中国森林害虫化学防治研究进展

近年来我国林业有害生物呈频发重发态势,严重危害林业生态安全。化学防治是目前森林害虫综合治理体系中不可或缺的措施之一。本文基于我国森林害虫发生特点,详实阐述森林害虫化学防治中烟雾防治、注干防治、昆虫生长调节剂防治和行为化学防治的作用、应用技术和存在的问题,并结合化学防治现阶段存在的问题,探讨了森林害虫化学防治未来发展方向,为我国森林害虫化学防治的研发和应用提供参考。     

RNAi在害虫防治中应用的重要进展及存在问题

RNAi是目前最有可能应用于害虫绿色防控的新技术。2017年6月,美国环境署(EPA)批准了国际上第一例表达昆虫双链RNA(dsRNA)的抗虫转基因玉米MON87411,掀起了利用RNAi技术进行害虫防治研究新的热潮。但是,目前RNAi在害虫防治中的应用还存在一些问题,例如有效靶标基因筛选和应用策略,鳞翅目昆虫对RNAi的敏感性以及双链RNA在环境中的稳定性等等。本文系统总结了RNA干扰现象发现20年来,该技术在害虫防治领域的研究及应用概况,并对RNAi技术应用的可行性、应用方法、存在问题和目前的一些解决办法进行了比较详细的综述。通过对近期研究结果的综合分析发现,dsRNA进入某些鳞翅目昆虫中肠或血淋巴后,被相关核酸酶降解可能是其RNAi效率较低的首要原因。通过对dsRNA进行脂质体修饰,纳米粒子包埋可以在一定程度上解决dsRNA降解的问题,进而提高RNAi效率。     

大青叶蝉在新疆阿勒泰发生为害调查及防治

对新疆阿勒泰地区大青叶蝉Cicadella viridis(L.)的发生为害进行了调查。该害虫在阿勒泰地区1年发生2代,以卵在杨树、柳树等树干和枝条表皮内越冬。成虫5月上旬羽化后一直到9月下旬在林间草地为害,8月下旬或9月上旬雌成虫在产卵过程严重危害树皮,尤其对人工幼林、新造林和苗圃危害非常严重。目前大青叶蝉在当地每年发生面积达1万hm2。为尽快控制其为害,提出了防治建议。     

害虫遗传防治的研究历史与现状

作为防治或根除重大害虫最为有效的手段之一,害虫遗传防治在世界范围内被广泛采用并取得了巨大成功。本文综述了不育昆虫技术、雌性致死系统和昆虫显性致死技术等经典害虫遗传防治策略的发展历史、技术特点和应用情况。近年来,许多新的分子生物手段被不断提出并整合到害虫遗传防治策略中,包括归巢核酸内切酶基因、锌指核酸酶、转录激活因子样效应因子核酸酶、CRISPR/Cas9系统、Medea元件、Killer-Rescue系统、Wolbachia-细胞质不亲和性系统等。基于这些新的工具手段,许多国家已经在不同程度上启动了下一代害虫遗传防治项目。而我国在该领域的研究相对薄弱,需要在借鉴国外成功经验的同时,进一步加强害虫遗传防治的基础和应用研究,从而实现本地有害生物的可持续治理和外来入侵生物的有效狙击,确保我国未来的粮食和生态安全。     

山东茶褐蓑蛾生物学特性及防治

茶褐蓑蛾MahasenacolonSonan是茶树的主要害虫之一。该虫在山东茶区每年发生 1代 ,以 7龄幼虫越冬。作者于 1 997年起对其幼虫、蛹、成虫及天敌进行了初步研究 ,统计出害虫在各龄期的分布规律 ,并提出了针对性的防治方法。     

棉红铃虫种群消长规律与棉花受害损失的研究

<正> 棉红铃虫Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders)是长江流域棉区重要害虫之一,常年棉花受害损失约10％左右。由于此虫繁殖力强,成虫产卵和幼虫为害隐蔽,以及目前又无有效天敌予以利用等原因,故迄今仍不得不依靠化学农药进行防治。自七十年代初期以来,随着综合防治技术的发展,棉田生态环境有了大的改善,特别是在棉花生长前期,针对不同情况控制使用农药或改变施药方法,对自然天敌群落的建立,发挥对中、后期棉蚜和棉铃虫等害虫的控制作用十分有利。但在红铃虫防治问题上,不少地     

