枣麦间作枣园主要蚧虫复合种群结构及生态位

为了有效地控制枣树蚧害,2002年在太谷地区对枣麦间作枣园的康氏粉蚧(Pseudococcus comstock Kuwane)、日本蜡蚧(Ceroplastes japonicus Green)和梨园蚧(Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock)的复合种群结构及其生态位进行了系统研究.结果表明,在枣树发育早期,3种蚧虫分布范围主要在下、中部的东、南方位,康氏粉蚧的时空二维生态位的宽度较大,是该时期的优势种.到中期3种蚧虫复合种群的分布聚集在树冠上部的西、北方位,时 空二维生态位的宽度以日本蜡蚧较大,种间相似程度和竞争不明显.后期3种蚧虫的复合种群结构在各部位的各个方位的分布无明显差异,但梨园蚧的虫口密度较大,日本蜡蚧在生态位上占据较大的空间.与枣树发育的中期相比,3种蚧虫复合种群结构的相似性与种间竞争系数的平均值要小.蚧害预防应早期控制康氏粉蚧,中期调治3种蚧虫的危害,后期应采取措施压低越冬虫源.     

角蜡蚧和日本龟蜡蚧蜡泌物的超微结构及化学成分分析

采用扫描电镜和气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究了角蜡Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) 和日本龟蜡蚧C. japonicus Green蜡泌物的超微结构及化学成分。结果表明,这2种蜡蚧分泌蜡质和形成蜡壳的过程基本相似。在1、2龄期分泌的蜡质为“干蜡”,蜡壳为星芒状,虫体周缘的蜡芒均为2大节,与其2个龄期发育相对应,每一个大节又分为若干小节。同时,虫体背面中央蜡质堆积成帽状,也分为均匀的多层。由此说明泌蜡过程具有节律性。虫体周缘与蜡芒对应的突起区上分布着密集的刻点状腺孔,每一个腺孔分泌1根蜡丝,这在以往玻片标本中是观察不到的。雌性第3龄幼虫和成虫期,虫体分泌“湿蜡”,形成龟背状蜡壳,泌蜡腺孔主要为三格腺和四格腺。在肛突区发现了密集的泌蜡腺孔,排列为纵条纹状。从角蜡蚧蜡泌物甲酯化处理样品中检测到14个组分,从直接测试 (未经甲酯化处理) 样品中检测到14个组分;而从日本龟蜡蚧则分别检测到10个组分和25个组分。它们的主要成分是一系列高级的长链饱和与不饱和的烃、脂肪酸、脂肪醇、酯类、醛类以及杂环、多环或大环状化合物。对它们可能的生物生态学功能进行了讨论。     

异色瓢虫对日本龟蜡蚧虫体挥发物的趋性反应

为明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)在取食日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green过程中虫体挥发物的作用,本研究采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了异色瓢虫对日本龟蜡蚧的趋性行为反应,并利用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)对日本龟蜡蚧(卵、若虫、成虫)的挥发性气味进行分析鉴定。结果表明:异色瓢虫对日本龟蜡蚧各龄期均有趋性,其中对成虫的趋性达到极显著水平(P0.01)。在日本龟蜡蚧虫体挥发性成分中,共检出10种烷烃类、8种烯烃类、9种醇类等47种组分。选取其中两种含量较大的组份1-辛烯-3-醇和1R-α-蒎烯进行单组份趋性试验,结果表明1-辛烯-3-醇在浓度为10-4g/m L和10-5g/m L、1R-α-蒎烯在浓度为10-5g/m L和10-6g/m L时对异色瓢虫具有明显吸引效应,其中10-4g/m L的1-辛烯-3-醇和10-5g/m L的1R-α-蒎烯引诱率分别达到73.65%和76.41%,差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。上述结果为进一步研究异色瓢虫的引诱剂奠定了基础。     

