胰岛细胞环路

胰岛由分泌胰岛素的β细胞、分泌胰高血糖素的α细胞以及分泌生长抑素的δ细胞等多种细胞组成,其组织内的细胞环路对胰岛稳态和血糖维持有重要的调控作用,是目前胰岛功能和糖尿病研究的热点.最近的研究表明,α-β细胞对话对胰岛环路的建立以及正常β细胞的功能的发挥起着重要的调节作用,而且无论是β-δ环路功能障碍,还是δ-β环路的过度激活,都会导致胰岛稳态的破坏和血糖紊乱.这些研究为胰岛环路如何调节胰岛稳态和血糖水平提供了初步的线索,但更全面详细的研究尚未充分开展.因此,深入阐明胰岛环路的构成与功能,及其如何在生理和病理过程中发挥作用,不仅可以更好地理解胰岛如何作为一个组织在血糖代谢中维持自身稳态并发挥其功能,也可为通过调节和塑造胰岛环路,开发新型的糖尿病防治策略奠定基础.     

脂联素与胰岛β细胞

脂联素(Adiponectin)是新近发现的脂肪组织特异分泌的一个具有重要功能的细胞因子.最近研究发现脂联素可能通过改善胰岛β细胞功能、抑制β细胞凋亡等机制抑制糖尿病的发生、发展.深入研究胰岛β细胞脂联素及脂联素受体的作用和调节机制,可为糖尿病的诊治提供新思路.     

保护胰岛β细胞的体外研究进展

糖尿病是一种由胰岛素分泌缺陷和（或）胰岛素作用缺陷引起的高血糖症性代谢疾病。自Edmonton临床试验取得成功后,胰岛移植成为一种新型治愈糖尿病的方法。但胰岛β细胞在体外分离过程中极易发生凋亡或死亡,且长期的体外培养或冷冻储存也容易令其胰岛素分泌功能逐渐丧失。因此,有效维持或改善β细胞的成活率及功能对胰岛移植的成功至关重要。对胰岛β细胞的体外保护方法进行阐述,并对其研究前景进行展望。     

胰岛β细胞炎症与2型糖尿病

2型糖尿病属于代谢性疾病,它的发生发展受环境因素和多种基因的共同调控.近年来研究认为2型糖尿病属于代谢性炎症,可能是由细胞因子介导的一种慢性炎症反应性疾病.胰岛作为胰岛素的分泌器官,它的异常是2型糖尿病发病进程中的一个重要病理基础.长期的高糖,高脂及巨噬细胞浸润等因素都会刺激细胞因子的大量生成,造成胰岛β细胞的炎症反应,对胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素的功能和细胞活力产生不同程度的损伤,导致其功能障碍和凋亡,进而促使2型糖尿病的发生发展.本文根据国内外近几年的研究进展,进一步了探讨胰岛β细胞炎症与2型糖尿病的关系.这种代谢性炎症的研究,进一步阐明了炎症的发生,引起胰岛素抵抗、功能障碍的具体机制,革新了对2型糖尿病发病机理的认识,并为2型糖尿病的防治提供了新的方向.     

IL-6通过Sirt1/p53/caspase-3通路介导胰岛β细胞凋亡

目的 探讨炎性因子IL-6是否通过Sirt1/p53/caspase-3通路介导胰岛β细胞凋亡.方法 Western 印迹检测Sirt1在小鼠各组织器官和胰岛β细胞系NIT-1细胞中的表达,免疫荧光法检测Sirt1在细胞中的定位.IL-6（10 ng/ml）处理NIT-1细胞48 h,Hoechst3334染色及流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,Western印迹检测细胞内Sirt1、P53、乙酰化P53（acety-P53）、caspase-3和cleaved caspase-3的水平变化.结果 Sirt1在小鼠各组织器官和胰岛β细胞中均有表达,主要定位于细胞核.IL-6处理NIT-1细胞后,伴随Sirt1表达的显著减少,acety-P53明显上调,p53/caspase-3通路活化,NIT-1细胞凋亡增加.结论 IL-6通过下调Sirt1进而激活p53/caspase-3信号通路引起胰岛β细胞凋亡.     

