云南双蜡蚧蜡泌物的超微形态与化学成分

采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究了云南双蜡蚧Dicyphococcus bigibbus Borchsenius（同翅目：蚧科）蜡泌物的超微结构和化学成分。结果发现：该虫的若虫与成虫分泌的蜡质从蜡腺排出初期均为湿蜡,在体外凝结形成质地稍硬而脆的玻璃状干蜡壳,蜡壳具有均匀脊和横层。幼期和雄性蜡壳小,船形,周缘带有蜡角,中央隆起。雌成虫蜡壳大,元宝形。蜡泌物的红外光谱吸收峰密集,峰型尖锐,种的特征明显。用红外光谱特征推断蜡泌物的主要基团和化学构成在GC/MS检测中得到印证。用甲酯化和非甲酯化两种处理方法检测证明,该虫蜡泌物主要成分是一系列高级的长链饱和与不饱和的烃、脂肪酸及酯类化合物。化合物的碳原子数从C₁₄～C₄₀,大部分为偶数个,特别是碳链长度在C₃₀～C₄₀的酯类化合物种类多,比例大。还将该蚧虫蜡泌物的特征与蚧科内近缘的蜡蚧属种类及瘤坚大球蚧、朝鲜毛球蚧、背刺毡蜡蚧、白蜡虫等作了对比,阐述了蜡泌物在蚧虫分类、系统学及防治中的意义。     

柿白毡蚧蜡泌物的超微结构与蜡壳的形成

采用扫描电镜技术研究了柿白毡蚧Asiacornococcus kaki(Kuwana)泌蜡腺体、蜡泌物的超微结构与蜡壳形成过程.结果发现,蜡壳形成分3个阶段,即泌蜡发生期、泌蜡增长期和蜡囊形成期,由3种腺体分泌的蜡质构成.锥刺是泌蜡的主要器官,其分泌的粗蜡管形成蜡壳的框架.管腺分泌空心细蜡丝,与框架蜡管紧密交织在一起.单孔腺分泌的细小蜡丝散布虫体表面.雄茧扁平,由空心长丝状蜡编织形成.     

南洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫主要器官及其蜡泌物的扫描电镜观察

为明确南洋臀纹粉蚧Planococcus lilacinus(Cockerell)雌成虫及其蜡泌物的结构特征,利用扫描电镜观察该虫体表主要器官、蜡质及泌蜡腺体的超微结构.结果表明:南洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫外覆白色粉状厚蜡被,体缘具18对蜡棒,触角8节、口器和足发达且分布有不同长度的毛形和刺形感受器,眼为单眼,腹脐和背孔唇形、发达;体表蜡质包含带状蜡丝、空心管状蜡丝和月牙形蜡丝,由三格腺和刺孔群分泌的带状蜡丝大量分布于整个虫体,由管状腺分泌的空心管状蜡丝主要分布于虫体腹部腹面和体缘,由多格腺分泌的月牙形蜡丝主要分布于虫体腹部腹面.研究结果初步揭示了南洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫体表主要器官、蜡质及泌蜡腺体的超微结构特征,可为研究该虫搜索寄主、寻找配偶、群集为害、抵御逆境和传播扩散等行为活动提供支持.     

瘤坚大球蚧蜡泌物的超微形态与红外光谱特征

采用扫描电镜和红外光谱技术研究了瘤坚大球蚧Eulecanium gigantea在不同发育阶段蜡泌物的超微形态和化学成分。结果发现：该虫在低龄期分泌湿蜡,最初在虫体背面凝结成晶体状的不同大小颗粒,接着连接成片状和块状构造,最后蜡质堆积形成龟背状蜡壳。蜡壳的各个板块与体壁上突起的腺孔分布区位置相对应。雄虫蜡壳与低龄期若虫蜡壳质地相同。雌成虫分泌的蜡质为长而卷曲的空心蜡丝。雌成虫背面和腹面蜡泌物的红外光谱特征说明二者所含的主要化学基团和成分是相同的。尽管雄虫蜡壳与雌虫的化学成分基本相似,但存在的官能团有明显差别,主要表现在雄虫蜡泌物光谱图上1736.3 cm^-1处出现两个吸收峰,而雌虫只有一个;在振动频率1 242.0 cm^-1～1 106.6 cm^-1出现3个C-O键振动峰,而雌虫的是一系列锯齿状长碳链-C-C-C-骨架振动峰。根据红外光谱特征分析,推测该虫蜡泌物的化学成分可能主要是由长链烃、长链脂肪酸、脂肪醇和某些带芳香环的化合物组成。     