外用不同浓度茉莉酸甲酯诱导的茶树挥发物的种类和时序变化

【目的】明确MeJA对茶树挥发物的诱导作用。【方法】采用顶空活体取样法对不同浓度MeJA处理后的茶苗挥发物进行抽提,并利用GC-MS对挥发物进行鉴定。【结果】不同剂量MeJA显著地影响茶树挥发物的种类组成和释放量,50μL MeJA处理可显著诱导茶树释放香叶烯、萜品油烯、罗勒烯等10种单萜类化合物,法呢烯、橙花叔醇和红没药烯等7种倍半萜类化合物,苯甲醇、苯乙腈和吲哚等5种氨基酸衍生物,以及3种未知化合物;而100μL MeJA处理仅能诱导茶树释放7种化合物。不同挥发物对MeJA处理的响应时间不同,但其释放量都具有昼高夜低的趋势。并且,释放量的大小明显受到光照强度的影响。【结论】外用MeJA喷雾处理可诱导茶树挥发物的产生和释放。     

云南双蜡蚧蜡泌物的超微形态与化学成分

采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究了云南双蜡蚧Dicyphococcus bigibbus Borchsenius（同翅目：蚧科）蜡泌物的超微结构和化学成分。结果发现：该虫的若虫与成虫分泌的蜡质从蜡腺排出初期均为湿蜡,在体外凝结形成质地稍硬而脆的玻璃状干蜡壳,蜡壳具有均匀脊和横层。幼期和雄性蜡壳小,船形,周缘带有蜡角,中央隆起。雌成虫蜡壳大,元宝形。蜡泌物的红外光谱吸收峰密集,峰型尖锐,种的特征明显。用红外光谱特征推断蜡泌物的主要基团和化学构成在GC/MS检测中得到印证。用甲酯化和非甲酯化两种处理方法检测证明,该虫蜡泌物主要成分是一系列高级的长链饱和与不饱和的烃、脂肪酸及酯类化合物。化合物的碳原子数从C₁₄～C₄₀,大部分为偶数个,特别是碳链长度在C₃₀～C₄₀的酯类化合物种类多,比例大。还将该蚧虫蜡泌物的特征与蚧科内近缘的蜡蚧属种类及瘤坚大球蚧、朝鲜毛球蚧、背刺毡蜡蚧、白蜡虫等作了对比,阐述了蜡泌物在蚧虫分类、系统学及防治中的意义。     

茉莉酸诱导桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱作用及桑枝挥发物组分分析

【目的】探讨茉莉酸诱导的桑树Morus alba枝挥发物对桑天牛卵啮小蜂Aprostocetus prolixus趋性行为的影响,研究桑枝挥发物的动态变化规律,为揭示茉莉酸诱导桑枝产生的间接抗虫作用机理提供理论依据。【方法】本试验利用嗅觉测定仪,研究了不同浓度茉莉酸处理24,48和72 h后的桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱作用,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对茉莉酸(1 000μmol/L)处理不同时间后的桑枝挥发物组分进行了分析。【结果】在10μmol/L茉莉酸处理后的不同时间内,桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂均未表现出明显的引诱作用;当茉莉酸浓度为100μmol/L时,桑枝仅在处理48 h后对桑天牛卵啮小蜂具有显著的引诱活性;然而,经1 000μmol/L茉莉酸处理24 h和48h后,桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性明显高于对照(24 h,P0.05;48 h,P0.01),72 h后桑枝的引诱作用消失。Spearman等级相关性分析表明,茉莉酸浓度与桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱百分率显著正相关(ρ=0.791,P=0.006)。茉莉酸(1 000μmol/L)处理桑枝挥发物组分包括醇类、酯类、萜类物质、芳香族化合物和含氮化合物,其中萜类物质种类最多(13种)。随着处理时间的变化,桑枝挥发物组分及总释放速率也随之发生改变。处理24 h后,桑枝释放出18种组分,比对照多11种组分,其总释放速率也明显提高,为对照的8.2倍;48 h后桑枝释放出22种组分,比对照多15种组分,其总释放速率进一步提高,为对照的44.6倍;72 h后桑枝释放出13种组分,比对照多6种组分,其总释放速率大幅降低,为对照的3.9倍,但与对照无显著差异。【结论】随着茉莉酸浓度的提高,桑枝对桑天牛卵啮小蜂的引诱活性逐渐增强。茉莉酸能诱导桑枝挥发物的大量释放及新组分的产生。     