FOXO1在胰岛β细胞中的表达及对增殖凋亡功能的影响

胰岛功能受损的分子机制研究是揭示2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病机制的核心问题．FOXO1是胰岛素信号下游的重要靶转录因子,参与胰岛的发育,但在分化成熟的胰岛β细胞中的功能尚未阐明．本研究采用免疫组化方法结合激光共聚焦技术观察FOXO1在胰岛的表达及细胞定位;通过基因介导的转移技术和siRNA干预技术,在培养的大鼠胰腺癌β细胞系（INS-1E）中特异高表达组成性活性的FOXO1(FOXO1-AAA)或抑制其表达水平,观察FOXO1表达水平的改变对β细胞增殖、凋亡的影响．免疫组化结果显示,FOXO1在正常胰腺组织中仅特异地表达在胰岛内．采用胰岛素与FOXO1的免疫荧光双标结合共聚焦观察进一步揭示,FOXO1主要表达在胰岛的β细胞中．Western印迹显示,腺病毒介导的基因转移技术在体外培养的INS-1E细胞中过表达FOXO1-AAA或其特异的siRNA均能有效地上调或抑制其表达水平3H-TdR掺入实验结果显示,降低FOXO1的表达显著促进细胞增殖;反之,高表达FOXO1显著抑制细胞增殖．与之相应,MTT检测结果显示,降低FOXO1的表达对细胞存活有显著促进作用,高表达FOXO1对细胞存活有显著抑制作用．进一步采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,结果显示降低FOXO1的表达使β细胞凋亡率降低,反之高表达FOXO1使β细胞凋亡率增加．研究结果证实,胰岛β细胞中的FOXO1参与β细胞的存活、增殖、凋亡的调节．病理性高表达FOXO1可能通过阻止β细胞增殖、促进β细胞凋亡从而减少β细胞的数量,在T2DM发生中可能起重要作用．     

促胰岛素分泌活性肽对胰岛β细胞作用的分子机制

促胰岛素分泌活性肽具有促进胰岛素分泌、增加胰岛β细胞数量和抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡等作用。研究这些活性肽功效的细胞信号转导及其分子机制,将为进一步研究及开发高效、低毒副作用的2型糖尿病治疗药物奠定理论基础。该文综述了部分促胰岛素分泌活性肽对胰岛β细胞作用的细胞分子机制研究进展,为进一步进行相关研究提供参考。     

脂肪细胞对胰岛β细胞功能的内分泌调节作用

脂肪因子包括脂肪细胞分泌的多种活性因子,它们通过内分泌方式调节胰岛β细胞的胰岛素分泌、基因表达以及细胞凋亡等多方面的功能。本文提出脂肪因子影响胰岛β细胞功能主要通过三条相互联系的途径而实现。第一是调节β细胞内葡萄糖和脂肪的代谢;第二是影响β细胞离子通道的活性;第三是改变β细胞本身的胰岛素敏感性。脂肪细胞的内分泌功能是一个动态过程,在不同的代谢状态下,各脂肪因子的分泌发生不同变化。从正常代谢状态发展到肥胖以及2型糖尿病的过程中,脂肪因子参与了胰岛β细胞功能障碍的发生与发展。     

自噬在2 型糖尿病和胰岛β 细胞中作用研究进展

胰岛素分泌缺陷和胰岛素抵抗是2型糖尿病发病的主要机制之一。高血糖和脂质代谢紊乱,是糖尿病发病机制中最重要的获得性因素。最近研究表明自噬在维持内环境稳定,胰岛β细胞数量分泌能力,及对抗胰岛素抵抗等方面有重要作用。本文就自噬的基本概念及在糖尿病发病和维持β细胞功能方面作一综述。     

小檗碱通过PTEN/Nrf2途径抑制胰岛βTC6氧化应激及细胞凋亡

摘要 目的：探讨小檗碱（Berberine,BBR）在棕榈酸（palmitic acid,PA）诱导的胰岛β细胞氧化应激及凋亡中的角色及分子机制。方法：BBR和PA单独或联合处理敲低PTEN的βTC6细胞,利用MTT、Caspase-3活性检测、流式细胞术、ROS含量检测、硝基酪氨酸定量等测定各实验分组的细胞凋亡程度并比较彼此氧化应激水平,利用定量PCR以及Western blotting检测PTEN、AMPK、Nrf2的表达变化。此外,我们还评估了BBR是否可以缓解糖尿病小鼠全身炎症状态和胰岛细胞凋亡,并再次验证了BBR对糖尿病小鼠的治疗效果。结果：BBR通过降低PTEN同时升高Nrf2的表达,进而减轻PA诱导胰岛βTC6细胞ROS以及硝基酪氨酸积累,降低PA诱导性Caspase-3升高。干扰PTEN表达可以与BBR发生协同效应,即协同降低氧化应激性凋亡。经动物实验发现BBR可明显降低糖尿病小鼠血糖以及血清IL-6水平,同时在转录水平降低小鼠胰腺PTEN并上调Nrf2,TUNEL实验发现BBR可以明显抑制糖尿病小鼠胰岛细胞凋亡,而二甲双胍（Metformin, Met）未发现抑制效应。结论：BBR通过下调PTEN并上调Nrf2的表达来发挥对PA引起的βTC6细胞氧化应激以及凋亡的保护作用,而沉默PTEN可反过来与BBR形成协同保护作用。BBR与MET治疗2型糖尿病的降糖效果没有差异性,但BBR可以额外地通过PTEN/Nrf2途径发挥抗炎及抗氧化应激作用。     