康氏粉蚧蜡泌物的扫描电镜观察

采用制作玻片标本和扫描电镜技术研究了康氏粉蚧Pseudococcus comstocki(Kuwana)在不同发育阶段的显微形态特征及蜡泌物的超微形态。结果表明:三格腺是康氏粉蚧最主要的腺体,随着虫体的发育,数量增多,分布变广,每个腺孔分泌一根蜡丝,覆盖体表;管腺只在特定的时期分泌长的空心蜡管构成卵囊;多格腺分泌多棱形卷曲的小蜡丝粘附在卵粒上,防止其相互粘连。     

日本松干蚧不同虫态的泌蜡特点及FAS与FAE的含量变化

本文采用显微观察技术及酶含量测定方法,对日本松干蚧Matsucoccus matsumurae(Kuwana)分泌蜡质的几个虫态及各虫态虫体内与蜡质合成相关的脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)和脂肪酸延伸酶(FAE)的含量变化进行了研究。结果表明:雄性泌蜡主要在二龄若虫期和三龄若虫期,前者为珠形若虫,虫体分泌少量湿蜡,在体表形成薄蜡层,由气门周缘分泌蜡丝,后者泌蜡量大,为蜡丝结茧;雌性泌蜡主要在二龄若虫和雌成虫泌蜡形成卵囊期。FAS含量变化与泌蜡活动关系密切,在雄性的三龄若虫期最高,二龄若虫期次之,蛹期最低;雌性成虫泌蜡前和中期FAS含量最高,产卵完毕时最低,二龄若虫期居中;FAE含量与FAS变化相似,但在二龄若虫期也较高。这说明FAS和FAE参与了蜡质合成过程。     

柑橘真棉蚧蜡泌物的超微形态、红外光谱与化学成分特征

采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究了柑橘真棉蚧Eupulvinariacitricola(Kuwana)(半翅目:蚧科)蜡泌物的超微形态、红外光谱和卵囊蜡质的化学成分特征。结果发现:该蚧雌虫背面腺体分泌湿蜡,在体表面形成薄的半透明蜡壳,背面蜡壳分为6个小区,表面由湿蜡凝结成片状和蜡块状构造。雌成虫产卵期由腹面多格腺分泌丝状蜡结成卵囊。雄若虫也分泌湿蜡,雄蛹的蜡茧薄,表面有浅的凹凸花纹。用雌成虫卵囊、背面蜡壳和雄茧的蜡质作红外光谱分析,它们的谱图具有共同的基本特征,吸收峰群分为5个区域:2900cm-1附近的3个强吸收峰组成的峰群是>CH2和—CH3的特征吸收峰;1800cm-1~1500cm-1之间的吸收峰群是羰基(>C=O)和C=C键的伸缩振动;1500cm-1~1400cm-1区域是>CH2和—CH3基团的吸收峰;1400cm-1~1000cm-1之间为饱和碳链—C—C—C—骨架振动。730cm-1附近为环状化合物的基团吸收峰群。由此确定它们的组成都是长碳链结构的脂肪酸、脂肪醇、烃类、酯类或带有环状结构的化合物。其主要区别在第2、3、4区吸收峰的形式、强度和数量,反映出基团的种类和数量不同。雌成虫卵囊蜡质甲酯化后GC/MS检测出7个组分(表1),全部为长链脂肪酸。未经甲酯化的蜡质检测出4类16个组分(表2),可分为长链烃、酸、醇、酯。第一类为饱和长链烃,5个组分,占总组分的38.38%;第二类是长链脂肪酸,包括直链饱和酸和不饱和酸共6个组分,占31.59%;第三类是直链饱和醇,占2.87%;第四类是酯类化合物,4个组分,占总组分的27.16%。     

