姜黄素诱导Nrf2核转位对脂多糖引起库普弗细胞分泌炎症细胞因子的影响

目的：研究姜黄素诱导大鼠Kupffer细胞Nrf2核转位对脂多糖（LPS）引起的炎症细胞因子分泌的影响。方法：分别用10μM、20μM和30μM干预Kupffer细胞8h,诱导Nrf2核转位水平;将Kupffer细胞随机分为对照组、LPS组和干预组,对照组正常培养未加姜黄素和LPS,LPS组用10μg／mL的LPS加入Kupffer细胞培养液共同培养2h;干预组用30μM姜黄素干预8h后,余处理同LPS组。Western blot检测Nrf2核转位水平,分光光度法检测细胞MDA、GSH水平,ELISA法检测上清液TNF-α和IL-6,放免法检测IL-1β。结果：①姜黄素诱导Kupffer细胞Nrf2核转位,核转位水平随浓度增加而增高。②LPS组MDA水平较对照组显著升高（P〈0．01）,干预组MDA水平较LPS组显著降低（P〈0．01）,仍显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。LPS组GSH水平较对照组显著降低（P〈0．01）,干预组GSH水平较LPS组显著升高（P〈0．01）,仍显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）。③LPS组上清液TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,干预组均显著低于模型组（P〈0．01）,但显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：姜黄素通过诱导Kupffer细胞Nrf2核转位,降低LPS诱导的氧化应激损伤,抑制Kupffer细胞分泌炎症细胞因子。     

姜黄素诱导Nrf2 核转位对氧化应激诱导人肝细胞胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的:研究姜黄素诱导转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(NF-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)核转位对氧化应激诱导人肝细胞L02胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法:用15μM和30μM姜黄素干预L02肝细胞6 h和l2 h,Western blot检测Nrf2核转位水平;将肝细胞分为对照组、模型组、干预组,对照组用RPMI1640正常培养,模型组用100U/L葡萄糖氧化酶(GO)干预2 h,干预组用15μM和30μM姜黄素分别干预12h后给予100U/LGO干预2h,各细胞均给予100nM胰岛素干预30min。流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧簇(ROS),用荧光强度(FI)来表示ROS水平。分光光度法检测检测细胞MDA、GSH,葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶法检测细胞培养液中葡萄糖的水平,Western blot检测胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)磷酸化水平。结果:①姜黄素明显诱导Nrf2核转位。②模型组FI、MDA水平较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),干预组FI、MDA水平均较模型组显著降低(P<0.01),姜黄素15μM组FI、MDA水平高于30μM组(P<0.01)。模型组GSH水平较对照组显著降低(P<0.01),干预组GSH水平较模型组显著升高(P<0.01),姜黄素15μM组FI、MDA水平高于30μM组(P<0.01)。③模型组上清液葡萄糖浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.01),干预组上清液葡萄糖浓度显著低于模型组(P<0.01),姜黄素15μM组上清液葡萄糖浓度高于30μM组(P<0.01)。模型组IRS-1磷酸化水平较对照组降低,干预组IRS-1磷酸化水平均较模型组增高,姜黄素30μM组IRS-1磷酸化水平高于15μM组。结论:姜黄素通过诱导Nrf2核转位,降低细胞内氧化应激水平,进而逆转氧化应激诱导的胰岛素抵抗。     

姜黄素诱导Nrf2核转位对氧化应激诱导人肝细胞胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的：研究姜黄素诱导转录因子NF-E2相关因子2（NF-E2-related factor 2,Nrf2）核转位对氧化应激诱导人肝细胞L02胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法：用15μM和30μM姜黄素干预L02肝细胞6 h和l2 h,Western blot检测Nrf2核转位水平;将肝细胞分为对照组、模型组、干预组,对照组用RPMI1640正常培养,模型组用100U/L葡萄糖氧化酶（GO）干预2 h,干预组用15μM和30μM姜黄素分别干预12h后给予100U/LGO干预2h,各细胞均给予100nM胰岛素干预30min。流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧簇（ROS）,用荧光强度（FI）来表示ROS水平。分光光度法检测检测细胞MDA、GSH,葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶法检测细胞培养液中葡萄糖的水平,Western blot检测胰岛素受体底物-1（IRS-1）磷酸化水平。结果：①姜黄素明显诱导Nrf2核转位。②模型组FI、MDA水平较对照组显著升高（P〈0.01）,干预组FI、MDA水平均较模型组显著降低（P〈0.01）,姜黄素15μM组FI、MDA水平高于30μM组（P〈0.01）。模型组GSH水平较对照组显著降低（P〈0.01）,干预组GSH水平较模型组显著升高（P〈0.01）,姜黄素15μM组FI、MDA水平高于30μM组（P〈0.01）。③模型组上清液葡萄糖浓度显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,干预组上清液葡萄糖浓度显著低于模型组（P〈0.01）,姜黄素15μM组上清液葡萄糖浓度高于30μM组（P〈0.01）。模型组IRS-1磷酸化水平较对照组降低,干预组IRS-1磷酸化水平均较模型组增高,姜黄素30μM组IRS-1磷酸化水平高于15μM组。结论：姜黄素通过诱导Nrf2核转位,降低细胞内氧化应激水平,进而逆转氧化应激诱导的胰岛素抵抗。     

