遗传控制技术在实蝇类害虫中的研究进展

实蝇类害虫严重危害多种水果和蔬菜,是世界果蔬产业最重要的害虫类群之一,严重影响了发生地的果蔬生产和出口贸易活动。昆虫不育技术(SIT)是一种物种特异和环境友好型防治措施,在多种实蝇类害虫的防治、阻截和根除中起到了不可替代的重要作用。通过分子生物学技术对昆虫的基因组进行遗传修饰,可对SIT进行改进,提高其防控效果并扩大应用的物种范围,近年来相关方面的研究已取得重要进展,成为害虫遗传控制的研究热点。本文阐述了通过受四环素调控的tet-off基因表达系统来实现昆虫\"不育\"的基本原理和在果蝇及其他几种主要实蝇类害虫中建立的不同类型的遗传控制体系,以及类似体系在其他农业昆虫中的应用情况。简要介绍了在橘小实蝇遗传控制技术体系构建方面的工作进展,并对该技术的在害虫综合治理(IPM)尤其是实蝇类害虫防治中的应用前景进行了讨论和展望。     

昆虫种群的遗传调控

昆虫种群的遗传调控是利用昆虫自身生长发育的关键基因,采用性别控制开关,通过遗传转化使雄虫成为携带导致后代雌虫发育异常或雌性不育的遗传控制复合体（性别开关元件和靶标基因的复合体）．昆虫种群遗传调控是一种基于不育技术的昆虫种群控制系统,具有种类特异、环境友好和便捷高效等特点．目前为止,已经由早期的通过辐射不育方法发展到释放携带显性致死基因昆虫的方法,并在多种昆虫中获得成功．本文综述了昆虫种群遗传调控的发展历程,介绍了昆虫种群遗传调控相关的理论与方法,包括特异的调控元件、致死或缺陷基因和遗传转化体系的应用,并列举了几种昆虫种群遗传调控的实例,最后对于昆虫种群遗传调控系统中存在的问题以及可能的发展方向进行了展望．     

苹果蠹蛾的综合防控和遗传控制研究进展

苹果蠹蛾是仁果类水果的重要检疫害虫,在世界各地造成了巨大的经济损失。目前对其化学防治、化学生态调控、病毒等防治方法研究较多,但仍不能满足防控该害虫的需要,对新型防控技术的需求日益增强。不育昆虫释放技术(SIT)是一种可控制甚至根除靶标害虫的环境友好型防控技术,但传统SIT技术存在一定的局限性,如较难区分性别与筛选雌雄虫、辐射不育昆虫的交配竞争力和适合度降低等问题,这些缺陷随着昆虫遗传修饰技术的发展将得以解决,并将在害虫防控进程中起到积极作用。本文综述了苹果蠹蛾主要防控技术研究现状,介绍了通过遗传修饰技术改善SIT的技术策略,并综合分析了我国开展苹果蠹蛾遗传修饰研究情况和将其应用在苹果蠹蛾防控体系中的可行性及优势。     

害虫遗传不育技术中致死基因的研究与应用

基于遗传修饰手段的昆虫不育技术(SIT)作为一类物种特异、环境友好、科学高效的新兴策略,在害虫防治中具有广阔的应用前景。释放携带显性致死基因昆虫的技术(RIDL)是改进传统SIT的重要手段之一,主要包括四环素调控系统、特异性启动子、性别特异剪接系统和特异性致死基因等重要元件,其中根据不同昆虫的特点选择合适的特异性致死基因对于构建遗传不育品系至关重要。这些致死基因或受到阻遏调控系统的控制、或特异的在雌虫中表达、亦或直接作用于X染色体,导致后代在特定发育阶段或特定性别中条件致死。本文综述了RHG家族(reapr、hid、grim、michelob_x)细胞凋亡基因、转录激活因子t TA及Nipp1Dm、归巢内切酶基因等在害虫遗传不育技术中的研究和应用,讨论了特定致死基因的效应机理和应用特点,并对其可能的发展方向进行了展望。由于不同效应基因的致死作用和调控机理尚未完全明晰,因此深入研究特异致死基因的凋亡机制和在不同物种中的兼容作用,将为害虫遗传防控提供更多的研究思路和手段。     

