噬菌体裂解酶——现状与未来

噬菌体裂解酶是一种由DNA噬菌体基因编码的高特异性酶, 可高效消化细菌细胞壁。革兰氏阳性菌噬菌体裂解酶的结构域相似, 裂解效率高, 与抗生素具协同抗菌作用, 且不易产生耐受性菌株, 抗体等体液因子对裂解酶的裂解活性影响小, 裂解酶作为一种潜在抗感染药物具有重要的研究价值。目前已建立了多种病原菌裂解酶应用的动物模型, 在防控耐药性病原菌感染上取得重要进展。本文就噬菌体裂解酶的抗菌作用进行综述。     

提高噬菌体裂解酶抗菌活性的研究进展

随着细菌耐药性问题的日益严重,人们开始寻求新型抗菌制剂。噬菌体裂解酶是一种由ds DNA噬菌体编码的水解酶,能高效特异性地裂解细菌细胞壁且不易使细菌产生耐药性。由于天然裂解酶具有宿主谱窄,不能裂解革兰阴性菌等缺点,研究者对裂解酶进行了大量的设计改造。本研究主要对提高噬菌体裂解酶抗菌活性的研究进展进行综述。     

噬菌体溶壁酶研究进展

溶壁酶是噬菌体在感染末期表达的蛋白质,可水解细菌的细胞壁,使子代噬菌体释放出来。研究表明,溶壁酶在体外能高效地杀死细菌,同样对感染细菌的模型动物有很好的治疗作用。因此,溶壁酶是一种新型的抗菌物质,具有广阔的应用前景。溶壁酶通过水解细菌细胞壁肽聚糖上糖与肽间的酰胺键或肽内氨基酸残基间的连键,从而使细菌裂解。溶壁酶分子由结合功能域和催化功能域两部分组成,其晶体结构使之具有对细胞壁肽聚糖水解的高效性和特异性。对噬菌体溶壁酶的体内外抗菌作用、抗菌机理、晶体结构等最新研究成果及其应用前景进行了综述。     

噬菌体裂解酶研究进展

噬菌体裂解酶是双链DNA噬菌体所特有的细胞壁水解酶。研究表明,所有噬菌体裂解酶在结构上具有相似性,即含有2个结构域：比较保守的N端催化区和差异较大的C端特异性结合区。裂解酶的高亲和性与种属特异的细胞壁糖基有关,而后常常是细菌存活的必要成分。所以,细菌难以产生对裂解酶的抗性。本简要综述噬茵体裂解酶的研究进展。     

链球菌噬菌体裂解酶在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化及活性检测

噬菌体裂解酶是噬菌体产生的细胞壁水解酶,通过水解宿主菌细胞壁使子代噬菌体释放,在体外能高效且特异性地杀死细菌。本研究旨在克隆和表达链球菌噬菌体裂解酶PlyC,并测定其生物学活性。利用PCR方法扩增PlyC的2条肽链PlyCA和PlyCB,构建表达载体pET-32a(+)-PlyCA和pET-32a(+)-PlyCB,分别转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,以0.7 mmol/L IPTG在30 oC诱导7 h实现了高效表达,SDS-PAGE分析表明PlyCA和PlyCB表达量均可达菌体总蛋白的30%以上。采用Ni2+-NTA亲和层析法纯化目的蛋白,其纯度大于95%。用透析复性方法得到目的产物重组链球菌噬菌体裂解酶PlyC,以浊度法和平板计数法检测其体外抗菌效果,扫描电子显微镜观察裂解酶作用前后细菌细胞形态变化。结果表明重组PlyC能特异性裂解化脓性链球菌(A组β-溶血性链球菌),以4μg/mL浓度作用于OD600为0.56的菌液60 min后杀菌率达99.6%,扫描电镜观察结果显示该酶作用于菌体后,链球菌细胞裂解,呈碎片状态。本研究为开发一种新型、高效的链球菌感染疾病治疗药物打下了基础。     

噬菌体及其裂解酶对细菌生物被膜作用的研究进展

细菌形成的生物被膜,可保护细菌不易被抗生素杀死,这给临床上相应疾病的治疗及医疗器械的消毒带来极大困难。研究表明,噬菌体及其裂解酶对生物被膜有降解作用。噬菌体能清除细菌在有生物活性或无生物活性的介质表面形成的生物被膜。此外,噬菌体裂解酶比如LySMP、肽酶CHAPk、细胞壁溶解酶CWHs等能清除特定的生物被膜,这可能与裂解酶直接溶菌和裂解细菌细胞外基质有关。同时,与抗生素、钴离子、氯等物质联合使用时,噬菌体对生物被膜的清除作用会更强。本文从噬菌体、噬菌体编码的裂解酶、以及它们联合其他物质对细菌生物被膜的作用进行综述,并对其实际应用做了展望。     