枣球蜡蚧雄虫不同发育期的形态特征

采用光学显微镜研究了枣球蜡蚧Eulecaniumgiganteum (Shinji)雄虫在不同发育期的形态特征。结果表明 :该虫雄性完成其生活史需经历初孵若虫、固定若虫、预蛹和蛹、雄成虫 4个阶段。初孵的 1龄若虫为扩散活动期 ,虫体具有发达的单眼、触角和 3对胸足 ,便于寻找寄生场所 ,但泌蜡腺体很少。 1龄后期和 2龄若虫为固定取食期 ,虫体缘毛粗大 ,泌蜡腺体很多 ,蜡泌物在虫体背面堆积成龟背状蜡壳 ,自我保护性很强。预蛹和蛹不再取食 ,虫体隐藏在白色的半透明蜡壳内。与若虫相比 ,体形变化很大 ,预蛹出现翅芽 ,而其它各器官退化 ,眼无 ,触角和足短小且分节不显。到蛹期 ,翅芽、触角和足明显长大 ,并出现感觉毛。成虫期为活动交配期 ,头部出现发达的 5对单眼 ,触角 1 0节 ,密布各种刚毛等感觉器。前翅和足发育完好。     

昆虫病原真菌对日本龟蜡蚧蜡泌物的降解作用

[目的]为了研究昆虫病原真菌感染蚧虫过程中对其蜡泌物的降解作用.[方法]本文选择3种虫生真菌的4个菌株即,蜡蚧霉Lecaniciliium lecanii的菌株V3.4504和V3.4505、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株FDB01和绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae菌株TSL06,以日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green(昆虫纲:半翅目:蚧总科)雌成虫的蜡泌物作为无机盐培养液中的唯一碳源,研究各菌株在该无机盐培养液中的生长情况、酶活变化和对蜡泌物的降解作用.[结果]在上述培养液中,4株病原真菌都能以日本龟蜡蚧的蜡泌物作为其营养碳源,进行生长繁殖,产生酶类物质,对蜡质造成降解.菌株V3.4504和V3.4505在无机盐培养液中多以芽管的形态存在,而菌株FDB01和TSL06多以附着胞的形式存在;在7天的培养过程中,菌株V3.4504、V3.4505、FDB01、TSL06的脂肪酶活性最高值分别为(0.128±0.017) U/mL、(0.056±0.002) U/mL、(0.124±0.011) U/mL、(0.149±0.005) U/mL,不同菌株之间的脂肪酶活性有显著差异;4菌株脱氢酶活性分别为(0.075±0.003) U/mL、(0.074±0.003) U/mL、(0.061 ±0.04) U/mL、(0.066±0.002) U/mL,它们之间的差异没有达到显著水平;4菌株对蜡泌物的降解率分别为(18.20±0.019)％、(11.00±0.011)％、(15.4±0.017)％、(23.10±0.031)％;在菌的作用下,蜡泌物的结构变得松脆,表面出现许多小孔洞,并有白色附着物.用扫描电镜观察到了菌丝在蜡质上的附着和穿刺.[结论]昆虫病原真菌可以降解日本龟蜡蚧蜡泌物的化学成分(主要是长链脂肪酸等多种长碳链化合物以及组成“内蜜露”的多种糖类和氨基酸)作为自己的营养碳源,并使蜡泌物的物理结构发生改变,这是病菌打破蜡壳屏障,成功入侵蚧虫的关键原因.菌株分泌的脂肪酶和脱氢酶参与了降解作用,其中脂肪酶发挥了更为关键的作用.4菌株中对蜡质的降解率依次为TSL06＞ V3.4504＞FDB01＞V3.4505.     