昆虫病原真菌对日本龟蜡蚧蜡泌物的降解作用

[目的]为了研究昆虫病原真菌感染蚧虫过程中对其蜡泌物的降解作用.[方法]本文选择3种虫生真菌的4个菌株即,蜡蚧霉Lecaniciliium lecanii的菌株V3.4504和V3.4505、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株FDB01和绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae菌株TSL06,以日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green(昆虫纲:半翅目:蚧总科)雌成虫的蜡泌物作为无机盐培养液中的唯一碳源,研究各菌株在该无机盐培养液中的生长情况、酶活变化和对蜡泌物的降解作用.[结果]在上述培养液中,4株病原真菌都能以日本龟蜡蚧的蜡泌物作为其营养碳源,进行生长繁殖,产生酶类物质,对蜡质造成降解.菌株V3.4504和V3.4505在无机盐培养液中多以芽管的形态存在,而菌株FDB01和TSL06多以附着胞的形式存在;在7天的培养过程中,菌株V3.4504、V3.4505、FDB01、TSL06的脂肪酶活性最高值分别为(0.128±0.017) U/mL、(0.056±0.002) U/mL、(0.124±0.011) U/mL、(0.149±0.005) U/mL,不同菌株之间的脂肪酶活性有显著差异;4菌株脱氢酶活性分别为(0.075±0.003) U/mL、(0.074±0.003) U/mL、(0.061 ±0.04) U/mL、(0.066±0.002) U/mL,它们之间的差异没有达到显著水平;4菌株对蜡泌物的降解率分别为(18.20±0.019)％、(11.00±0.011)％、(15.4±0.017)％、(23.10±0.031)％;在菌的作用下,蜡泌物的结构变得松脆,表面出现许多小孔洞,并有白色附着物.用扫描电镜观察到了菌丝在蜡质上的附着和穿刺.[结论]昆虫病原真菌可以降解日本龟蜡蚧蜡泌物的化学成分(主要是长链脂肪酸等多种长碳链化合物以及组成“内蜜露”的多种糖类和氨基酸)作为自己的营养碳源,并使蜡泌物的物理结构发生改变,这是病菌打破蜡壳屏障,成功入侵蚧虫的关键原因.菌株分泌的脂肪酶和脱氢酶参与了降解作用,其中脂肪酶发挥了更为关键的作用.4菌株中对蜡质的降解率依次为TSL06＞ V3.4504＞FDB01＞V3.4505.     

不同基质多代培养对蚧虫病原真菌蜡蚧霉致病力的影响

【目的】研究昆虫病原真菌蜡蚧霉Lecanicilliurn lecanii(Zimmermann.)菌株No.V3.4504在不同培养基上继代培养,对菌种的菌落生长特性、胞外酶活力和对蚧虫致病力的影响。【方法】试验菌种蜡蚧霉菌株No.V3.4504是从染病蚧虫上分离的。试验蚧虫是沙里院褐球蚧Rhodococcus sariuoni Borchsenius和日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green。采用7种培养基继代培养多代。观察菌落形态特征、测定生长速率、产孢量、胞外蛋白酶和几丁质酶活性及对蚧虫的致死率。【结果】在PDA培养基上,菌落生长速率最快,但产孢量最低,胞外蛋白酶和几丁质酶的活性均呈逐代下降趋势,对两种蚧虫致死率也最低;增加蛋白胨对改善菌种致病力没有明显效果;在增加蚧虫尸体的D、E、F培养基上,菌落生长速率虽然较慢,但产孢量上升为8.83×106-9.13×106孢子/cm2。蛋白酶和几丁质酶的活性平均达到2.16-2.13 U/g和1.01-1.03 U/g,对两种蚧虫的致死率分别在55%-58%和39%-42%;在活蚧虫上连续培养3代,蛋白酶和几丁质酶的活性最高,为3.08-2.92 U/g和1.45-1.42 U/g,是PDA培养基上的1.6倍。对两种蚧虫的致死率也最高,分别达到71.30%和58.89%。蛋白酶和几丁质酶的活性与蚧虫死亡率呈正直线相关关系。【结论】采用PDA培养基连续多代培养会引起菌株No.V3.4504明显退化;在培养基中加入蚧虫尸体,对于保持菌种活力有明显效果;在活蚧虫体上继代培养对复壮菌种,提高菌种毒力的效果最佳。     