北京郊区苹果小卷蛾成虫发生规律研究

苹果小卷蛾AdoxophyesoranaFischervonR slerstamm为北京郊区大桃生产中的主要害虫 ,试验采用黑光灯诱杀、糖醋盆诱集 2种方法在不同生态环境果园对其成虫发生期进行了观测。结果显示苹果小卷蛾在北京地区 1年发生 3代 ;越冬代成虫羽化高峰为 5月底至 6月初 ,第 1代幼虫防治适期为 6月1 0～ 1 5日 ;第 1代成虫羽化高峰为 7月中旬 ,第 2代幼虫防治适期为 7月下旬。     

樟萤叶甲的生活史观察及其防治

樟萤叶甲(Atysa cinnamomi Chen)属鞘翅目,金花虫科(Chrysomelidae),是樟树主要害虫之一。经三年的调查观察和防治试验,获得一定成效,现总结如下。 一、分布和危害情况 樟萤叶甲目前只在我省个别地区的樟树纯林中危害,食性专一。成虫和幼虫蚕食叶肉,残留叶脉(见图)。成虫于四月上旬大量出现,先危害嫩叶,叶被食光则啃食嫩枝皮层引起     

双翅目害虫性别分离技术的研究进展及展望

在过去的几十年中,昆虫不育技术(sterile insect technique, SIT)已被用于防治农业害虫和人类健康相关的病媒害虫。相较于传统的农药控制策略,昆虫不育技术具有物种特异性和环境友好型等特点。通过释放不育雄虫的昆虫不育技术的主要障碍是在大规模饲养阶段将雄性与雌性分离,从而提高这些防治方法的成本效率,并防止释放携带和传播疾病的雌性群体。目前大多数针对双翅目害虫的遗传防治策略没有进行性别分离,少数害虫性别分离方法是基于蛹的大小或者雌雄蛹羽化时间差异进行人工识别和机械识别分离。双翅目昆虫性别决定及分化分子机制多种多样,其性别决定主要信号差异巨大,其多种性别决定基因已用于性别分离系统的开发。性比失衡性别分离策略通过破坏性别决定途径关键基因的表达获得雄性偏向后代,雌性条件性致死分离策略利用性别决定关键基因的雌雄选择性剪接差异实现性别分离,这两种性别分离策略目前正在害虫不育防治中接受大规模饲养应用评估,而基于双翅目昆虫雌雄性二态和基因标记发展的可视化性别分离策略也已成功实现多种害虫的性别分离。我们对性比失衡分离策略、雌性条件性致死分离策略和可视化性别分离策略在双翅目害虫中的研究进展进行了综述,重点评估了这些方法在雄虫大规模饲养和释放的应用潜力,以期在更完善的性别分离技术支持下为害虫防治研究取得更多突破性进展。     

一种新的害虫——大豆根瘤条斑蝇

大豆根瘤条斑蝇Rivellia basilaris(Wiedemann)是在广东增城发现的危害大豆根瘤的一种新害虫。准确鉴定该虫是开展调查、监测与防治等各项工作的基础。本文对该虫成虫的形态特征进行了详细描述,并提供了形态和危害状彩色图片,为该虫准确鉴定提供了依据。     

试论拓宽生物防治范围，发展虫害可持续治理

该文针对我国生物防治资源极其丰富和农民经济实力薄弱的特点,结合我国微孢子虫治蝗和苹果园植被多样化持续治理虫害的成果,论述了应如何发展和拓宽具有我国特色的害虫生物防治,进一步提高综合防治水平,促进农业可持续发展。     