氧化应激对肝星状细胞转录因子Nrf2核转位的影响

目的:研究细胞转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2,Nrf2)在大鼠肝星状细胞系HSC-T6中的表达及氧化应激对其核转位的影响.方法:将大鼠肝星状细胞(HSC-T6)分成空白对照组和氧化应激组,氧化应激组加入100mU/ml葡萄糖氧化酶(glucose oxidase,GO)干预2h制备细胞氧化应激模型,空白对照组予以DMEM正常培养未进行GO干预.Western blot方法检测Nrf2总蛋白及核蛋白的变化,细胞免疫化学法观察HSC-T6细胞Nrf2核转位情况,流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平的变化,分光光度法检测细胞丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)水平.结果:1氧化应激组ROS及MDA水平较空白对照组显著升高(P<0.01).2 WB显示Nrf2总蛋白在两组的表达无显著差异,而Nrf2核蛋白在空白对照组中无明显表达,在氧化应激组表达明显增加;ICC显示空白对照组中Nrf2蛋白仅在胞浆中表达;而氧化应激组胞核和胞浆中均可见Nrf2蛋白表达.3氧化应激组GSH水平较空白对照组显著升高(P<0.01).结论:在氧化应激过程中Nrf2发生核转位从而发挥其生物学功能.     

凋亡诱导因子在姜黄素诱导的大鼠肺成纤维细胞凋亡中的作用

目的:研究姜黄素对肺纤维化大鼠肺成纤维细胞增殖、凋亡的影响,探讨凋亡诱导因子(AIF)在肺成纤维细胞凋亡中的作用.方法:将体外培养的肺纤维化大鼠成纤维细胞,分别于不同浓度的姜黄素(5、10、20、40μM)和caspase-3抑制剂Z-DEVD-fmk(20μM)孵育,观测细胞生长状态变化.MTT检测成纤维细胞增殖抑制率;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;Western-Blot测定凋亡诱导因子(AIF)蛋白表达及核转位结果:流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,5～40μM姜黄素处理12 h,其凋亡率呈浓度依赖,对照组相比,差异显著;而抑制caspase-3并不能完全阻止细胞凋亡.Western-Blot结果显示,姜黄素处理组出现凋亡诱导因子(AIF)蛋白表达与核转位,抑制caspase-3活性后未检测出AIF表达结论:姜黄素可抑制肺成纤维细胞增殖,其诱导大鼠肺成纤维细胞凋亡,可能与线粒体释放AIF有关.     

山楂酸对H_2O_2诱导的BRL-3A细胞氧化损伤及p38和Nrf2/HO-1通路的影响

该文研究了山楂酸对H_2O_2诱导的BRL-3A肝细胞氧化损伤的保护作用及其机制。采用MTT法检测细胞活力,DCFH-DA荧光探针法测定细胞的ROS水平,微量酶标法测定细胞LDH、SOD、CAT的活力和GSH、MDA含量;反转录PCR测定细胞Nrf2、HO-1和p38的mRNA表达水平;Western blot检测Nrf2、HO-1和p-p38的蛋白表达水平。结果显示,山楂酸可改善H_2O_2导致的BRL-3A细胞活力下降,降低ROS水平和LDH渗漏,提高SOD、CAT的活性和GSH含量,降低MDA的水平。此外,山楂酸可促进Nrf2的核转位,提高HO-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平,抑制p38的磷酸化水平。这些结果表明,山楂酸对H_2O_2诱导的BRL-3A细胞的氧化损伤有保护作用,其机制与促进Nrf2的核转位、上调HO-1的表达和抑制p38的磷酸化水平可能相关。     