虫害马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb)邻枝针叶挥发物及其内源茉莉酸甲酯的快速变化

对盆栽马尾松针叶进行接虫咬食危害处理后,通过TCT-GC/MS分析了同一株受害枝相邻的健康枝针叶挥发物的成分及相对含量的时序变化。结果表明：萜烯类化合物是邻枝针叶挥发物的主要成分,其次是含氧化合物、含氮化合物等。与对照相比,多数挥发物的相对含量1h略高于对照,2h维持较高水平。同时,用GC/MS分析了邻枝针叶不同时间序列中茉莉酸甲酯的含量,结果表明：虫害马尾松邻枝针叶1h茉莉酸甲酯含量就有所升高,2h显著高于对照,是对照的近1倍。证明马尾松受到虫害后,启动了体内的防御系统,并诱导邻枝产生抗性。     

蚧虫基因组DNA不同提取方法的比较

实验以日本龟蜡蚧CeroplastesjaponicusGreen,白蜡绵粉蚧PhenacoccusfraxinusTang ,朝鲜球蚧DidesmococcuskoreanusBorchseniush和瘤大球坚蚧EulecaniumgiganteaShinji等 4种蚧虫为材料 ,分别用十二烷基硫酸钠 (SDS)法、十六烷基三乙基溴化铵 (CTAB)法、醋酸钾 (KAc)法和氯化钠 (NaCl)法等 4种方法 ,对单只蚧虫进行基因组DNA提取 ,用 0 8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测所提DNA。结果表明 ,4种方法都可以提取到基因组DNA ,但是比较而言 ,CTAB法和NaCl法所提取的DNA质量明显优于SDS法和KAc法 ,并适用于PCR。因此认为 ,CTAB法和NaCl法是实验室提取单只蚧虫基因组DNA更有效而实用的方法。     

Application of methyl jasmonate to grey willow (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix cinerea</Emphasis>) attracts insectivorous birds in nature

It has been suggested that insectivorous birds may be guided by herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to herbivore-rich trees with herbivorous damage. The HIPV production in plants is partly mediated by jasmonic acid signalling pathway. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was proved to be a suitable agent for induction of HIPVs similar to those induced by herbivorous insects in many plant species. We studied the effects of methyl jasmonate on volatile emission and natural enemy attraction using mature grey willow (Salix cinerea) under natural conditions in Czech Republic. We treated 12 experimental shrubs with 30 mM MeJA and completed the experiment with 12 control shrubs. We monitored attacks by natural predators with artificial plasticine caterpillars which were checked daily. Birds most often pecked the caterpillars exposed on MeJA-treated shrubs and this attractiveness differed significantly from control. Attractiveness of MeJA-treated shrubs did not differ significantly from control shrubs for arthropod predators. Spraying MeJA on grey willows resulted in significantly higher production of α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, limonene and β-ocimene. There was a marginally significant positive correlation between the predation rate by birds and relative change in α-pinene emissions.     

