海藻糖微生物酶法合成机制的研究*

来源于嗜酸热古菌芝田硫化叶菌 (Sulfolobusshibatae)B1 2的麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶(MTSase)和麦芽寡糖基海藻糖海藻糖水解酶 (MTHase)基因在大肠杆菌中获得表达。将获得纯化的两个酶 ,分别以麦芽寡糖和淀粉为转化底物 ,在pH5 5 ,6 0℃条件下合成海藻糖。从反应产物分析结果可知 ,两个酶合成海藻糖时能利用的最小底物是麦芽四糖 ,海藻糖产率与麦芽寡糖链长正相关。同时还发现两个酶都具有轻微的α 1 ,4 葡萄糖苷酶活性 ,能在麦芽寡糖还原末端水解α 1 ,4糖苷键     

嗜酸热硫化叶菌麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶基因的克隆和表达

麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶( Maltodigosyltrehalose synthase;MTSase)是近年来在一些微生物中发现的新型分子内糖苷转移酶,能将淀粉或淀粉部分水解物(大于3个葡糖基)的糖链还原末端的α-1,4糖苷键转化为α-1,1糖苷键,生成具海藻糖末端结构的产物[1],如下所示: Gn为聚合度n(n＞3)的麦芽寡糖,Gn-2-T为麦芽寡糖基海藻糖,-T为海藻糖基.     

定向进化提高来源于Arthrobacter ramosus的MTHase的热稳定性

麦芽寡糖基海藻糖水解酶(maltosyltrehalose hydrolase,MTHase)是以淀粉或麦芽糊精为底物制备海藻糖的关键酶之一。来源于Arthrobacter ramosus的MTHase,表达量好,比活高,但热稳定性差,限制了其工业化应用。采用定向进化技术,筛选得到L137M和A216T两个突变体,在60℃下,野生型和两个突变体的半衰期(t1/2)分别为15.5、20.5和23.3 min,L137M和A216T的t1/2分别比野生型提高1.3和1.5倍。进一步考察了L137M、A216T和野生型酶在60℃分别和同样来源于Arthrobacter ramosus的麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合成酶(maltosyltrehalose synthase,MTSase)复配制备海藻糖,在相同的加酶量下,野生型、L137M和A216T的海藻糖转化率分别为51.3%,52.6%和55.7%,两个突变体的转化率都比野生型提高,说明突变体提高的热稳定性有利于海藻糖的转化率。     

来源于玫瑰微球菌的麦芽寡糖基海藻糖水解酶基因在大肠杆菌中的融合表达

设计引物克隆玫瑰微球菌QS412中麦芽寡糖基海藻糖水解酶(MTHase)的基因treZ,通过与pET-28a( )载体相连,转化入宿主菌E.coli BL21,进行发酵诱导。通过SDS-PAGE检测到外源基因在大肠杆菌中有很高的MTHase表达量,但大部分都以不溶性包含体形式存在。对菌体超声破碎全菌液检测酶活,结果显示了水解酶酶活。这是来源于微球菌属的麦芽寡糖基海藻糖水解酶首次获得基因克隆和活性表达,为进一步提高酶活、增大海藻糖产量奠定了基础。     

嗜热古菌Sulfolobus tokodaii strain 7中麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶的酶学性质

【目的】克隆表达嗜热古菌Sulfolobus tokodaii strain 7中的ST0929基因,并测定其酶活性。【方法】根据ST0929基因设计引物进行PCR扩增,将这段基因克隆到p ET-15b质粒上,重组质粒导入大肠杆菌BL21细胞中表达。亲和层析纯化酶蛋白,并测定其酶活性。【结果】SDS-PAGE分析表明其分子量大约为83 k D。酶学性质研究表明该酶的最适温度为75°C,最适p H为5.0,具有很强的热稳定性和p H稳定性。该酶还能对多种金属离子和有机溶剂具有一定的耐受性。底物特异性研究发现该酶能够利用麦芽糊精作底物,而不能利用壳寡糖、麦芽糖等。【结论】通过以上酶学性质的研究,说明这种来源于超嗜热古菌的麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶在工业生产海藻糖领域具有一定的应用前景。     

