转sck+cry1Ac基因水稻对二化螟及二化螟绒茧蜂存活和生长发育的影响

在实验室研究了转sck+cry1Ac基因水稻（MSB）对二化螟Chilo suppressalis (Walker)生长、存活以及经寄主对二化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis (Munakata)生物学特性的影响。连续取食转sck+cry1Ac基因水稻的二化螟, 体重下降、死亡率上升,从第2天开始,其体重显著低于取食明恢86的对照组;从第6天开始,死亡率极显著高于对照组。二化螟取食MSB 36 h后移至对照水稻上继续取食3、6、9、12天后,死亡率与对照差异都不显著;但体重均低于对照,其中第3天的体重差异达显著水平。二化螟绒茧蜂分别以取食MSB一定时间的3、4、5龄二化螟幼虫为寄主时,寄生率均低于以对照组,其中对4龄幼虫的寄生率差异显著;结茧率与对照差异均不显著;寄生在取食MSB的5龄二化螟幼虫体内的蜂、蛹期显著长于对照,而所结茧的茧长显著短于对照;但卵 幼虫历期、每茧块茧数、羽化率、雌性率、成蜂寿命和前翅长与对照无显著差异。结果表明转sck+cry1Ac基因水稻不仅对二化螟生长和存活有显著影响, 而且可经寄主二化螟影响到二化螟绒茧蜂的一些生物学特性。     

二化螟越冬幼虫三种寄生蜂发生动态

本文报道浙江部分地区二化螟Chilo suppressalis越冬幼虫寄生蜂的主要种类、寄生率以及它们在冬前与冬后的羽化动态.在兰溪,寄生蜂对二化螟越冬幼虫的寄生率较低,常见种类仅有二化螟绒茧蜂.在安吉与嘉兴两地,除二化螟绒茧蜂为主外,稻螟小腹茧蜂和中华钝唇姬蜂也较为常见,三者对双季晚稻田二化螟越冬幼虫寄生率为18～19%.明显高于单季晚稻田的寄生率(8～15%).3种寄生蜂的羽化动态有较大差异,二化螟绒茧蜂和稻螟小腹茧蜂在进入11月后即不再羽化,而中华钝唇姬蜂的羽化则持续到11月中旬之后;越冬后,后者的羽化时间明显早于前两者.     

扬州地区水稻二化螟寄生蜂种类及主要寄生蜂发生动态

本文报道了江苏扬州地区水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)寄生蜂主要有10种,即中华钝唇姬蜂Eriborus sinicus(Holmgren)、二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis(Munakata)、稻螟小腹茧蜂Microgaster russata Haliday、螟甲腹茧蜂Chelonus munakatae Munakata、中华茧蜂Amyosoma chinensis(Szepligeti)、螟黄足盘绒茧蜂Cotesia flavipes(Cameron)、夹色姬蜂Auberteterus alternecoloratus(Cushman)、桑蟥聚瘤姬蜂Iseropus(Gregopimpla)kuwanae(Viereck)、螟蛉瘤姬蜂Itoplectis naranyae(Ashmead)以及二化螟盘绒茧蜂的重寄生蜂绒茧灿金小蜂Trichomalopsis apanteloctena(Crawford)。田间系统调查表明:扬州地区7-9月水稻二化螟寄生蜂的主要种类为二化螟盘绒茧蜂、中华钝唇姬蜂、螟甲腹茧蜂、稻螟小腹茧蜂、螟蛉瘤姬蜂、桑蟥聚瘤姬蜂,但这些寄生蜂对一代水稻二化螟幼虫的寄生率较低,对二代水稻二化螟幼虫的寄生率高。水稻二化螟越冬期的系统调查表明:扬州地区二化螟越冬幼虫的寄生蜂主要有3种,即二化螟盘绒茧蜂、中华钝唇姬蜂和稻螟小腹茧蜂,其中二化螟盘绒茧蜂和中华钝唇姬蜂是寄生水稻二化螟越冬幼虫的优势种。水稻二化螟越冬幼虫的寄生率调查表明,扬州地区水稻二化螟越冬幼虫的寄生率在不同年份间有一定的波动,但一般都在15%以上,有的甚至高达89.88%,因此寄生蜂对二化螟越冬幼虫具有很好的控制作用,能有效压低来年水稻二化螟的田间越冬基数。此外,3种寄生蜂出茧时间在1月和2月之间达到最长,分别达到19.79 d、17.26 d和27.00 d,该结果表明,在扬州地区这3种寄生蜂可能都存在滞育现象。     