高效广谱猪链球菌7型前噬菌体裂解酶的挖掘及活性研究

【目的】噬菌体具有防控耐药性病原菌的抗菌应用潜力,但是有些病原菌噬菌体的获得非常困难,研究发现大多数病原菌存在前噬菌体(prophage),且由前噬菌体编码的裂解酶(endolysin)具有良好的抗菌应用前景,本研究将挖掘猪链球菌前噬菌体及其编码的裂解酶。【方法】通过对GenBank中登录的数株猪链球菌前噬菌体裂解酶的基因信息分析,挖掘出一株猪链球菌7型菌株前噬菌体编码的裂解酶,研究其生物学活性。以猪链球菌7型菌株7917的基因组为模板,采用PCR技术扩增获得裂解酶基因ly7917,将其克隆至质粒pET28a(+)并转化大肠杆菌DH5α细胞,挑选基因序列正确的阳性克隆、抽提质粒、转化表达菌株大肠杆菌BL21,经IPTG诱导可高效表达裂解酶Ly7917。【结果】平板裂解试验结果显示Ly7917具有高效裂菌活性,能够裂解猪链球菌2型高致病力菌株HA9801;浊度递减试验结果显示该裂解酶能够高效裂解猪链球菌2型、7型、9型和马链球菌兽疫亚种参考株、金黄色葡萄球菌(包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌)等多种革兰氏阳性菌。【结论】基于前噬菌体挖掘的裂解酶Ly7917,具有高效广谱裂菌活性,为临床上利用裂解酶治疗耐药菌的混合感染提供了可能。     

噬菌体内溶素的酶学特性及其应用前景

噬菌体内溶素是噬菌体在入侵宿主菌及侵染后期释放过程中合成的一类酶蛋白,该蛋白质能够破坏宿主细胞壁肽聚糖层。噬菌体编码的内溶素有四种类型:葡糖苷酶、酰胺酶、肽链内切酶和转糖基酶。大部分噬菌体内溶素由于缺少信号肽无法分泌表达,通常需要另外一种噬菌体编码的穴蛋白(holin)破坏细胞膜,然后才能够进入到细胞周间质裂解细菌细胞壁。大部分噬菌体内溶素可以特异地作用于自身宿主菌,同时也可以利用基因工程手段有目的地改造成功能特异的酶蛋白,因此可以用来作为生物制剂预防及控制微生物感染。     

裂解酶治疗的研究进展与应用前景

多耐药病原细菌的不断出现和传播给公共医疗造成了严峻的威胁和挑战,开发新的抗菌分子迫在眉睫。噬菌体裂解酶来源于噬菌体,具有独特的进化和选择优势,不仅能高效快速的杀灭多耐药细菌,而且不易诱导细菌产生新的耐药性。本文对噬菌体裂解酶的结构和功能进行了简要的介绍,重点综述了裂解酶在抗细菌感染中近年的研究进展和应用前景。     

鱼源副乳房链球菌前噬菌体裂解酶Sply828的抗菌活性

【背景】副乳房链球菌（Streptococcus parauberis）是重要的水产病原菌,该病原菌已逐渐出现新的血清型及多重耐药性状,因此亟须开发出一种新的抗菌药物用于该病害的防治。研究发现,前噬菌体编码的裂解酶能够有效地杀死其宿主,具有良好的抗菌应用前景。【目的】以副乳房链球菌前噬菌体裂解酶为对象,研究其杀菌宿主谱并优化其裂解活性的条件。【方法】利用PHASTER工具对副乳房链球菌菌株KRS02083全基因组序列分析发现,其前噬菌体包含一种裂解酶的基因Sply828;通过基因克隆、表达和纯化等技术得到裂解酶Sply828蛋白;通过浊度递减实验探究裂解酶Sply828对不同细菌的杀菌活性及其最适的裂解条件。【结果】裂解酶Sply828对鱼源副乳房链球菌具有最佳的杀菌活性,并发现该酶对处于指数生长期的细菌杀菌效果最好;其最适裂解温度为28°C,最适pH为6.2;Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺对该酶的杀菌活性有促进作用,但是Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Fe²⁺、Ni²⁺明显抑制...     

Bacteriophage lytic enzymes: novel anti-infectives

Bacteriophage lytic enzymes, or lysins, are highly evolved molecules produced by bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) to digest the bacterial cell wall for bacteriophage progeny release. Small quantities of purified recombinant lysin added to gram-positive bacteria causes immediate lysis resulting in log-fold death of the target bacterium. Lysins have now been used successfully in animal models to control pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria found on mucosal surfaces and in blood. The advantages over antibiotics are their specificity for the pathogen without disturbing the normal flora, the low chance of bacterial resistance to lysins and their ability to kill colonizing pathogens on mucosal surfaces, capabilities that were previously unavailable. Thus, lysins could be an effective anti-infective in an age of mounting antibiotic resistance.     