昆虫种群遗传控制技术中启动子的研究

利用昆虫遗传转化技术对害虫进行遗传控制是害虫防治研究的新方向,该技术具有物种特异、防效高且对环境友好的特点。启动子是基因表达调控的重要元件,选择合适的启动子是外源基因高效、准确表达的关键,对获得高效、稳定的遗传修饰昆虫品系至关重要。本文简要介绍了昆虫基因启动子的结构特征,重点描述了昆虫种群遗传防治中组成型启动子、性别和组织特异型启动子、特定发育时期启动子和诱导型启动子的研究和应用概况,并对这几类启动子在害虫遗传控制中的应用前景进行了展望。     

遗传不育技术在蚊媒疾病防控中的应用

疟疾、登革热等重大传染性蚊媒疾病严重危害人类健康,且目前缺乏有效的药物和疫苗,防治埃及伊蚊、冈比亚按蚊等媒介昆虫是控制和消除这些疾病的有效手段。化学杀虫剂的大规模使用在一定程度上控制了疾病的传播,但其抗药性和环境污染等问题也随之而来。分子生物学的飞速发展为昆虫不育技术(SIT)的更新及害虫防治提供了新的策略,由此发展起来的以释放携带显性致死基因昆虫(RIDL)为代表的一系列遗传不育技术为蚊虫种群防控提供了更加有效的选择。本文概述了遗传技术在蚊虫防控中的应用进展,包括蚊虫遗传防治的历史和策略,阐述了RIDL技术体系的原理,同时介绍了相关遗传控制品系和已经开展的田间释放研究,展示了遗传修饰不育技术在蚊媒疾病防治中的巨大潜力。     

苹果蠹蛾不育昆虫释放技术研究进展

不育昆虫释放技术(sterile insect technique,SIT)是一种环境友好、可作为大面积害虫综合治理(AW-IPM)的防治技术,是以压倒性比例释放不育昆虫来减少田间同种害虫繁殖量的害虫治理方法。苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)是世界重要的梨果类害虫,现已入侵世界5洲71国。本文综述了苹果蠹蛾大规模饲养技术、辐射不育技术、释放技术3个关键环节的研究与技术进展,主要包括:苹果蠹蛾人工饲料、实验种群建立、饲养设备与条件、收集和质量评估、长距离运输、辐射源与设备、辐射剂量与敏感性、释放方法、释放标记和释放量等,并介绍了各国采用SIT技术的应用效果。苹果蠹蛾在我国新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙、黑龙江、吉林6个省区发现,对我国苹果产业安全生产构成严重威胁,我国很有必要引进并建立苹果蠹蛾SIT防治技术体系。     

害虫的遗传与行为调控

本文综述了昆虫的行为遗传机制、昆虫的发育与变态、昆虫对主要环境因子变化的响应、害虫与寄主植物的化学通讯和多营养级信息网及其对昆虫行为调控等国内外研究进展,提出了害虫治理要从杀灭防治转变为行为调控的新思路和新理念,认为未来的研究将围绕害虫暴发成灾的遗传与行为机理等科学问题,通过深入研究害虫发育变态、行为遗传,及其对关键生态因子和食物网内信号物质适应机制,揭示影响害虫发生的内外关键因素,寻找基于基因和生态调控行为治理害虫的新技术和新方法,为有效开展害虫治理、减少化学农药做出贡献。     

昆虫不育技术防治柑橘大实蝇研究概况

柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)是柑橘果树上的重要害虫,我国在20世纪80、90年代曾经成功利用昆虫不育技术防治柑橘大实蝇的危害。本文从人工饲养、不育昆虫的获取以及野外释放等方面对利用昆虫不育技术防治柑橘大实蝇进行了综述,以期为我国柑橘大实蝇的可持续治理提供参考。     