敲除Nrf2促进高脂饮食诱导小鼠肝脏NF-kB的活化

目的：氧化应激和炎症反应是NASH进展的关键因素,同时二者之间存在着密切关系,而转录因子Nrf2和NF-kB分别是氧化应激和炎症信号通路的关键调控靶点,因此,研究Nrf2对高脂饮食诱导小鼠肝脏NF-kB信号通路的影响,对探讨NASH进展具有重要的意义。方法：雄性野生型（WT）和Nrf2基因敲除（Nrf2-/-）ICR小鼠各10只,随机分为WT对照组（Control）、Nrf2-/-对照组（KO）、WT高脂饮食组（HFD）和Nrf2-/-高脂饮食组（KOHFD）（n=5）。喂养8周后,观察肝脏光镜下改变,检测肝脏GSH、MDA、TNFα和IL-6水平。Western-Blot检测肝脏NF-kB蛋白表达水平,观察敲除Nrf2对肝脏NF-kB活性作用的影响。结果：1.光镜下观察,Control组与KO组小鼠肝脏结构无明显变化,HFD组小鼠肝脏呈现大片脂肪沉积和炎症细胞浸润,KOHFD组小鼠肝脏则呈现明显的大泡性变性,且炎症细胞浸润较HFD组明显加重;2.与Control组相比,KO组小鼠肝脏MDA轻度升高,GSH轻度降低,但无明显差异,而HFD组和KOHFD组小鼠肝脏MDA显著升高（P〈0.05）,GSH显著降低（P〈0.05）,且KOHFD组MDA明显高于HFD组（P〈0.05）,GSH明显低于HFD组（P〈0.05）。3.ELISA结果显示,与Control组相比,KO组小鼠肝脏TNFα和IL-6分泌轻度增加,而HFD组和KOHFD组小鼠肝脏TNFα与IL-6水平显著升高（P〈0.05）,且KOHFD组小鼠肝脏TNFα与IL-6显著高于HFD组（P〈0.05）;4.Western-Blot结果显示,Control组和KO组之间无明显差异,而KOHFD组和HFD组小鼠肝脏胞核NF-kB蛋白表达水平显著升高,且KOHFD组高于HFD组。结论：敲除Nrf2可以显著加重高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肝脏氧化应激水平,进而促进NF-kB的活化,从而为通过以Nrf2为靶点治疗NASH提供重要的实验依据。     

不同剂量LPS诱导肝Kupffer细胞释放TNF的体外研究

本实验观察了不同剂量LPS诱导大鼠肝Kupffer细胞释放TNF的作用。加入LPS后1小时,三种剂量LPS组Kupffer细胞培养上清中均可测到TNF活性,3小时达到峰值。100和150ng/ml LPS组TNF活性高于50ng/ml组(P<0.01),而100和150ng/ml两组之间无明显差异(P>0.05),再次加入LPS(终浓度100ng/ml),只有50ng/ml LPS组培养上清液中有TNF活性检出,但幅度明显下降(P<0.01)。上述结果提示LPS在体外诱导肝Kupffer细胞释放TNF在一定范围内具有剂量依赖关系,且呈一定的时间反应性。     

EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞释放HMGB1蛋白表达的调节

目的:探讨EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞释放HMGB1蛋白表达的调节,为EGb761的临床运用提供可行的依据。方法:LPS(1μg/m L)诱导不同时间后,western blotting检测THP-1细胞上清液中HMGB1蛋白含量变化及不同浓度EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞释放HMGB1蛋白的表达和NF-κB的活性;酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测细胞中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量。共聚焦显微镜观察EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞释放HMGB1蛋白核转位变化。结果:(1)LPS组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量在刺激6-12 h后明显高于空白对照组,而EGb761+LPS组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量均显著低于LPS组(P0.05)。(2)EGb761处理LPS诱导THP-1细胞6 h后细胞上清液NF-κB活性表达量较空白对照组低,随着处理时间延长至12 h,NF-κB的活性表达量呈明显下降趋势(P0.05)。(3)LPS诱导THP-1细胞18 h后,细胞上清液中HMGB1蛋白含量呈明显升高趋势(P0.05)。(4)不同浓度EGb761对LPS诱导THP-1细胞18 h后,HMGB1蛋白含量较空白对照组有下降趋势,HMGB1蛋白含量随着EGB761浓度增加至100μg/m L呈下降趋势并呈浓度依赖效应(P0.05)。(5)LPS诱导THP-1细胞后,在共聚焦显微镜下可见胞浆中大量HMGB1蛋白标记分布,而EGb761+LPS共同诱导THP-1细胞后胞浆中可见少量HMGB1蛋白分布。结论:LPS可诱导THP-1细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达增多及NF-κB活化,导致HMGB1蛋白表达增多及核转位,而EGB761能抑制THP-1细胞IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达及NF-κB活化,调节HMGB1蛋白的表达及核转位。     

葡萄糖氧化酶诱导肝细胞氧化应激模型的建立

目的:研究不同浓度葡萄糖氧化酶(GO)对人肝细胞L02氧化应激水平的影响,以确定建立肝细胞氧化应激模型的合适浓度。方法:用不同浓度GO干预L02肝细胞2h,MTT法检测细胞的存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞内活性氧簇(ROS),荧光强度(FI)来表示ROS水平。分光光度法检测检测细胞MDA、GSH,速率法检测细胞培养液LDH、AST和ALT的水平。结果:①随GO浓度增加,肝细胞的存活率逐渐降低,其中75U/L、100U/L和125U/L组存活率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。②随GO浓度增加,MDA含量逐渐增高,其中50U/L、75U/L、100U/L、125U/L组MDA水平较对照组显著增高(P<0.05)。GSH水平随GO浓度增高而逐渐减低,各干预组较对照组均显著降低(P<0.05)。GO各干预组FI均较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。③各干预组LDH活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),50U/L、75U/L、100U/L、125U/L干预组AST与ALT水平均较对照组显著增高(P<0.05)。结论:GO能引起的肝细胞氧化应激损伤有剂量依赖性,100U/L是建立肝细胞氧化应激的合适浓度。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.