确定最佳反应水平。最终建立了葡萄ISSR-PCR扩增的最佳反应体系:在25μL的反应体系中,dNTP浓度0.2 mmol/L,TaqDNA聚合酶的用量0.5 U,引物浓度0.4mmol/L,DNA模板用量40 ng。反应程序:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性1 min,52℃退火1 min,72℃延伸1 min 30 s,40次循环;最后72℃延伸10 min,10℃保存。     

黄鳝ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及条件优化

以黄鳝基因组DNA为模板,采用正交试验设计方法,对各反应因子、引物退火温度和循环参数进行优化.建立了黄鳝的最适ISSR-PCR反应体系,25 μl反应体系中含2.5 mmol/ L Mg2+,250 μmol/ L dNTPs,0.25 μmol/ L 引物,1.0 U Taq DNA聚合酶,30 ng DNA模板.最佳反应程序:94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性40 s,48～57℃复性40 s(随引物而确定),72℃延伸1.5 min,循环次数40;72℃延伸10 min.利用所建立的ISSR反应体系,获得了清晰、重复性好、多态性高的DNA谱带.     

Exhaustive identification of interaction domains using a high-throughput method based on two-hybrid screening and PCR-convergence: molecular dissection of a kinetochore subunit Spc34p

The Dam1 complex, also known as DASH complex, is the outer kinetochore protein complex of yeast that plays a crucial role in attachment of kinetochore to microtubule. The Dam1 complex is formed by at least nine proteins including Dam1p, Duo1p, Dad1p, Spc19p and Spc34p. In this study, domains of Spc34p that physically interact with other subunits of the complex were mapped using a high-throughput methodology. The method is a combination of two-hybrid screening of a random truncation library of the Spc34 gene and a unique PCR-based amplification that converge the selected DNA fragments to a few short fragments. Duo1p, Dam1p, Dad1p and Spc19p binding domains of Spc34p were mapped on M1-E59, M1-D47, M1-D47 or T207-E295 and S154-Q294, respectively. Most of the boundaries were located at less conserved regions among fungal Spc34p homologs, which is consistent with the boundaries of the putative secondary structures. The accuracy of the mapped domain boundaries was verified using truncated Spc34p polypeptides. The results and methodology we demonstrated herein not only shed light on the molecular architecture of the protein complex but also pave the road to the high-throughput identification of specific interaction domains of proteins whose possible interaction partners have been identified in genome-scale analyses.     

Optimization of the conditions for RAPD-PCR of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp

In this study, we determined the optimal RAPD amplification conditions to obtain genetic molecular markers for the rapid and accurate identification of Cryptococcus spp. and Candida spp. The following parameters are modified: template DNA, DNA polymerase, magnesium cloride and primer concentration; denaturation, annealing and extension time, temperature of annealing and thermal cycles. After the optimization, reliable and reproducible RAPD patterns are obtained.     

Development of a simplified polymerase chain reactionenzyme immunoassay for the detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae

The 16S rRNA genes of two Chlamydia pneumoniae and two C. psittaci strains of different serovars were sequenced then compared to previously reported Chlamydia 16S rRNA gene sequences. Chlamydia pneumoniae -specific regions were identified and specific primers for nested PCR were synthesized. Nested PCR reactions were performed, in a single tube, by varying the annealing temperature of the amplification cycles. The initial thermal cycles were selected to allow annealing and extension of only the outer primer pair, whilst in later cycles a temperature that allowed inner primer annealing was employed. The inner primers were labelled, one with biotin and the other with fluorescein and consequently the dual labelled amplicon could be immobilized onto antibiotin-coated microtitre plates and detected colorimetrically via an antifluorescein-enzyme conjugate. The assay was found to be sensitive and specific. No cross reactions were observed with C. trachomatis, C. psittaci or other common respiratory pathogens.     

Direct DNA sequence determination from total genomic DNA.