Myths, models and mitigation of resistance to pesticides

Resistance to pesticides in arthropod pests is a significant economic, ecological and public health problem. Although extensive research has been conducted on diverse aspects of pesticide resistance and we have learned a great deal during the past 50 years, to some degree the discussion about ''resistance management'' has been based on ''myths''. One myth involves the belief that we can manage resistance. I will maintain that we can only attempt to mitigate resistance because resistance is a natural evolutionary response to environmental stresses. As such, resistance will remain an ongoing dilemma in pest management and we can only delay the onset of resistance to pesticides. ''Resistance management'' models and tactics have been much discussed but have been tested and deployed in practical pest management programmes with only limited success. Yet the myth persists that better models will provide a ''solution'' to the problem. The reality is that success in using mitigation models is limited because these models are applied to inappropriate situations in which the critical genetic, ecological, biological or logistic assumptions cannot be met. It is difficult to predict in advance which model is appropriate to a particular situation; if the model assumptions cannot be met, applying the model sometimes can increase the rate of resistance development rather than slow it down. Are there any solutions? I believe we already have one. Unfortunately, it is not a simple or easy one to deploy. It involves employing effective agronomic practices to develop and maintain a healthy crop, monitoring pest densities, evaluating economic injury levels so that pesticides are applied only when necessary, deploying and conserving biological control agents, using host-plant resistance, cultural controls of the pest, biorational pest controls, and genetic control methods. As a part of a truly multi-tactic strategy, it is crucial to evaluate the effect of pesticides on natural enemies in order to preserve them in the cropping system. Sometimes, pesticide-resistant natural enemies are effective components of this resistance mitigation programme. Another name for this resistance mitigation model is integrated pest management (IPM). This complex model was outlined in some detail nearly 40 years ago by V. M. Stern and colleagues. To deploy the IPM resistance mitigation model, we must admit that pest management and resistance mitigation programmes are not sustainable if based on a single-tactic strategy. Delaying resistance, whether to traditional pesticides or to transgenic plants containing toxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, will require that we develop multi-tactic pest management programmes that incorporate all appropriate pest management approaches. Because pesticides are limited resources, and their loss can result in significant social and economic costs, they should be reserved for situations where they are truly needed--as tools to subdue an unexpected pest population outbreak. Effective multi-tactic IPM programmes delay resistance (= mitigation) because the number and rates of pesticide applications will be reduced.     

中国棉花害虫综合防治的新进展

<正> 一、历史回顾 建国以来防治棉花害虫早已采用多种手段互为补充的综合防治。随着防治技术的发展,防治手段的重点亦随之而异。50年代后期到60年代农药的迅速发展,高效广谱农药相继出现,几乎所有主要害虫均可以用农药防治,农药遂成为防治棉虫的主要手段。由于过多地依赖农药致使一些害虫产生了抗药性。首先是棉蚜与叶螨对内吸磷和乐果的抗性,继之棉叶蝉、棉铃虫、红铃虫对滴滴涕也产生了抗性,使这些原来是高效的农药相继退出了应用市场。同时农药造成的严重环     

害虫生态调控的原理与方法

害虫生态调控的原理与方法戈峰（中国科学院动物研究所农业虫鼠害综合治理国家重点实验室,北京１０００８０）ＴｈｅＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓａｎｄＭｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｅｓｔｓ．ＧｅＦｅｎｇ（Ｉ...     

生物技术学和害虫综合防治对热带亚洲小农户的重要意义(英文)

作者是澳大利亚著名昆虫学家,长期在东南亚农村工作,积累了宝贵经验。他在文中提出,害虫综合防治（ＩＰＭ）的含义是综合害虫治理的方法以达到农业上的最大收益和持续发展,同时注意对环境有良好的影响。对小农户应提供确实可行的整套害虫治理方法,并开创他们能自行选择的机会;他们经过田间学校培训后可成为农作物管理专家,并对怎样防治害虫能作出有根据的抉择。与ＩＰＭ有关的生物防治最近的发展包括：对害虫的准确鉴定、经生物工程处理和未处理过的生物杀虫药的应用、对转基因动植物的利用、及情报资料的收集。文章讨论了这些生物技术在东南亚地区水稻和蔬菜综合治理中的应用,以8及巴西大豆害虫和越南稻瘟病的治理,阐明通过农户、技术员和研究人员通力合作所获得的成绩对农业持续的发展起了主要的推动作用。     

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND IPM: THE RELEVANCE TO SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN TROPICAL ASIA*

Abstract This paper deals with the relevance of biotechnology and IPM to small scale farmers in South and Southeast Asia. IPM may be defined as the combination and integration of approaches to pest management. which maximizes real profitability and genuine sustainability for the users and farming system and gives due regard to the environment. Alternative and practical pest management options should be developed for small scale farmers who could become experts in crop management and capable of making informed decisions through training in field schools. The latest development of biotechnology includes diagnostics, biological pesticides (either genetically manipulated or not genetically manipulated), transgenic plants and animals (vertebrates and invertebrates) and informatics. The place of biotechnology in rice IPM and vegetable IPM in South and Southeast Asia is discussed. Examples of soybean caterpillar in Brazil and rice blast in Vietnam illustrate the benefits of a strong working partnership between farmers, trainers and researchers in creating new knowledge which promotes sustainable agriculture.     