Insulin and glucagon regulate pancreatic α-cell proliferation

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results from insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, in the setting of hyperglucagonemia. Glucagon is a 29 amino acid peptide hormone, which is secreted from pancreatic α cells: excessively high circulating levels of glucagon lead to excessive hepatic glucose output. We investigated if α-cell numbers increase in T2DM and what factor (s) regulate α-cell turnover. Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) (db/db) mice were used as a T2DM model and αTC1 cells were used to study potential α-cell trophic factors. Here, we demonstrate that in db/db mice α-cell number and plasma glucagon levels increased as diabetes progressed. Insulin treatment (EC50 = 2 nM) of α cells significantly increased α-cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner compared to non-insulin-treated α cells. Insulin up-regulated α-cell proliferation through the IR/IRS2/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and increased insulin-mediated proliferation was prevented by pretreatment with rapamycin, a specific mTOR inhibitor. GcgR antagonism resulted in reduced rates of cell proliferation in αTC1 cells. In addition, blockade of GcgRs in db/db mice improved glucose homeostasis, lessened α-cell proliferation, and increased intra-islet insulin content in β cells in db/db mice. These studies illustrate that pancreatic α-cell proliferation increases as diabetes develops, resulting in elevated plasma glucagon levels, and both insulin and glucagon are trophic factors to α-cells. Our current findings suggest that new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of T2DM may include targeting α cells and glucagon.     

MicroRNA-203a regulates pancreatic β cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting IRS2

Molecular Biology Reports - The main pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is autoimmune-mediated apoptosis of pancreatic islet β cells. We sought to characterize the function of...     

Absence of spontaneous regeneration of endogenous pancreatic β-cells after chemical-induced diabetes and no effect of GABA on α-to-β cell transdifferentiation in rhesus monkeys

β-cell deficiency is common feature of type 1 and late-stage of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, β?cell replacement therapy has been the focus of regenerative medicine past several decades. Particularly, evidences suggest that β?cell regeneration via transdifferentiation from sources including α-cells is promising. However, data using higher mammals besides rodents are scarce. Here, we examined whether endogenous pancreatic β-cells could regenerate spontaneously or under normoglycemia following porcine islet transplantation for varied periods up to 1197 days after streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and remaining α-cells transdifferentiate into β-cells by GABA treatment in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that endogenous β-cells rarely regenerate in both conditions as evidenced by stagnant serum C-peptide levels and β-cell number in the pancreas, and the remaining α-cells did not transdifferentiate into β-cells by GABA treatment. Collectively, we concluded that monkey β-cells had relatively low regenerative potential compared with rodent counterpart and GABA treatment could not induce α-to-β-cell transdifferentitation.     

Regeneration of pancreatic non-β endocrine cells in adult mice following a single diabetes-inducing dose of streptozotocin

The non-β endocrine cells in pancreatic islets play an essential counterpart and regulatory role to the insulin-producing β-cells in the regulation of blood-glucose homeostasis. While significant progress has been made towards the understanding of β-cell regeneration in adults, very little is known about the regeneration of the non-β endocrine cells such as glucagon-producing α-cells and somatostatin producing δ-cells. Previous studies have noted the increase of α-cell composition in diabetes patients and in animal models. It is thus our hypothesis that non-β-cells such as α-cells and δ-cells in adults can regenerate, and that the regeneration accelerates in diabetic conditions. To test this hypothesis, we examined islet cell composition in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mouse model in detail. Our data showed the number of α-cells in each islet increased following STZ-mediated β-cell destruction, peaked at Day 6, which was about 3 times that of normal islets. In addition, we found δ-cell numbers doubled by Day 6 following STZ treatment. These data suggest α- and δ-cell regeneration occurred rapidly following a single diabetes-inducing dose of STZ in mice. Using in vivo BrdU labeling techniques, we demonstrated α- and δ-cell regeneration involved cell proliferation. Co-staining of the islets with the proliferating cell marker Ki67 showed α- and δ-cells could replicate, suggesting self-duplication played a role in their regeneration. Furthermore, Pdx1(+)/Insulin(-) cells were detected following STZ treatment, indicating the involvement of endocrine progenitor cells in the regeneration of these non-β cells. This is further confirmed by the detection of Pdx1(+)/glucagon(+) cells and Pdx1(+)/somatostatin(+) cells following STZ treatment. Taken together, our study demonstrated adult α- and δ-cells could regenerate, and both self-duplication and regeneration from endocrine precursor cells were involved in their regeneration.     