异色瓢虫对日本龟蜡蚧虫体挥发物的趋性反应

为明确异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)在取食日本龟蜡蚧Ceroplastes japonicus Green过程中虫体挥发物的作用,本研究采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了异色瓢虫对日本龟蜡蚧的趋性行为反应,并利用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用(HS-SPME-GC/MS)对日本龟蜡蚧(卵、若虫、成虫)的挥发性气味进行分析鉴定。结果表明:异色瓢虫对日本龟蜡蚧各龄期均有趋性,其中对成虫的趋性达到极显著水平(P0.01)。在日本龟蜡蚧虫体挥发性成分中,共检出10种烷烃类、8种烯烃类、9种醇类等47种组分。选取其中两种含量较大的组份1-辛烯-3-醇和1R-α-蒎烯进行单组份趋性试验,结果表明1-辛烯-3-醇在浓度为10-4g/m L和10-5g/m L、1R-α-蒎烯在浓度为10-5g/m L和10-6g/m L时对异色瓢虫具有明显吸引效应,其中10-4g/m L的1-辛烯-3-醇和10-5g/m L的1R-α-蒎烯引诱率分别达到73.65%和76.41%,差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。上述结果为进一步研究异色瓢虫的引诱剂奠定了基础。     

六类常见泌蜡昆虫的蜡腺和蜡泌物研究进展

泌蜡昆虫体表除了具有和其他昆虫一样的薄蜡层之外,还具有特殊的蜡腺,在生长发育过程中能够分泌蜡质覆盖于体表,从而有利于昆虫防止体内水分过度蒸发、抵御外界多种不利条件、阻碍病原物入侵和躲避天敌寄生或捕食,对昆虫的生存和繁衍具有重要的保护作用。本文概述了蚧虫、蚜虫、蜡蝉、木虱、粉虱和粉蛉等6类常见泌蜡昆虫的蜡腺和蜡泌物的超微形态结构、蜡泌物的主要化学组成及泌蜡的分子机制等方面的研究进展,以期为今后其在昆虫分类学和系统发育学的研究以及在害虫防治中的应用提供参考。     

The wax glands and wax secretion of Matsucoccus matsumurae at different development stages

In this paper, the wax secretions and wax glands of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) at different instars were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The first and second instar nymphs were found to secrete wax filaments via the wax glands located in the atrium of the abdominal spiracles, which have a center open and a series of outer ring pores. The wax gland of the abdominal spiracle possesses a large central wax reservoir and several wax-secreting cells. Third-instar male nymphs secreted long and translucent wax filaments from monolocular, biolocular, trilocular and quadrilocular pores to form twine into cocoons. The adult male secreted long and straight wax filaments in bundles from a group of 18–19 wax-secreting tubular ducts on the abdominal segment VII. Each tube duct contained five or six wax pores. The adult female has dorsal cicatrices distributed in rows, many biolocular tubular ducts and multilocular disc pores with 8–12 loculi secreting wax filaments that form the egg sac, and a rare type wax pores with 10 loculi secreting 10 straight, hollow wax filaments. The ultrastructure and cytological characteristics of the wax glands include wax-secreting cells with a large nucleus, multiple mitochondria and several rough endoplasmic reticulum. The functions of the wax glands and wax secretions are discussed.     

Wax glands ultrastructure and chemical composition of wax of giant mealybug Drosicha stebbingii (Green) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae)

Droschia stebbingii (Green) belonging to the family Monophlebidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) is a serious, phytophagous and dimorphic pest. D. stebbingii and D. mangiferae (Green) with sixty-two common hosts and minor morphological variations pose problems towards their taxonomic identification. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to outline the ultrastructural details of cuticular wax producing structures of D. stebbingii. Three types of wax-pores along with tubular duct were observed on the head, thorax and abdomen. Quinquelocular and multilocular disc-pores exhibited variations in the central loculus with single and double opening. Short curly wax strands were secreted from the outer loculi whereas central loculus secreted long tubular strands. Additionally, bilocular pores secreting curly wax were observed having two large loculi separated by a septum. GC–MS analysis of cuticular wax indicated the presence of hydrocarbons and wax esters forming majority of the covering along with long chain alcohols, ketones and acids. Variations in the percentage of hydrocarbon and wax esters content were observed for two populations of D. stebbingii collected from different hosts. Hydrocarbons were abundant in populations collected on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre whereas long chain esters dominated the wax profile for the population collected from Tectona grandis L.f. Compositional variations in the cuticular wax of D. stebbingii on different host along with knowledge on the ultrastructural wax pores and waxy secretion would provide an insight to the existing knowledge of this scale insect.     