我国农业害虫综合防治研究现状与展望

害虫综合防治作为农业生产的一项重要策略,在农业可持续发展中具有举足轻重的作用。近年来,针对我国害虫防治所存在的技术需求,科技部等部门先后通过973计划、863计划、科技支撑计划和农业行业专项等对重要害虫防治研究立项支持。通过这些项目的实施,我国建成了一支由国家和省级科研单位和大学组成的专业科研队伍和研究平台,对害虫监测预警技术、基于生物多样性保护利用的生态调控技术、害虫生物防治技术、化学防治技术、抗虫转基因作物利用技术等方面的研究取得了一系列的重要进展,研究建立了棉花、水稻、玉米、小麦和蔬菜等作物重要害虫的综合防治技术体系,并在农业生产中发挥了重要作用。以基因工程和信息技术为代表的第二次农业技术革命的到来,推动了害虫综合防治的理论发展,为害虫综合防治技术的广泛应用提供了新的机遇。地理信息系统、全球定位系统等信息技术和计算机网络技术的应用,提高了对害虫种群监测和预警的能力和水平,转基因抗虫作物的商业化种植等技术的应用显著增强了对害虫种群的区域性调控效率。针对产业结构调整和全球气候变化所带来的害虫新问题,进一步发展IPM新理论与新技术将成为我国农业昆虫学研究的重要方向之一。     

Synergizing biological control: Scope for sterile insect technique,induced plant defences and cultural techniques to enhance natural enemy impact

When used alone, only a minority of biological control programs succeed in bringing the target pest population under sufficient control. Biological control is, therefore, usually employed with chemical, cultural, genetic or other methods in an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy. The interactions between different pest management methods, especially conventional pesticides and host plant resistance, is an area of growing research interest but relatively little consideration is given to novel combinations. This paper reviews the interactions between biological control and other forms of pest management, especially induced plant defences and the novel, non-toxic plant protection compounds that may boost these defences; and sterile insect technique. We also cover the cultural methods that offer scope to support synergies between the aforementioned methodological combinations. We conclude that despite the sometimes negative consequences of other pest management techniques for biological control efficacy, there is great scope for new strategies to be developed that exploit synergies between biological control and various other techniques. Ultimately, however, we propose that future use of biological control will involve integration at a greater conceptual scale such that this important form of pest management is promoted as one of a suite of ecosystem services that can be engineered into farming systems and wider landscapes.     

关于害虫生态防治若干概念的讨论

讨论有关害虫生态防治策略的若干基本概念,包括产生背景,含义,与综合防治等的关系以及实施等。综合防治遇到的一些问题使得人们寻找新的策略,而生态学,计算机,信息科学及分子生物学的知识与技术的普及则催产了生态防治策略。该策略的要义是强调系统观点和经济生态学原则,运用任何适宜的措施调控害虫种群,不断改善农业生态系统功能,实现环境安全,经济高效,生态协调,持续发展的目标,生态防治的定义与综合防治十分接近,实践中难以区分。生态防治策略及措施具有不同的发展阶段,且随国家和地区的条件不同而变化。与综合防治一样,生态防治的实施需要适宜的社会组织,包含社会组织的统一防治2将有助于生态防治的实施。     

Coupled information diffusion--pest dynamics models predict delayed benefits of farmer cooperation in pest management programs

Worldwide, the theory and practice of agricultural extension system have been dominated for almost half a century by Rogers' "diffusion of innovation theory". In particular, the success of integrated pest management (IPM) extension programs depends on the effectiveness of IPM information diffusion from trained farmers to other farmers, an important assumption which underpins funding from development organizations. Here we developed an innovative approach through an agent-based model (ABM) combining social (diffusion theory) and biological (pest population dynamics) models to study the role of cooperation among small-scale farmers to share IPM information for controlling an invasive pest. The model was implemented with field data, including learning processes and control efficiency, from large scale surveys in the Ecuadorian Andes. Our results predict that although cooperation had short-term costs for individual farmers, it paid in the long run as it decreased pest infestation at the community scale. However, the slow learning process placed restrictions on the knowledge that could be generated within farmer communities over time, giving rise to natural lags in IPM diffusion and applications. We further showed that if individuals learn from others about the benefits of early prevention of new pests, then educational effort may have a sustainable long-run impact. Consistent with models of information diffusion theory, our results demonstrate how an integrated approach combining ecological and social systems would help better predict the success of IPM programs. This approach has potential beyond pest management as it could be applied to any resource management program seeking to spread innovations across populations.