Islet-derived multipotential cells/progenitor cells

The pancreatic β-cell has a pivotal role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; its death leads to type I diabetes. Neogenesis of β-cells, the differentiation of β-cells from non-β-cells, could be an important mechanism of islet cell repopulation. To examine the ability of the adult pancreas to generate new β-cells, we characterized the phenotype of β precursor cells in embryos and then determined that cells expressing embryonic traits appeared in islets of adult mouse pancreas following deletion of preexisting insulin cells by streptozotocin, a specific β-cell toxin. These precursor cells generated new β-cells (NBCs) that repopulated the islets. The number of NBCs increased dramatically after restoration of normoglycemia by insulin therapy. Future studies will seek to identify the source of the NBCs and to examine the mechanisms that lead to their differentiation.     

Can pancreatic duct-derived progenitors be a source of islet regeneration?

The regenerative process of the pancreas is of interest because the main pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is an inadequate number of insulin-producing β-cells. The functional mass of β-cells is decreased in type 1 diabetes, so replacing missing β-cells or triggering their regeneration may allow for improved type 1 diabetes treatment. Therefore, expansion of the β-cell mass from endogenous sources, either in vivo or in vitro, represents an area of increasing interest. The mechanism of islet regeneration remains poorly understood, but the identification of islet progenitor sources is critical for understanding β-cell regeneration. One potential source is the islet proper, via the dedifferentiation, proliferation, and redifferentiation of facultative progenitors residing within the islet. Neogenesis, or that the new pancreatic islets can derive from progenitor cells present within the ducts has been reported, but the existence and identity of the progenitor cells have been debated.In this review, we focus on pancreatic ductal cells, which are islet progenitors capable of differentiating into islet β-cells. Islet neogenesis, seen as budding of hormone-positive cells from the ductal epithelium, is considered to be one mechanism for normal islet growth after birth and in regeneration, and has suggested the presence of pancreatic stem cells. Numerous results support the neogenesis hypothesis, the evidence for the hypothesis in the adult comes primarily from morphological studies that have in common the production of damage to all or part of the pancreas, with consequent inflammation and repair. Although numerous studies support a ductal origin for new islets after birth, lineage-tracing experiments are considered the “gold standard” of proof. Lineage-tracing experiments show that pancreatic duct cells act as progenitors, giving rise to new islets after birth and after injury. The identification of differentiated pancreatic ductal cells as an in vivo progenitor for pancreatic β-cells has implications for a potentially important, expandable source of new islets for diabetic replenishment therapy.     

IAA、ICA及GADA联合检测对糖尿病分型的诊断价值

目的:探讨胰岛素自身抗体(IAA)、胰岛细胞抗体(ICA)及谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)联合检测对糖尿病分型的诊断价值。方法:选择2015年6月~2016年6月在我院进行诊治的1型糖尿病患者30例为A组,2型糖尿病患者60例为B组,同期在我院进行体检健康者50例为C组,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测三组的IAA、ICA及GADA,比较三组的阳性检出率。结果:A组空腹血糖为(10.12±3.68)mmol/L,B组空腹血糖为(11.23±3.26)mmol/L,A组和B组的空腹血糖均明显高于C组(4.35±1.42mmol/L)(P0.05),但A组和B组的空腹血糖相比无明显差异(P0.05);A组和B组的IAA、ICA及GADA单独和联合检测的阳性率均明显高于C组(P0.05),且A组的IAA、ICA及GADA单独和联合检测的阳性率明显高于B组(P0.05);IAA、ICA及GADA联合检测对1型和2型糖尿病的敏感性和特异性均明显高于单独检测(P0.05)。结论:IAA、ICA及GADA联合检测对糖尿病分型具有较高的临床诊断价值。     

Transplanted islets from lpr mice are resistantto autoimmune destruction in a model of streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes

The mechanism by which β-cells die during autoimmune diabetes has remained a subject of intense investigation. The loss of β-cells in the disease is T cell mediated and thought to result from a number of different insults including apoptosis induction through the death receptor CD95. However, the role of CD95 in autoimmune diabetes, studied primarily in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, has been controversial. We have used an alternative model of autoimmune diabetes triggered by repeated low doses of streptozotocin. In this model, islet grafts from C3H mice that carry the lpr mutation, and therefore lack the ability to undergo apoptosis through CD95-CD95L interaction, were completely protected when grafted in autoimmune diabetic mice despite periinsulitis (infiltration of T cells) which however did not progress to islet destruction. In contrast wild-type grafts were rapidly eliminated in autoimmune recipients. Our data provide strong support for a major role of CD95 in the destruction of islets in autoimmune mice.