It is possible to perform a combined amplification and sequencing reaction ('DEXAS') directly from complex DNA mixtures by using two thermostable DNA polymerases, one that favours the incorporation of deoxynucleotides over dideoxynucleotides, and one which has a decreased ability to discriminate between these two nucleotide forms. During cycles of thermal denaturation, annealing and extension, the former enzyme primarily amplifies the target sequence whereas the latter enzyme primarily performs a sequencing reaction. This method allows the determination of single-copy nuclear DNA sequences from amounts of human genomic DNA comparable to those used to amplify nucleotide sequences by the polymerase chain reaction. Thus, DNA sequences can be easily determined directly from total genomic DNA.     

拟南芥SSR检测体系的优化

以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)幼苗为实验材料,采用单因素筛选法及L16(45)正交实验方法,对简单序列重复(SSR)技术中聚合酶链式反应(PCR)组分、扩增程序、电泳检测等环节进行优化。优化25μl反应体系为:1×PCR Buffer、20ng模板DNA、1.5mmol.L-1Mg2+、0.3μmol·L-1引物、150μmol·L-1dNTPs和1.0U Taq DNA聚合酶。扩增程序为:94℃预变性5min,94℃变性30s,57℃退火30s,72℃延伸45s,共30个循环,72℃延伸10min。用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(EB染色)电泳检测并取得较好效果。利用该体系进行扩增,所得谱带清晰、稳定、非特异性带少。     

The spindle pole body component Spc98p interacts with the gamma-tubulin-like Tub4p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the sites of microtubule attachment.

Tub4p is a novel tubulin found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It most resembles gamma-tubulin and, like it, is localized to the yeast microtubule organizing centre, the spindle pole body (SPB). In this paper we report the identification of SPC98 as a dosage-dependent suppressor of the conditional lethal tub4-1 allele. SPC98 encodes an SPB component of 98 kDa which is identical to the previously described 90 kDa SPB protein. Strong overexpression of SPC98 is toxic, causing cells to arrest with a large bud, defective microtubule structures, undivided nucleus and replicated DNA. The toxicity of SPC98 overexpression was relieved by co-overexpression of TUB4. Further evidence for an interaction between Tub4p and Spc98p came from the synthetic toxicity of tub4-1 and spc98-1 alleles, the dosage-dependent suppression of spc98-4 by TUB4, the binding of Tub4p to Spc98p in the two-hybrid system and the co-immunoprecipitation of Tub4p and Spc98p. In addition, Spc98-1p is defective in its interaction with Tub4p in the two-hybrid system. We suggest a model in which Tub4p and Spc98p form a complex involved in microtubule organization by the SPB.     

聚合酶链式反应热流变化的DSC实验研究

在PCR每个循环中,目的基因在DNA聚合酶的催化作用下实现快速扩增,同时伴随着化学键的断裂和生成,而不同循环数的扩增效率不同,引起的热现象也不同。实验通过差示扫描量技术,以HBV为PCR扩增体系,分别研究了变性、退火和延伸阶段的热焓及其随循环数的变化,通过分析得出：变性阶段是放热过程,第17个循环放热量达到最大,退火和延伸阶段是吸热过程;3个阶段的热焓随循环数增加都发生明显的变化,其中变性阶段的热流变化最关键。     

The spindle pole body component Spc97p interacts with the gamma-tubulin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and functions in microtubule organization and spindle pole body duplication.

