蝮亚科几种毒蛇的染色体初步研究

目的　研究我国蝮亚科蝮属尖吻蝮、蝮蛇、雪山蝮３ 种蝮蛇和烙铁头属竹叶青、烙铁头的染色体。方法　给蛇体按１ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 蝮腔注射秋水仙素,５～７ｈ 后活体取肋骨、睾丸等组织样品进行细胞染色体检测。结果　５ 种蝮蛇的染色体为２ ｎ ＝ ３６。结论　蝮亚科两个属的染色体数目是恒定的, 说明其进化上的保守性, 可能它们的祖先是单一的。     

蜘蛛的B染色体研究：I.武汉地区粽管巢蛛的B染色体（蜘蛛目：管巢蛛科）

首次发现武汉地区粽管巢蛛胚胎细胞中存在的Ｂ染色体,观察数目为１～２８条,Ｂ染色体数目从有丝分裂晚前到中期逐渐减少,在非整倍体细胞中,随着Ａ染色体的减少逐渐增多,Ｂ染色体形态稳定,大多数为等臂染色体,少数具有亚端着丝点和端着丝点,外观上明显小于Ａ染色体。     

蜘蛛的B染色体研究——Ⅰ.武汉地区粽管巢蛛的B染色体(蜘蛛目:管巢蛛科)

首次发现武汉地区粽管巢蛛胚胎细胞中存在B染色体,观察数目为1～28条,B染色体数目从有丝分裂晚前期到中期逐渐减少,在非整倍体细胞中,随着A染色体的减少逐渐增多。B染色体形态稳定;大多数为等臂染色体,少数具亚端着丝点和端着丝点;外观上明显小于A染色体。     

太平洋鳕染色体核型及银染分析简

以野生太平洋鳕为材料,采用植物血球凝集素(PHA)及秋水仙素体内注射法,取头肾细胞经低渗、固定后,常规空气干燥法制备染色体标本,并对其染色体核型进行了分析。结果表明,太平洋鳕的二倍体染色体数目为2n=46,核型公式为:2n=8m+6sm+20st+12t,NF=60,即有4对中部着丝点染色体、3对亚中部着丝点染色体、10对亚端部着丝点染色体和6对端位着丝点染色体,染色体臂数为NF=60;染色体经银染后,Ag-NORs在不同间期细胞中表现出多态性,数目为1—3,其中2个Ag-NORs的频率最高(82%);在分裂相中,具有1个Ag-NORs的频率最高(87.1%),且在第12对亚端部着丝点染色体的一条带有明显的次缢痕,为Ag-NORs所在区域,并未发现Ag-NORs联合现象及性别相关的异型染色体。     

太平洋鳕染色体核型及银染分析

以野生太平洋鳕为材料,采用植物血球凝集素（PHA）及秋水仙素体内注射法,取头肾细胞经低渗、固定后,常规空气干燥法制备染色体标本,并对其染色体核型进行了分析。结果表明,太平洋鳕的二倍体染色体数目为2n=46,核型公式为:2n=8m+6sm+20st+12t,NF=60,即有4对中部着丝点染色体、3对亚中部着丝点染色体、10对亚端部着丝点染色体和6对端位着丝点染色体,染色体臂数为NF=60;染色体经银染后,Ag-NORs在不同间期细胞中表现出多态性,数目为13,其中2个Ag-NORs的频率最高（82%）;在分裂相中,具有1个Ag-NORs的频率最高（87.1%）,且在第12对亚端部着丝点染色体的一条带有明显的次缢痕,为Ag-NORs所在区域,并未发现Ag-NORs联合现象及性别相关的异型染色体。       