Minor effects of two elicitors of insect and pathogen resistance on volatile emissions and parasitism of Spodoptera frugiperda in Mexican maize fields

Synthetic elicitors can be used to induce resistance in plants against pathogens and arthropod herbivores. Such compounds may also change the emission of herbivore-induced plant volatiles, which serve as important cues for parasitic wasps to locate their hosts. Therefore, the use of elicitors in the field may affect biological control of insect pests. To test this, we treated maize seedlings growing in a subtropical field in Mexico with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), an elicitor of defense responses against many insects, and benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), an elicitor of resistance against certain pathogens. Volatile emission, herbivore infestation, pathogen infection, and plant performance (growth and grain yield) of treated and untreated maize plants were measured. Application of BTH slightly reduced volatile emission in maize, while MeJA increased the emission compared to control treatments. Despite the apparent changes in volatile emissions, the elicitor application did not consistently affect infestation by Spodoptera frugiperda larvae, the main insect pest found on the maize seedlings, and had only marginal effects on parasitism rates. Similarly, there were no treatment effects on infestation by other herbivores and pathogens. Results for the six replications that stretched over one summer and one winter season were highly variable, with parasitism rates and the species composition of the parasitoids differing significantly between seasons. This variability, as well as the severe biotic and abiotic stresses on young seedlings might explain why we measured only slight effects of elicitor application on pest incidence and biological control in this specific field study. Indeed, an additional field experiment under milder and more standardized conditions revealed that BTH induced significant resistance against Bipolaris maydis, a major pathogen in the experimental maize fields. Similar affects can be expected for herbivory and parasitism rates.     

Specific herbivore-induced volatiles defend plants and determine insect community composition in the field

In response to insect attack, plants release complex blends of volatile compounds. These volatiles serve as foraging cues for herbivores, predators and parasitoids, leading to plant-mediated interactions within and between trophic levels. Hence, plant volatiles may be important determinants of insect community composition. To test this, we created rice lines that are impaired in the emission of two major signals, S-linalool and (E)-β-caryophyllene. We found that inducible S-linalool attracted predators and parasitoids as well as chewing herbivores, but repelled the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a major pest. The constitutively produced (E)-β-caryophyllene on the other hand attracted both parasitoids and planthoppers, resulting in an increased herbivore load. Thus, silencing either signal resulted in specific insect assemblages in the field, highlighting the importance of plant volatiles in determining insect community structures. Moreover, the results imply that the manipulation of volatile emissions in crops has great potential for the control of pest populations.     

Manipulation of VOC emissions with methyl jasmonate and carrageenan in the evergreen conifer Pinus sylvestris and evergreen broadleaf Quercus ilex

Plant defence can be induced by exposing plants to the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) or its volatile ester, methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Carrageenans (Carr) - sulphated D-galactans extracted from red algae - can also induce plant defences. In this study, the effects of exogenous MeJA and Carr application (concentration 300 and 12.7 μmol, respectively) on volatile emissions from two widespread evergreen woody species, Pinus sylvestris (nine Turkish and one Finnish provenance) and Quercus ilex (Italian provenance) were investigated. We collected headspace samples from seedlings and analysed the quality and quantity of volatile compounds emitted by treated and control plants. In total, 19 monoterpenes, 10 sesquiterpenes, 10 green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and two aromatic compounds were emitted by P. sylvestris from all the provenances studied. Foliar MeJA application clearly affected the volatile profiles of trees from all the provenances. Effects of Carr were genotype specific. In Q. ilex, emissions of sesquiterpenes, GLVs and the homoterpene (E)-DMNT were all induced by MeJA application. However, emissions of most constitutively emitted monoterpenes were significantly reduced. Carr application also led to a significant reduction in monoterpene emissions, but without corresponding increases in other emissions. Our results indicate that exogenously applied MeJA and Carr can both significantly modify the volatile profiles of P. sylvestris and Q. ilex, but also that there are important provenance- and species-specific differences in the overall degree of elicitation and compositions of elicited compounds.     