化学农药与二化螟盘绒茧蜂对控制二化螟的不相容

【目的】近年来,多个地区二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)发生危害加重,对水稻生产造成新的重大威胁。由于水稻二化螟对常规防治药剂产生了抗药性,二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis(Munakata)作为田间二化螟幼虫的优势寄生蜂,正逐渐引起大家关注。本论文通过研究室内繁殖的二化螟盘绒茧蜂对田间二化螟的防治效果,以探明室内繁殖的二化螟盘绒茧蜂的防控能力;同时研究多种环境友好型农药对田间二化螟的防治效果,并分析比较药剂防治对二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生控制的影响。【方法】设置2个放蜂密度和7种不同药剂处理,通过全查法系统调查不同处理小区的枯心数、白穗数、枯孕穗数、残留活虫数等变化以分析比较防效。【结果】2个放蜂密度(125头蜂茧和250头蜂茧)处理下都可有效减少二化螟对水稻的为害;但2个放蜂密度之间无显著性差异。同时,放蜂密度高,寄生率就高。药剂实验结果发现溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂防效最佳,氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂和苏云金杆菌悬浮剂次之,杀虫双的防效最差。不同剂量的溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂防治效果也有较大差异。此外,放蜂处理的小区二化螟盘绒茧蜂具有最高的寄生率,但无论那种农药处理都显著降低了二化螟被二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生的寄生率。【结论】二化螟盘绒茧蜂在田间对水稻二化螟具有一定的防控能力,但放蜂密度和技术仍然需要进一步研究。同时,所试验的7种杀虫剂均显著降低了二化螟绒茧蜂的控害效能,与释放二化螟绒茧蜂不兼容。在水稻二化螟药剂防治时不仅要考虑防治效果和使用剂量,还应考虑对天敌以及生态环境的影响。因此,本实验的结果为后续建立以二化螟盘绒茧蜂为中心的二化螟绿色防控体系提供了理论和实践基础。     

转Bt基因水稻对二化螟绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响

用转Bt基因 (cry1Ab) 水稻KMD1饲喂3龄、4龄和5龄二化螟Chilo suppressalis一定时间后, 作为二化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis的寄主,研究了转基因水稻经寄主对绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响。结果发现：KMD1处理后,三个龄期幼虫的寄生率都显著下降,其中4龄和5龄达极显著水平;3龄和4龄上的结茧率显著低于对照;蜂蛹历期均短于对照,但仅3龄差异显著;从5龄幼虫所羽化的雄蜂寿命显著短于对照;蜂茧长显著短于对照;而对卵＋幼虫期、茧块茧数、蜂羽化率及性比均无显著影响。     

取食不同寄主植物桑天牛的虫粪挥发物对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性及其组分分析

为了深入理解桑天牛Apriona germari虫粪挥发物在桑天牛卵啮小蜂Aprostocetus prolixus寄主定位中的作用, 本研究通过嗅觉生测比较分析了取食不同寄主植物（桑树Morus alba、 柘树Cudrania tricuspidata和构树Broussonetia papyrifera）的雌雄两性桑天牛成虫的虫粪挥发物对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性, 并利用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用仪（TCT-GC-MS）对不同桑天牛虫粪挥发物的组分进行了分析鉴定。结果表明: 取食不同寄主植物的雌性或雄性桑天牛虫粪挥发物对该寄生蜂均具有显著的引诱作用, 而不同处理间的桑天牛虫粪挥发物对该寄生蜂的引诱活性无显著差异, 这说明寄主植物的种类和桑天牛性别对于桑天牛虫粪引诱该寄生蜂的活性并无显著影响。桑天牛虫粪挥发物主要包括炔类、 酮类、醛类、酯类和萜类等化合物; 取食柘树和构树的桑天牛虫粪挥发物组分相同, 但取食桑树桑天牛的虫粪挥发物组分明显多于取食柘树和构树桑天牛的虫粪。取食同一寄主植物的两性桑天牛的虫粪挥发物的组分及其含量大致相同, 表明寄主植物对桑天牛虫粪挥发物的组分有重要影响, 而桑天牛性别对其虫粪挥发物组分无显著影响。     