双翅目害虫性别分离技术的研究进展及展望

在过去的几十年中,昆虫不育技术(sterile insect technique, SIT)已被用于防治农业害虫和人类健康相关的病媒害虫。相较于传统的农药控制策略,昆虫不育技术具有物种特异性和环境友好型等特点。通过释放不育雄虫的昆虫不育技术的主要障碍是在大规模饲养阶段将雄性与雌性分离,从而提高这些防治方法的成本效率,并防止释放携带和传播疾病的雌性群体。目前大多数针对双翅目害虫的遗传防治策略没有进行性别分离,少数害虫性别分离方法是基于蛹的大小或者雌雄蛹羽化时间差异进行人工识别和机械识别分离。双翅目昆虫性别决定及分化分子机制多种多样,其性别决定主要信号差异巨大,其多种性别决定基因已用于性别分离系统的开发。性比失衡性别分离策略通过破坏性别决定途径关键基因的表达获得雄性偏向后代,雌性条件性致死分离策略利用性别决定关键基因的雌雄选择性剪接差异实现性别分离,这两种性别分离策略目前正在害虫不育防治中接受大规模饲养应用评估,而基于双翅目昆虫雌雄性二态和基因标记发展的可视化性别分离策略也已成功实现多种害虫的性别分离。我们对性比失衡分离策略、雌性条件性致死分离策略和可视化性别分离策略在双翅目害虫中的研究进展进行了综述,重点评估了这些方法在雄虫大规模饲养和释放的应用潜力,以期在更完善的性别分离技术支持下为害虫防治研究取得更多突破性进展。     

Genetic sexing strains in medfly,Ceratitis capitata,sterile insect technique programmes

The introduction of genetic sexing strains (GSS) into medfly, Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann), sterile insect technique (SIT) programmes started in 1994 and it was accompanied by extensive evaluation of the strains both in field cages and in open field situations. Two male-linked translocation systems, one based on pupal colour, wp, and the other based on temperature sensitivity, tsl, have been used in medfly SIT programmes and they have quite different impacts on mass rearing strategy. In strains based on tsl, female zygotes are killed using high temperature and for wpstrains, female and male pupae are separated based on their colour. In all these systems the colony females are homozygous for the mutation requiring that the mutation is not too deleterious and the males are also semi-sterile due to the presence of a male-linked translocation. Managing strain stability during large-scale mass rearing has presented some problems that have been essentially solved by selecting particular translocations for GSS and by the introduction of a filter rearing system (FRS). The FRS operates by removing from the colony any recombinant individuals that threaten the integrity of the strain. The use of GSS opens up the possibility of using the SIT for suppression as opposed to eradication and different radiation strategies can be considered. Some of the many field trials of the strains that were carried out before the strains were introduced into operational programmes are reviewed and an overview is given of their current use.     

Improvement of the sterile insect technique for codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) to facilitate expansion of field application

The codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) is a key pest of pome fruit (apple, pear and quince) and walnut orchards in most temperate regions of the world. Efforts to control the codling moth in the past mostly relied on the use of broad spectrum insecticide sprays, which has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance, and the disruption of the control of secondary pests. In addition, the frequent reliance and use of these insecticides are a constant threat to the environment and human health. Consequently, there have been increased demands from the growers for the development of codling moth control tactics that are not only effective but also friendly to the environment. In that respect, the sterile insect technique (SIT) and its derivative, inherited sterility (IS), are, together with mating disruption and granulosis virus, among the options that offer great potential as cost‐effective additions to available control tactics for integration in area‐wide integrated pest‐management approaches. In support of the further development of the SIT/IS for codling moth control, the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture implemented a 5‐year Coordinated Research Project (CRP) entitled ‘Improvement of codling moth SIT to facilitate expansion of field application’. Research focussed on sterile codling moth quality and management (e.g. mobility and life‐history traits in relation to rearing strategy, dispersal, flight ability, radiosensitivity and mating compatibility) and a better understanding of the basic genetics of codling moth to assist the development of genetic sexing strains (e.g. cytogenetics, the development of dominant conditional lethal mutations, molecular characterization of the sex chromosomes, sex identification in embryos and cytogenetic markers). The results of the CRP are presented in this special issue.     