Host resistance elicited by methyl jasmonate reduces emission of aggregation pheromones by the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus

We treated Norway spruce (Picea abies) stems with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to determine possible quantitative and qualitative effects of induced tree defenses on pheromone emission by the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. We measured the amounts of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and (S)-cis-verbenol, the two main components of the beetle's aggregation pheromone, released from beetle entrance holes, along with phloem terpene content and beetle performance in MeJA-treated and untreated Norway spruce logs. As expected, phloem terpene levels were higher and beetle tunnel length was shorter (an indication of poor performance) in MeJA-treated logs relative to untreated logs. Parallel to the higher phloem terpene content and poorer beetle performance, beetles in MeJA-treated logs released significantly less 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and (S)-cis-verbenol, and the ratio between the two pheromone components was significantly altered. These results suggest that host resistance elicited by MeJA application reduces pheromone emission by I. typographus and alters the critical ratio between the two main pheromone components needed to elicit aggregation. The results also provide a mechanistic explanation for the reduced performance and attractivity observed in earlier studies when bark beetles colonize trees with elicited host defenses, and extend our understanding of the ecological functions of conifer resistance against bark beetles.     

Differential Performance and Parasitism of Caterpillars on Maize Inbred Lines with Distinctly Different Herbivore-Induced Volatile Emissions

Plant volatiles induced by insect feeding are known to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Six maize inbred lines that showed distinctly different patterns of volatile emission in laboratory assays were planted in randomized plots in the Central Mexican Highlands to test their ability to recruit parasitic wasps under field conditions. The plants were artificially infested with neonate larvae of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, and two of its main endoparasitoids, Campoletis sonorensis and Cotesia marginiventris, were released in the plots. Volatiles were collected from equally treated reference plants in the neighbourhood of the experimental field. The cumulative amount of 36 quantified volatile compounds determined for each line was in good accordance with findings from the laboratory; there was an almost 15-fold difference in total emission between the two extreme lines. We found significant differences among the lines with respect to the numbers of armyworms recovered from the plants, their average weight gain and parasitism rates. Average weight of the caterpillars was negatively correlated with the average total amount of volatiles released by the six inbred lines. However, neither total volatile emission nor any specific single compound within the blend could explain the differential parasitism rates among the lines, with the possible exception of (E)-2-hexenal for Campoletis sonorensis and methyl salicylate for Cotesia marginiventris. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles and/or correlates thereof contribute to reducing insect damage of maize plants through direct plant defence and enhanced attraction of parasitoids, alleged indirect defence. The potential to exploit these volatiles for pest control deserves to be further evaluated.     

枣飞象对枣树植物挥发物的EAG和行为反应

【目的】枣飞象Scythropus yasumatsui是枣树Zizyphus jujuba主要害虫。近年来,在陕西和山西枣区暴发成灾,造成了严重的经济和生态损失。本研究旨在明确枣树挥发性物质在枣飞象成虫化学通讯中的作用,为该虫植物源引诱剂开发和研制提供基础资料。【方法】利用顶空吸附法收集5个枣树品种(木枣、狗头枣、赞皇枣、骏枣和酸枣)的枣芽挥发物,采用气质联用(GC-MS)进行化学指纹谱的鉴定和分析;随后分别利用触角电位(electroantennogram, EAG)仪和Y型嗅觉仪测定枣飞象成虫对17种枣树挥发性物质的EAG和行为反应。【结果】5个品种枣树的枣芽中共鉴定出挥发性物质6类26种,包括9种萜烯类、6种酯类、4种醇类、4种烷类、2种醛类和1种酚类;不同品种枣芽挥发性物质种类和含量具有差异。EAG试验结果表明,枣飞象成虫对测试的17种枣树挥发性物质的EAG反应相对值有明显差异。枣飞象成虫对D-柠檬烯、正十三烷、正十四烷、正十五烷、壬醛、棕榈酸甲酯、油酸甲酯7种挥发性物质的EAG反应较强。当挥发性物质浓度为0.1~100 μg/μL时,随着浓度增加,枣飞象成虫的EAG反应相对值先增加后下降,刺激浓度为50 μg/μL时EAG反应相对值达到最大。50 μg/μL浓度下,枣飞象雌成虫对棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛EAG反应相对值分别为3.84和3.67,雄成虫对棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛EAG反应相对值分别为3.47和3.21,极显著高于对其他挥发性物质的EAG反应相对值。行为反应结果表明,枣飞象雌雄成虫对棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛有明显趋向性, 选择率均大于65%,雄成虫对十五烷有明显趋向性,雌雄成虫对其他供试的物质无明显趋向性。【结论】棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛对枣飞象雌雄成虫均有明显吸引作用,十五烷对雄成虫有明显吸引作用。结果提示棕榈酸甲酯和壬醛可能与枣飞象对不同品种枣树偏好性选择密切相关。     