二化螟与稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食诱导的水稻挥发物比较

前期研究结果表明,二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟幼虫为害所诱导的水稻挥发物能对二化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis Munakata、二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)和稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guene)雌成虫的行为产生影响,并且两者的影响效应存在明显差异,但至今仍不清楚2种害虫危害后水稻挥发物的变化情况。利用动态吸附法对健康水稻苗、二化螟或稻纵卷叶螟幼虫为害苗的挥发物进行捕集与鉴定。在3种处理水稻苗中,共捕集到28种挥发物组分,包括萜类化合物、烷烃类化合物、酮类、醇类、水杨酸甲酯和一些未知化合物。二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟为害均能导致水稻挥发物总量和大多挥发物组分释放量的上升;同时,二化螟幼虫危害能诱导水稻新释放2-heptanonol,(E)-linalooloxide和2种未知挥发物组分,稻纵卷叶螟为害则可诱导水稻产生2-heptanonol,(E)-linalooloxide,MeSA和β-caryophyllene4种新化合物。2种虫害稻株间的比较表明,β-caryophyllene和MeSA是稻纵卷叶螟危害水稻后诱导产生的特有挥发物组分,并且linalool,α-copaene,(+)-cedrol,n-heptadecane和n-nonadecane在二化螟为害苗与稻纵卷叶螟为害苗之间差异显著。这一结果也许可以解释2种害虫诱导水稻挥发物对天敌和害虫行为影响不同的原因。     

二化螟绒茧蜂室内饲养方法的研究

室内用稻种苗法大量饲养二化螟幼虫．然后用该幼虫在室内连续累代饲养二化绒城茧蜂达15个世代．先用55℃温水浸稻种10分种,然后在室温下浸种24小时．催芽后,将发芽的种苗放入大口玻璃瓶中,在恒温室内饲养二化螟幼虫．取二化螟幼虫一头,放在直径15mm．长100mm的指形管中。再接入已交配的二化螟绒茧蜂雌蜂。待产卵寄生后,取出被寄生的幼虫放入另一指形管中。用适量稻种苗饲养．至绒茧蜂化蛹羽化即完成一个世代．在饲养过程中,用5℃低温冷藏被绒茧蜂寄生的和未被寄生的二化螟幼虫1—90天,或绒茧蜂茧块1-10天,使之停止发育,从而达到使寄主二化螟幼虫和绒茧蜂成蜂发生期相遇的目的．     

二化螟幼虫被二化螟绒茧蜂寄生后血淋巴的生理生化变化

二化螟Chila suppressalis幼虫被二化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis产卵寄生后,血细胞含量增加,在被产卵寄生后的第6—10天,血细胞数最比对照幼虫增加了1.53—2.79倍,但血细胞形成被囊的能力很弱,对于蜂卵和蜂幼虫形成被囊的百分率分别为0.34％和0.62％。绒茧蜂寄生后,对二化螟幼虫生理生化有一定的影响,在寄生前期和后期,寄主幼虫血淋巴蛋白质浓度显著下降,在寄生后第2天,血淋巴游离氨基酸总浓度明显上升,以后随蜂幼虫发育而逐渐下降。在16种氨基酸中,对苏、丝、赖、精氨酸的影响最大。此外,本文对二化螟绒茧蜂的营养生理和寄生后调节寄主的能力进行了探讨。     