Previously, we have shown that the gamma-tubulin Tub4p and the spindle pole body component Spc98p are involved in microtubule organization by the yeast microtubule organizing centre, the spindle pole body (SPB). In this paper we report the identification of SPC97 encoding an essential SPB component that is in association with the SPB substructures that organize the cytoplasmic and nuclear microtubules. Evidence is provided for a physical and functional interaction between Tub4p, Spc98p and Spc97p: first, temperature-sensitive spc97(ts) mutants are suppressed by high gene dosage of SPC98 or TUB4. Second, Spc97p interacts with Spc98p and Tub4p in the two-hybrid system. Finally, immunoprecipitation and fractionation studies revealed complexes containing Tub4p, Spc98p and Spc97p. Further support for a direct interaction of Tub4p, Spc98p and Spc97p comes from the toxicity of strong SPC97 overexpression which is suppressed by co-overexpression of TUB4 or SPC98. Analysis of temperature-sensitive spc97(ts) alleles revealed multiple spindle defects. While spc97-14 cells are either impaired in SPB separation or mitotic spindle formation, spc97-20 cells show an additional defect in SPB duplication. We discuss a model in which the Tub4p-Spc98p-Spc97p complex is part of the microtubule attachment site at the SPB.     

Antisense PCR: A simple and robust method for performing nested single-tube PCR

To overcome the disadvantages of two-round nested PCR, we developed a simple and robust closed single-tube nested PCR method (antisense PCR). The method uses antisense oligonucleotides that carry a 5′ tag and that can potentially hybridize to the 3′ ends of the outer primers, depending on the annealing temperature. During initial cycles, which are performed at a high annealing temperature, the antisense oligonucleotides do not hybridize and amplification is directed by the outer primers. During later cycles, for which the annealing temperature is decreased, the outer primers hybridize to the antisense oligonucleotides, extend to produce sequences that are mismatched to the amplicon templates, and consequently become inactivated, whereas the inner primers hybridize to the amplicon templates and continue amplification. Antisense quantitative PCR (qPCR) was compared with one-round qPCR for real-time amplification of four PCR targets (BCR, APC, N-RAS, and a rearranged IGH gene). It had equal amplification efficiency but produced much less nonspecific amplification. Antisense PCR enables both endpoint detection and real-time quantification. It can substitute for two-round nested PCRs but may also be applicable to instances of one-round PCR in which nonspecificity is a problem.     

Thermal factors influencing detection of Vibrio vulnificus using real-time PCR

Five thermal factors, including initial denaturation temperature, cycling denaturation temperature, annealing temperature, extension temperature and the temperature at which the intensity of the fluorescent signal is read, were evaluated for their effects on the detection of Vibrio vulnificus via real-time PCR. Fluorescent signal detection after extension was set between the Tm value of the primer-dimers (79 degrees C) and that of the PCR target amplicons (84 degrees C). This effectively eliminated the overestimation of the yield of PCR amplicons due to the presence of primer-dimers which otherwise led to erroneously lower Ct values (1.91+/-0.22 cycles lower). The annealing and extension steps were combined to convert a three-step PCR to a two-step PCR. This consisted of initial denaturation at 95 degrees C for 3 min, cycling denaturation at 94 degrees C for 15 s and a combined annealing and extension step at 60 degrees C for 5 s in each PCR cycle. One genomic target per real-time PCR reaction was detected with the simplified two-step PCR.     

The essential mitotic target of calmodulin is the 110-kilodalton component of the spindle pole body in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Two independent methods identified the spindle pole body component Nuf1p/Spc110p as the essential mitotic target of calmodulin. Extragenic suppressors of cmd1-1 were isolated and found to define three loci, XCM1, XCM2, and XCM3 (extragenic suppressor of cmd1-1). The gene encoding a dominant suppressor allele of XCM1 was cloned. On the basis of DNA sequence analysis, genetic cosegregation, and mutational analysis, XCM1 was identified as NUF1/SPC110. Independently, a C-terminal portion of Nuf1p/Spc110p, amino acid residues 828 to 944, was isolated as a calmodulin-binding protein by the two-hybrid system. As assayed by the two-hybrid system, Nuf1p/Spc110p interacts with wild-type calmodulin and triple-mutant calmodulins defective in binding Ca2+ but not with two mutant calmodulins that confer a temperature-sensitive phenotype. Deletion analysis by the two-hybrid system mapped the calmodulin-binding site of Nuf1p/Spc110p to amino acid residues 900 to 927. Direct binding between calmodulin and Nuf1p/Spc110p was demonstrated by a modified gel overlay assay. Furthermore, indirect immunofluorescence with fixation procedures known to aid visualization of spindle pole body components localized calmodulin to the spindle pole body. Sequence analysis of five suppressor alleles of NUF1/SPC110 indicated that suppression of cmd1-1 occurs by C-terminal truncation of Nuf1p/Spc110p at amino acid residues 856, 863, or 881, thereby removing the calmodulin-binding site.     