植物-昆虫间的化学通讯及其行为控制

在植物与昆虫间的化学通讯中植物气味物质起着决定性的作用,它调控着昆虫的多种行为,诸如引诱昆虫趋向寄主植物,刺激昆虫取食,引导昆虫选择产卵场所,进行传粉和防御昆虫等。有些植物则当受到食植性昆虫危害时会释出一些引诱害虫天敌的化学信号。这些化学信号是一些挥发性萜类混合物,天敌昆虫就以此来区分受害和未受害植株。尽管目前在害虫综合治理中,昆虫信息素的应用越来越显得比天然植物气味源更受重视,但是必须指出的是,昆虫信息化合物首次成功地使用于植物保护的却是天然植物气味源。在利用植物气味源作害虫测报和防治中,近年来一种简单价廉的粘胶诱捕器己成为多种害虫的标准测报工具。在害虫综合治理中利用植物气味源的技术显然是具有不可估量的潜力。文中提出了利用基因工程技术来改造植物,使植物能释放特定的驱避剂或其它控制昆虫行为的特殊气味物质的新概念。     

Electroantennographic bioassay as a screening tool for host plant volatiles

Plant volatiles play an important role in plant-insect interactions. Herbivorous insects use plant volatiles, known as kairomones, to locate their host plant. When a host plant is an important agronomic commodity feeding damage by insect pests can inflict serious economic losses to growers. Accordingly, kairomones can be used as attractants to lure or confuse these insects and, thus, offer an environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides for insect control. Unfortunately, plants can emit a vast number volatiles with varying compositions and ratios of emissions dependent upon the phenology of the commodity or the time of day. This makes identification of biologically active components or blends of volatile components an arduous process. To help identify the bioactive components of host plant volatile emissions we employ the laboratory-based screening bioassay electroantennography (EAG). EAG is an effective tool to evaluate and record electrophysiologically the olfactory responses of an insect via their antennal receptors. The EAG screening process can help reduce the number of volatiles tested to identify promising bioactive components. However, EAG bioassays only provide information about activation of receptors. It does not provide information about the type of insect behavior the compound elicits; which could be as an attractant, repellent or other type of behavioral response. Volatiles eliciting a significant response by EAG, relative to an appropriate positive control, are typically taken on to further testing of behavioral responses of the insect pest. The experimental design presented will detail the methodology employed to screen almond-based host plant volatiles by measurement of the electrophysiological antennal responses of an adult insect pest navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) to single components and simple blends of components via EAG bioassay. The method utilizes two excised antennae placed across a "fork" electrode holder. The protocol demonstrated here presents a rapid, high-throughput standardized method for screening volatiles. Each volatile is at a set, constant amount as to standardize the stimulus level and thus allow antennal responses to be indicative of the relative chemoreceptivity. The negative control helps eliminate the electrophysiological response to both residual solvent and mechanical force of the puff. The positive control (in this instance acetophenone) is a single compound that has elicited a consistent response from male and female navel orangeworm (NOW) moth. An additional semiochemical standard that provides consistent response and is used for bioassay studies with the male NOW moth is (Z,Z)-11,13-hexdecadienal, an aldehyde component from the female-produced sex pheromone.