二化螟幼虫被二化螟绒茧蜂寄生后血淋巴的生理生化变化

二化螟Chila suppressalis幼虫被二化螟绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis产卵寄生后,血细胞含量增加,在被产卵寄生后的第6—10天,血细胞数最比对照幼虫增加了1.53—2.79倍,但血细胞形成被囊的能力很弱,对于蜂卵和蜂幼虫形成被囊的百分率分别为0.34%和0.62%.绒茧蜂寄生后,对二化螟幼虫生理生化有一定的影响,在寄生前期和后期,寄主幼虫血淋巴蛋白质浓度显著下降,在寄生后第2天,血淋巴游离氨基酸总浓度明显上升,以后随蜂幼虫发育而逐渐下降.在16种氨基酸中,对苏、丝、赖、精氨酸的影响最大.此外,本文对二化螟绒茧蜂的营养生理和寄生后调节寄主的能力进行了探讨.     

Host-age discrimination during host location byCotesia glomerata, a larval parasitoid ofPieris brassicae

Some parasitoids are restricted with respect to the host stage that they attack and even to a certain age within a stage. In this paper we investigate whether the parasitoidCotesia glomerata can discriminate between old and young caterpillar instars of its host,Pieris brassicae, before contacting these hosts, since contacts with older instars are very risky with a chance of being killed, due to the aggressive defensive behaviour of the caterpillars. Flight chamber dual choice tests showed that volatile chemicals emitted by Brussels sprouts plants (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) after feeding damage by 1st and 5th larval instars are equally attractive to the wasps. Simulated herbivore damage by 2nd and 5th larval instars, obtained by treating mechanically damaged leaves with carterpillar regurgitant, was also equally attractive, even when the wasps were exposed to repeated experience on different larval instars to increase their discriminatory ability. In contrast, single choice contact bioassays showed that the time spent searching on a leaf with feeding damage of 1st instar larvae was significantly longer than the time spent on 5th instar feeding damage or on mechanically damaged leaves. Both flight and contact bioassays did not show any effect of egg-related infochemicals. The results demonstrate thatC. glomerata can discriminate between young and old larval instars ofP. brassicae, without contacting the caterpillars. This is not done through volatile herbivore-induced synomones but through cues that are contacted after arrival at a caterpillar-infested leaf.     

Effects of single and multiple herbivory by host and non‐host caterpillars on the attractiveness of herbivore‐induced volatiles of sugarcane to the generalist parasitoid Cotesia flavipes

It is well known that parasitoids are attracted to volatiles emitted by host‐damaged plants; however, this tritrophic interaction may change if plants are attacked by more than one herbivore species. The larval parasitoid Cotesia flavipesCameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) has been used intensively in Brazil to control the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalisFabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sugarcane crops, where Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a non‐stemborer lepidopteran, is also a pest. Here, we investigated the ability of C. flavipes to discriminate between an unsuitable host (S. frugiperda) and a suitable host (D. saccharalis) based on herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) emitted by sugarcane, and whether multiple herbivory (D. saccharalis feeding on stalk + S. frugiperda feeding on leaves) in sugarcane affected the attractiveness of HIPVs to C. flavipes. Olfactometer assays indicated that volatiles of host and non‐host‐damaged plants were attractive to C. flavipes. Even though host‐ and non‐host‐damaged plants emitted considerably different volatile blends, neither naïve nor experienced wasps discriminated suitable and unsuitable hosts by means of HIPVs emitted by sugarcane. With regard to multiple herbivory, wasps innately preferred the odor blend emitted by sugarcane upon non‐host + host herbivory over host‐only damaged plants. Multiple herbivory caused a suppression of some volatiles relative to non‐host‐damaged sugarcane that may have resulted from the unaltered levels of jasmonic acid in host‐damaged plants, or from reduced palatability of host‐damaged plants to S. frugiperda. In conclusion, our study showed that C. flavipes responds to a wide range of plant volatile blends, and does not discriminate host from non‐host and non‐stemborer caterpillars based on HIPVs emitted from sugarcane. Moreover, we showed that multiple herbivory by the sugarcane borer and fall armyworm increases the attractiveness of sugarcane plants to the parasitoids.     