PCR REACTION PARAMETER TITRATION AS AN APPROACH TO DEVELOP SHORTENED REACTION TIMES IN A CONVENTIONAL THERMAL CYCLER

A shortened PCR procedure was developed in a conventional thermal cycler. Overnight cultures of E. coli were used for PCR to amplify fragments of the uidA and slxII genes. A standard PCR program (30 cycles of 1 m denaturation at 94C, 1 m annealing at 54C or 60C, and 2.5 m elongation at 72C) required 3.5 h to complete and was able to detect a product from 1 × 10³ PCR template cells in an agarose gel. The shortened PCR program (35 cycles of 17 s denaturation at 94C, 20 s annealing at 54C or 60C and 23 s elongation at 72C) required 1.5 h time and was able to detect PCR product from 5×10 PCR template cells. The results show that it is possible to shorten the time of each PCR cycle producing a more rapid method for the detection of E. coli while still using a conventional thermal cycler. This approach was successful using different primer pairs, indicating other researchers could use this approach to significantly shorten their PCR reaction times.     

A Genetic Analysis of Interactions with Spc110p Reveals Distinct Functions of Spc97p and Spc98p, Components of the Yeast γ-Tubulin Complex

The spindle pole body (SPB) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae functions as the microtubule-organizing center. Spc110p is an essential structural component of the SPB and spans between the central and inner plaques of this multilamellar organelle. The amino terminus of Spc110p faces the inner plaque, the substructure from which spindle microtubules radiate. We have undertaken a synthetic lethal screen to identify mutations that enhance the phenotype of the temperature-sensitive spc110–221 allele, which encodes mutations in the amino terminus. The screen identified mutations in SPC97 and SPC98, two genes encoding components of the Tub4p complex in yeast. The spc98–63 allele is synthetic lethal only with spc110 alleles that encode mutations in the N terminus of Spc110p. In contrast, the spc97 alleles are synthetic lethal with spc110 alleles that encode mutations in either the N terminus or the C terminus. Using the two-hybrid assay, we show that the interactions of Spc110p with Spc97p and Spc98p are not equivalent. The N terminus of Spc110p displays a robust interaction with Spc98p in two different two-hybrid assays, while the interaction between Spc97p and Spc110p is not detectable in one strain and gives a weak signal in the other. Extra copies of SPC98 enhance the interaction between Spc97p and Spc110p, while extra copies of SPC97 interfere with the interaction between Spc98p and Spc110p. By testing the interactions between mutant proteins, we show that the lethal phenotype in spc98–63 spc110–221 cells is caused by the failure of Spc98–63p to interact with Spc110–221p. In contrast, the lethal phenotype in spc97–62 spc110–221 cells can be attributed to a decreased interaction between Spc97–62p and Spc98p. Together, these studies provide evidence that Spc110p directly links the Tub4p complex to the SPB. Moreover, an interaction between Spc98p and the amino-terminal region of Spc110p is a critical component of the linkage, whereas the interaction between Spc97p and Spc110p is dependent on Spc98p.     