海藻糖生产过程中产酶发酵条件的研究

研究了产酶的培养基组分和比例以及最佳培养条件对微球菌生产麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合成酶(MTSase)和麦芽寡糖基海藻糖海藻糖水解酶(MTHase)的影响,得到最优培养基组成为：葡萄糖2．0％,酵母膏2．0％,蛋白胨1．0％,磷酸氢二钾0．1％,硫酸镁0．05％;优化后的培养条件为：以15％的接种量接种至250mL的锥形瓶中,装液量为50mL,初始pH值7．5～8．5,培养温度为30℃,摇床培养4d。经优化后菌体干重由原来的1．938g／L增加到18．5g／L,生物量几乎增长了10倍;而酶活也由原来的30．64U／g增加到206．11U／g,酶活提高了接近7倍。     

硫矿硫化叶菌MTSase和MTHase基因的克隆与表达

从嗜热硫矿硫化叶菌(Sulfolobussolfataricus)ATCC35092的基因组中用PCR方法扩增得到编码MTSase和MTSase的基因,分别将其插入原核表达载体pTrc99a中,并转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),进行诱导表达。MTSase和MTHase酶活产率达到了31.3U/g(wetcell)和403U/g(wetcell)。在75℃,pH5.0条件下,两酶联合作用转化淀粉生产海藻糖,当淀粉浓度为15%,DE值为10时,海藻糖转化率最高为53.6%。     

麦芽四糖淀粉酶基因优化表达及酶学性质分析

麦芽四糖淀粉酶是一种新型外切淀粉酶,从淀粉的非还原末端特异地顺序切割第4个α-1,4糖苷键,产物为麦芽四糖,广泛应用于食品、医疗保健等领域.对来自嗜糖假单胞菌(Pseudomonas saccharophila)的麦芽四糖淀粉酶基因序列进行优化,优化前后基因序列同源性达75％.将优化合成的成熟肽基因克隆至原核表达载体pET32a(+)上,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导,重组蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在.包涵体经变性、复性、多步纯化,获得有活性的麦芽四糖淀粉酶.将麦芽四糖淀粉酶与不同来源的淀粉水解反应,结果表明,该酶能与7种不同来源的淀粉反应产生单一的麦芽四糖.经SDS-PAGE电泳,DNS法和硅胶板薄层色谱分析法(TLC)进行酶学性质分析,结果表明麦芽四糖淀粉酶的分子量约为57kDa,纯化后的酶液最适反应温度为45℃,最适反应pH为8.0.研究结果为麦芽四糖淀粉酶的研究和开发提供依据和参考.     

耐热古菌芝田硫化叶菌海藻糖生成相关酶的基因克隆、表达和序列分析

从耐热古菌海藻糖芝田硫化叶菌B12中分别克隆出海藻糖生成相关酶——麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶的基因treY和麦芽寡糖基海藻糖基水解酶的基因treZ,测定了其核苷酸序列并进行了表达.其中treY编码的蛋白质有728个氨基酸、分子质量为86 ku;treZ编码的蛋白质有559个氨基酸、分子质量为65 ku.它们与已报道的其他微生物的两个海藻糖生成相关酶的基因进行同源性比较,treY和treZ的同源性分别为93%和76%（硫矿硫化叶菌P2）、97%和95%（硫矿硫化叶菌KM1）、63%和66%（嗜酸热硫化叶菌ATCC33909）、48％和50%（节杆菌Q36）、48%和52%（根瘤菌M11）、50%和52％（短杆菌）.通过PHYLIP软件进行这些基因序列的分类聚类计算,获得这几种微生物间两个酶类的蛋白质系统进化树;经过氨基酸序列比较分析还发现,所有的海藻糖生成相关酶都含有糖苷酶家族13中几个高度保守的α-淀粉酶催化活性区,推测这些海藻糖生成相关酶都可能有着共同的进化来源.     

芝田硫化叶菌麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆和表达

用ＰＣＲ 方法从芝田硫化叶菌中扩增了编码一种新酶,即麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶（ ＭＴＳａｓｅ） 的基因,扩增的２－２ｋｂ ＤＮＡ 插入到原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０ 中,构建成重组质粒ｐＳＢＧＴ１ 。ｐＳＢＧＴ１ 中ＭＴＳａｓｅ 基因在大肠杆菌中得到表达。ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ 分析表达产物ＭＴＳａｓｅ蛋白的分子量约为７４ｋＤａ ,同核苷酸序列测定所推导的值相符。表达产物占细胞总蛋白约４－４ ％ 。ｐＳＢＧＴ１ 产生的重组酶作用于淀粉部分水解物,使ＤＥ 值降低,得到非还原糖或低还原糖。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).