The social wasp Polybia fastidiosuscula Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) uses herbivore‐induced maize plant volatiles to locate its prey

Social wasps in the Polybia genus are important for use as pest‐control agents in agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the behavioural responses of Polybia fastidiosuscula Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) to volatiles from maize, both constitutive volatiles and those induced by the herbivory of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). To assess the behavioural response of P. fastidiosuscula to S. frugiperda larvae, undamaged plants, S. frugiperda‐damaged plants, mechanically damaged plants, mechanically damaged plants plus regurgitant from larvae and extracts from various treatments, bioassays were conducted in a Y‐olfactometer. In addition, the volatiles from plants subjected to different treatments were collected via aeration, and they were quantified and identified. The wasps showed a greater preference for plants with damage induced either by larval feeding or by being mechanically damaged plus regurgitant than for undamaged plants or either larvae alone or mechanically damaged plants. Wasps were more attracted to extracts from plants + S. frugiperda larvae and to an extract from mechanically damaged plants + the regurgitant of larvae compared to hexane. The primary compounds induced by herbivory for 5–6 h after the beginning of the damage or regurgitant treatment were identified as α‐pinene, β‐myrcene, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, limonene, (E)‐ocimene, linalool, DMNT, (E)‐β‐farnesene, TMTT and indole. The results presented here show that the social wasp P. fastidiosuscula uses herbivore‐induced plant volatiles from maize to locate its prey.     

The composite effect of transgenic plant volatiles for acquired immunity to herbivory caused by inter-plant communications

A blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from plants induced by herbivory enables the priming of defensive responses in neighboring plants. These effects may provide insights useful for pest control achieved with transgenic-plant-emitted volatiles. We therefore investigated, under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions, the priming of defense responses in plants (lima bean and corn) by exposing them to transgenic-plant-volatiles (VOCos) including (E)-β-ocimene, emitted from transgenic tobacco plants (NtOS2) that were constitutively overexpressing (E)-β-ocimene synthase. When lima bean plants that had previously been placed downwind of NtOS2 in an open-flow tunnel were infested by spider mites, they were more defensive to spider mites and more attractive to predatory mites, in comparison to the infested plants that had been placed downwind of wild-type tobacco plants. This was similarly observed when the NtOS2-downwind maize plants were infested with Mythimna separata larvae, resulting in reduced larval growth and greater attraction of parasitic wasps (Cotesia kariyai). In a greenhouse experiment, we also found that lima bean plants (VOCos-receiver plants) placed near NtOS2 were more attractive when damaged by spider mites, in comparison to the infested plants that had been placed near the wild-type plants. More intriguingly, VOCs emitted from infested VOCos-receiver plants affected their conspecific neighboring plants to prime indirect defenses in response to herbivory. Altogether, these data suggest that transgenic-plant-emitted volatiles can enhance the ability to prime indirect defenses via both plant-plant and plant-plant-plant communications.     

Similar attractiveness of maize volatiles induced by Helicoverpa armigera and Pseudaletia separata to the generalist parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae

Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a major larval endoparasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), also attacks many other noctuid caterpillars. We investigated the attractiveness of H. armigera‐ and Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)‐infested maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] plants to C. chlorideae, and analyzed the volatiles emitted from infested plants and undamaged plants. Considering the reported specific induction of plant volatiles by elicitors in the caterpillar regurgitant, we also tested the response of the parasitoid to mechanically damaged plants treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water and measured the volatiles released by these plants. In wind‐tunnel bioassays, C. chlorideae was strongly attracted to herbivore‐induced maize volatiles. Mechanically damaged plants, whether they were treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water, were more attractive to the parasitoid than undamaged plants. The parasitoid did not distinguish between maize seedlings infested by the two noctuid insects, nor did they show a difference in attraction to mechanically damaged plants treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water. Coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC‐MS) analysis revealed that 15 compounds were commonly emitted by herbivore‐infested and mechanically damaged maize plants, whereas only two compounds were released in minor amounts from undamaged plants. Infestation by H. armigera specifically induced four terpenoids, β‐pinene, β‐myrcene, D‐limonene, and (E)‐nerolidol, which were not induced by infestation of P. separata and mechanical damage, plus caterpillar regurgitant or water. Two compounds, geranyl acetate and β‐sesquiphellandrene, were also induced by the infestation of H. armigera, but not by the infestation of P. separata. All treated maize plants released volatiles in significantly larger total amounts than did undamaged plants. Maize plants infested by H. armigera emitted greater amounts of volatiles than plants infested by P. separata. The treatment with caterpillar regurgitant resulted in larger amounts of volatile emission than the treatment with water did in mechanically damaged plants. The amounts of emissions of individual compounds were also different between differently treated plants.     

Host plants alter their volatiles to help a solitary egg parasitoid distinguish habitats with parasitized hosts from those without

When attacked by herbivores, plants emit volatiles to attract parasitoids and predators of herbivores. However, our understanding of the effect of plant volatiles on the subsequent behaviour of conspecific parasitoids when herbivores on plants are parasitized is limited. In this study, rice plants were infested with gravid females of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens for 24 hr followed by another 24 hr in which the BPH eggs on plants were permitted to be parasitized by their egg parasitoid, Anagrus nilaparvatae; volatiles from rice plants that underwent such treatment were less attractive to subsequent conspecific parasitoids compared to the volatiles from plants infested with gravid BPH females alone. Chemical analysis revealed that levels of JA and JA-Ile as well as of four volatile compounds—linalool, MeSA, α-zingiberene and an unknown compound—from plants infested with BPH and parasitized by wasps were significantly higher than levels of these compounds from BPH-infested plants. Laboratory and field bioassays revealed that one of the four increased chemicals—α-zingiberene—reduced the plant's attractiveness to the parasitoid. These results suggest that host plants can fine-tune their volatiles to help egg parasitoids distinguish host habitats with parasitized hosts from those without.     

Is quality more important than quantity? Insect behavioural responses to changes in a volatile blend after stemborer oviposition on an African grass

Plants subjected to insect attack usually increase volatile emission which attracts natural enemies and repels further herbivore colonization. Less is known about the capacity of herbivores to suppress volatiles and the multitrophic consequences thereof. In our study, the African forage grass, Brachiaria brizantha, was exposed to ovipositing spotted stemborer, Chilo partellus, moths. A marked reduction in emission of the main volatile, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (Z3HA), occurred following oviposition but the ratio of certain other minor component volatiles to Z3HA was increased. While further herbivore colonization was reduced on plants after oviposition, the new volatile profile caused increased attraction of an adapted parasitoid, Cotesia sesamiae. Our results show that insect responses are dependent on the quality of volatile emission rather than merely the quantity in this multitrophic interaction.     

Induced parasitoid attraction by Arabidopsis thaliana: involvement of the octadecanoid and the salicylic acid pathway

Plants can use indirect defence mechanisms to protect themselves against herbivorous insects. An example of such an indirect defence mechanism is the emission of volatiles by plants induced by herbivore feeding. These volatiles can attract the natural enemies of these herbivores, for example, parasitoid wasps. Here, it is shown that the octadecanoid and the salicylic acid pathways are involved in the induced attraction of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia rubecula by Arabidopsis thaliana infested with the herbivore Pieris rapae. Besides exogenous application of jasmonic acid or salicylic acid, use is also made of transgenic Arabidopsis that do not show induced jasmonic acid levels after wounding (S-12) and transgenic Arabidopsis that do not accumulate salicylic acid (NahG). Treatment of Arabidopsis with jasmonic acid resulted in an increased attraction of parasitoid wasps compared with untreated plants, whereas treatment with salicylic acid did not. Transgenic plants impaired in the octadecanoid or the salicylic acid pathway were less attractive than wild-type plants.