Rapid DNA amplification in a capillary tube by natural convection with a single isothermal heater

Herein we describe a simple platform for rapid DNA amplification using convection. Capillary convective PCR (CCPCR) heats the bottom of a capillary tube using a dry bath maintained at a fixed temperature of 95°C. The tube is then cooled by the surrounding air, creating a temperature gradient in which a sample can undergo PCR amplification by natural convection through reagent circulation. We demonstrate that altering the melting temperature of the primers relative to the lowest temperature in the tube affects amplification efficiency; adjusting the denaturation temperature of the amplicon relative to the highest temperature in the tube affects maximum amplicon size, with amplicon lengths of ≤500 bp possible. Based on these criteria, we successfully amplified DNA sequences from three different viral genomes in 30 min using CCPCR, with a sensitivity of ~30 copies per reaction.     

狭边大叶藓（Rhodobryum ontariense）ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

研究目的是获得适用于狭边大叶藓（Rhodobryum ontariense）遗传多样性研究的ISSR—PCR反应标准化程序。通过单因素试验设计,对Mg^2＋、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶、模板、引物浓度,以及退火温度、循环次数等影响ISSR扩增的主要因素进行了研究和优化。结果表明,UBC808、UBC811、UBC812、UBC825、UBC826、UBC841、UBC888及UBC891引物适用于该研究;20μL ISSR—PCR最适反应体系包括：6ngDNA模板、0．4μmol／L引物、2．25mmoL／LMg^2＋、0．6U Taq DNA聚合酶、0．4mmol／LdNTPs。扩增程序为：94℃预变性4min;然后94℃变性1min,48～50℃（根据不同引物确定）复性2min,72℃延伸1min,共进行40个循环;最后,72℃延伸7min,4℃保存。     

珍稀植物杨叶肖槿ISSR体系建立及检测

针对珍稀植物杨叶肖槿ISSR反应的特点,建立了适用于杨叶肖槿遗传多样性研究的ISSR最适反应体系,具体包括:2.0μL 10×Buffer,27.5ng的模板DNA,2.0μL的dNTP,1U的Pyrobest DNA酶,1.25μmol/L的引物;最佳反应程序为94℃预变性5min,然后94℃变性1min,49℃退火45s,72℃延伸1min,35个循环;最后72℃延伸10min,4℃终止反应。应用该优化的反应体系筛选出了10条稳定性强、清晰度高而且表现出一定多态性的ISSR引物,并对杨叶肖槿进行了检测,获得了清晰稳定的扩增图谱。     

随机序列八肽库的构建及其在双杂交系统中的应用

目的:构建一个随机序列八肽库并从中寻找非天然的具有药用价值的多肽。方法:利用基因工程技术构建随机序列八肽库,首先设计并合成了含8个密码子的随机寡核苷酸链,摸索了变性温度与时间、复性温度与时间、延伸温度与时间以及循环数后利用PCR扩增了这一片段,并解决了片段回收、连接等步骤,最后比较了不同的转化方法,采用最简便高效的TSS法转化大肠杆菌建立了随机序列八肽库。结果:利用作者所建立的随机序列八肽库应用于酵母双杂交系统并从中筛选到了一段感兴趣的多肽。结论:随机序列八肽库构建成功并且具有应用价值。     

云南松SSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

为了建立适宜云南松SSR-PCR的反应体系和扩增程序,利用近缘种火炬松的引物,采用正交设计L16(45)对云南松SSR-PCR反应体系的5因素(Taq酶、Mg2+、模板DNA、dNTP、引物)在4个水平上进行优化,筛选出各反应因素的最佳水平,建立了适于云南松的SSR反应体系.在10μL的反应体系中,模板DNA的用量为30.0 ng,Taq DNA聚合酶的用量为1.0 U,Mg2+的浓度为2.0 mmol/L,dNTPs浓度为0.4 mmol/L,引物的浓度为0.2 μmol/L.扩增程序为:94℃预变性4 min;94℃变性45 s,48℃退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,30个循环;72℃延长10 min,4℃保存.最后利用1个居群对该体系进行稳定性验证,结果可用于云南松SSR标记的研究.