用团头鲂精子诱导金鱼雌核发育研究

本文用紫外灭活的团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)精子激活金鱼 (Carassius auratus Goldfish)卵子,用0－4℃冷水冷休克处理卵子使其染色体加倍,得到成活的雌核发育金鱼。使用与金鱼不同亚科的团头鲂精子做为激活源能极大提高雌核发育后代的鉴定效率,只需依据外形特征、染色体数目和性腺发育程度,就能容易地将雌核发育金鱼和与团头鲂杂交后代区分开。雌核发育金鱼有两种体色不同的后代,但都为双尾,体形似金鱼,染色体数目为2n=100,全雌,性腺发育正常;而杂交后代为单尾,体形似鲫鱼,染色体数目为3n=124,性腺发育滞后。本实验为证明金鱼的性别决定方式为XX/XY型提供了细胞遗传学证据。得到两种体色皆不同于母本体色的后代,体色不同可能是基因座位纯化导致后代性状分化,也可能是异精效应导致。     

异源四倍体鲫鲤F9～F11染色体和性腺观察

采用肾细胞染色体制片技术,检测了异源四倍体鲫鲤F9-F11代的染色体数目及组型,结果表明：其染色体数目为4n=200,核型公式为44m 68sm 44st 44t,证明F9—F11继续保持四倍体性。观察异源四倍体鲫鲤F9—F11成熟性腺,在这3代四倍体鱼中仍然保持正常卵巢和精巢,分别形成正常二倍体卵子和二倍体精于。在自然环境下,观察了异源四倍体鲫鲤自行产卵受精井产生存活后代过程,证明该四倍体鱼群体在自然环境下能够自行繁殖传代。异源四倍体鲫鲤稳定的染色体数目和正常的性腺结构以及自然条件下的生殖传代行为,说明该异源四倍体鲫鲤已成为一个染色体数目为4n＝200、遗传性状稳定的新型四倍体鱼群体,具备形成新种所需的关键因素。     

尼罗尖吻鲈和鳜鱼染色体组型分析及比较

采用PHA、秋水仙碱腹腔或背部肌肉注射,活体培养法,以前肾为材料,低渗-空气干燥法制片,进行染色体观察,运用Micromeasure version 3.3染色体分析软件和Photoshop 7.0软件首次分析了尼罗尖吻鲈的染色体数目和核型,并同鳜鱼染色体数目和核型进行了分析比较,对今后拟采取的杂交尝试提供理论基础。结果显示：尼罗尖吻鲈染色体众数为2n=48,核型公式为2m+4sm+12st+30t,染色体臂数（NF）为54;鳜鱼染色体众数为2n=48,核型公式为6sm+12st+30t,染色体臂数（NF）亦为54;两种鱼染色体短臂上均无随体,单臂染色体较多。分析表明尼罗尖吻鲈与鳜鱼杂交成功的可能性较大。     

用于克隆的猕猴耳成纤维细胞的培养及其有关生物学特性

应用组织块培养法成功地分离培养了猕猴耳皮肤成纤维细胞。对培养细胞进行了形态观察、生长曲线测定、免疫细胞化学分析、染色体和周期分析,结果表明培养的细胞具有正常的大小、形态、细胞骨架系统和染色体数目,而且随着细胞汇合程度的增加,G0／G1期细胞所占的比例上升,70％-80％和90％-100％两种汇合程度的G0/G1期和S期比例间存在明显的差异(P<0.05)。对培养猕猴耳成纤维细胞的有关生物学特性进行分析,有利于给同种和异种体细胞克隆猴研究提供形态良好、染色体数目正常的供体细胞,同时也为体细胞转基因等其他领域的研究提供了基础条件。     

减数分裂中染色体不分离与染色体病

人类细胞减数分裂是精卵形成过程中的重要阶段。它包括染色体的一次复制 ,细胞的两次连续的分裂以及同源染色体配对、交换 ,同源染色体分离 ,姐妹染色单体分离等一系列复杂的过程。在细胞分裂进入中、后期时 ,如果其一对同源染色体或两姐妹染色单体未分别向两极移动 ,却同时进入一个子细胞中 ,结果细胞分裂所形成的两个子细胞中 ,一个将因染色体数目增多而形成超二倍体 ,一个则由于染色体数目减少而形成亚二倍体。这一过程称染色体不分离 (ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍａｌｎｏｎ -ｄｉｓｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ) ,从而引起配子中染色体数目异常 ,产生非整…     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.