蚧虫蜡泌物的化学研究进展

总结了国内外对蚧虫蜡泌物及其化学成分的研究进展 ,内容包括蜡泌物形成介壳的主要类型 ;蜡泌物的化学研究方法及已涉及的种类 ;蜡泌物的主要化学组成 ,并对 5类物质 ,即蜡、烃类、树脂或萜类、色素类、内蜜露作了重点叙述。最后 ,讨论了研究蚧虫蜡泌物的化学成分具有的意义和应用前景 ,包括蜡泌物作为生物资源的利用 ;以蚧虫作为农林、果树和花卉业的重要害虫 ,针对蜡泌物的特点研制相应的新型杀虫剂 ;利用蜡泌物的化学信息素对天敌的诱导作用 ,开展蚧虫生物防治 ;利用蜡泌物作为化学分类性状的应用等。     

两种吹绵蚧蜡泌物超微结构的研究

采用扫描电镜技术研究了澳洲吹绵蚧lcerya purchase Maskell和埃及吹绵蚧Icerya aegyptiaca(Douglas)不同龄期主要泌蜡腺体和蜡泌物的超微结构.结果发现:成虫期背面的丝状蜡是由多格腺和皮毛共同分泌产生的.卵囊是由雌成虫成熟时腹部腹面的半圆形卵囊带所分泌的,也是实心丝状蜡结构.若虫期吹绵蚧背面覆盖着由多格腺分泌的丝状蜡,实心结构;腹面有长丝状的蜡质缠绕,紧贴腹面体壁的还有一层小蜡圈.     

Lipophilic compounds in femoral secretions of male collared lizards,Crotaphytus bicinctores (Iguania,Crotaphytidae)

In many lizards, chemical compounds from the femoral gland secretions are used in intraspecific communication, but most studies describing these chemicals are for lizard species included in the Scleroglossa clade, whereas lizards within the Iguanian clade have been much less studied, probably because these lizards were considered to rely more on visual cues. However, many iguanian lizards have abundant femoral secretions and are able of chemosensory conspecific recognition, which might be based on compounds secreted by femoral glands. By using GC–MS analyses, we found 58 lipophilic compounds in femoral gland secretions of male Great Basin collared lizard, Crotaphytus bicinctores (Iguania, Crotaphytidae). Main compounds were steroids (mainly two triunsaturated steroids and cholesterol), carboxylic acids (mainly hexadecanoic acid), waxy esters of long chain fatty acids, alcohols (mainly hexadecanol), aldehydes and other minor compounds. We compared these compounds with those found in other lizard species and discussed the potential signaling function of some compounds and how the xeric habitat of this lizard could have conditioned the composition of secretions.     

Ultrastructure of Wax-Producing Structures on the Integument of the Melaleuca Psyllid Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), with Honeydew Excretion Behavior in Males and Females

The melaleuca psyllid, Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), was introduced to Florida as a biological control agent against Melaleuca quinquenervia, an invasive evergreen tree that has invaded large areas of Florida Everglades. Colonies of B. melaleucae nymphs are normally covered by white waxy secretions, and nymphs of various instars produce long bundles of white waxy filaments extending laterally and posteriorly from their abdomen. Scanning electron microscopy of ‘naturally waxed’ and ‘dewaxed’ nymphs (cleaned from wax) revealed two types of wax pore plates located dorsally and laterally on the integument of posterior abdominal segments starting with the 4th segment. Type-1 wax pore plates, with raised rim, peripheral groove, slits and pits, produce long ribbons and filaments of waxy secretions that are wound together forming long wax bundles, whereas type-2 wax pore plates, with slits only, produce shorter wax curls. Additionally, in both nymphs and adult females, the circumanal ring contained ornate rows of wax pores that produce wax filaments covering their honeydew excretions. Video recordings with stereomicroscopy showed that adult females produce whitish honeydew balls, powerfully propelled away from their body, probably to get these sticky excretions away from their eggs and newly hatched nymphs. Adult males, however, produce clear droplets of honeydew immediately behind them, simply by bending the posterior end of the abdomen downward. The possible role(s) of waxy secretions by nymphs and adults of B. melaleucae in reducing contamination of their colonies with honeydew, among other possibilities, are discussed.