噬菌体治疗细菌性感染的进展

噬菌体是自然界中广泛存在的细菌病毒,作为细菌的天然杀手,在细菌性感染尤其是多重耐药菌感染的治疗方面具有抗生素无法比拟的优势。综述了利用活噬菌体治疗细菌性感染的早期研究及近几年的初步临床试验结果、利用噬菌体裂解酶治疗细菌性感染的最新进展,指出了噬菌体治疗真正得以应用所面临的主要障碍并综述分析了一些具有一定可行性的解决方案,以期为噬菌体治疗的研究和应用提供参考,并推动噬菌体治疗研究的进一步发展。     

Enhancement of the antimicrobial properties of bacteriophage‐K via stabilization using oil‐in‐water nano‐emulsions

Bacteriophage therapy is a promising new treatment that may help overcome the threat posed by antibiotic‐resistant pathogenic bacteria, which are increasingly identified in hospitalized patients. The development of biocompatible and sustainable vehicles for incorporation of viable bacterial viruses into a wound dressing is a promising alternative. This article evaluates the antimicrobial efficacy of Bacteriophage K against Staphylococcus aureus over time, when stabilized and delivered via an oil‐in‐water nano‐emulsion. Nano‐emulsions were formulated via thermal phase inversion emulsification, and then bacterial growth was challenged with either native emulsion, or emulsion combined with Bacteriophage K. Bacteriophage infectivity, and the influence of storage time of the preparation, were assessed by turbidity measurements of bacterial samples. Newly prepared Bacteriophage K/nano‐emulsion formulations have greater antimicrobial activity than freely suspended bacteriophage. The phage‐loaded emulsions caused rapid and complete bacterial death of three different strains of S. aureus. The same effect was observed for preparations that were either stored at room temperature (18–20°C), or chilled at 4°C, for up to 10 days of storage. A response surface design of experiments was used to gain insight on the relative effects of the emulsion formulation on bacterial growth and phage lytic activity. More diluted emulsions had a less significant effect on bacterial growth, and diluted bacteriophage‐emulsion preparations yielded greater antibacterial activity. The enhancement of bacteriophage activity when delivered via nano‐emulsions is yet to be reported. This prompts further investigation into the use of these formulations for the development of novel anti‐microbial wound management strategies. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:932–944, 2014     

Purified Recombinant Phage Lysin LySMP: An Extensive Spectrum of Lytic Activity for Swine Streptococci

Bacteriophage lysin has attracted considerable attentions as possible antimicrobial agents for solution of antibiotic resistance. SMP was a Streptococcus suis serotype 2 bacteriophage isolated from nasal swabs of healthy Bama minipigs. The putative SMP bacteriophage lysin, designated LySMP, was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, and chromatographically purified. Treated with 0.8% of β-mercaptoethanol, LySMP exhibited an extensive lysin spectrum than those of whole phage against bacteria investigated. S. suis serotype 2, S. suis serotype 7 and S. suis serotype 9 strains were recovered from diseased pigs between 1998 and 2005 in China. Fifteen of seventeen strains of S. suis serotype 2 could be lysed, as well as S. suis serotype 7 and 9, Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus and Staphylococcus aureus. But E. coli and Salmonella enterica were not affected. Purified LySMP showed high degrading efficiency against PMSF or lysozyme treated cells comparing to PBS washed cells. Optimum pH and temperature conditions for the lysin were investigated by turbidity reduction assay. The lysin exerted efficient lysis activity at 37°C, pH 5.2. The turbidity of bacterium investigated was observed to decrease by 1.2–68% in 30 min. Result indicated that putative LySMP could be a candidate antimicrobial agent in controlling S. suis infection.     

Bacteriophage lysins as effective antibacterials

Lysins are highly evolved enzymes produced by bacteriophage (phage for short) to digest the bacterial cell wall for phage progeny release. In Gram-positive bacteria, small quantities of purified recombinant lysin added externally results in immediate lysis causing log-fold death of the target bacterium. Lysins have been used successfully in a variety of animal models to control pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria found on mucosal surfaces and infected tissues. The advantages over antibiotics are their specificity for the pathogen without disturbing the normal flora, the low chance of bacterial resistance to lysins, and their ability to kill colonizing pathogens on mucosal surfaces, a capacity previously unavailable. Thus, lysins may be a much needed anti-infective in an age of mounting antibiotic resistance.