Factors affecting the dispersal of large‐scale releases of the Queensland fruit fly,Bactrocera tryoni

This study investigated two factors potentially affecting the spatial distribution of Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) after release from a single point. First, the effect of age at release was investigated using a single cohort of 205 000 males from a mass‐rearing strain used for sterile insect releases. Approximately half were released as immature males and the remainder as sexually mature males (1 week later). Males were collected over 3 weeks from a grid of 135 traps, each containing a pheromone/insecticide bait, positioned between 4 and 500 m from the release point. Variation in the distribution of fly density around the release point was assessed by regressing trapped fly counts against distance. Unexpectedly, no significant differences were found in the spatial distribution of the flies. Second, the effect of inbreeding on spatial distribution was investigated using replicated simultaneous releases of two strains of B. tryoni. One strain was the existing (inbred) mass‐rearing strain that has been selected for high productivity in a mass‐rearing facility. The second strain was deliberately outbred but also selected for high productivity. Almost 100 000 males of each strain were released over the two experiments. Regression of trappings against distance differed significantly between strains in only one of five releases, but in all cases the outbred strain had a greater dispersal distance. As our trapping grid was not regular but contained gaps of up to 100 m, a small preliminary experiment investigated whether flies move faster along tree rows or across open fields. At distances up to 100 m, we found no detectable difference in fly distributions. These results are primarily relevant to the large‐scale point releases carried out as part of an existing B. tryoni sterile insect programme and are discussed in that context.     

Mass rearing of temperature sensitive genetic sexing strains in the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata)

Genetic sexing strains (GSS) based on the temperature sensitive lethal(tsl) mutation are being used to produce sterile male medflies for large scale sterile insect technique (SIT) programmes for this pest. The use of male-only strains increases the overall efficiency of the technique. Currently more than 1.4 billion sterile male-only pupae are produced per week in different facilities around the world. Due to the mutations used to construct these strains, that is, translocations and selectable markers, they require different and more careful mass rearing procedures than do bisexual strains (BSS). The basic rearing technology has been developed and can be used to produce only males on a predictable basis to a level of 99.9% accuracy. If specific rearing procedures are followed, then tsl-based GSS has a rearing efficiency that is equal to that of a BSS and it is already know that males produced by the tsl-based GSS are of equal quality to males produced by BSS. Based on current rearing technology the cost of production of male pupae is about the same for both types of strain. This is due to the large colony that is required for the tsl-based GSS. This paper discusses the considerations that need to be taken into account during mass rearing of GSS and identifies the most efficient production processes that are currently available.     

Compatibility of codling moths Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from South Africa with codling moths shipped from Canada

The sterile insect technique (SIT) has been successfully applied against codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera; Tortricidae) in British Columbia since 1992 where the mass‐rearing facility produces between 15 and 16 million moths per week. Due to the seasonality of this pest, the facility is only fully utilized for part of the year. The time and expense of implementing SIT against codling moth in South Africa may be substantially reduced if moths from Canada were sexually compatible with those from South Africa. In addition, because the pome fruit‐growing season in both countries is opposite, the programme in Canada might benefit by maintaining moth production year‐round and selling moths to South Africa. Semi‐field studies in small cages and release‐recapture studies were conducted in an unsprayed apple orchard in South Africa to assess mating compatibility of laboratory‐reared codling moth from Canada and wild codling moths from South Africa. The results suggest that Canadian codling moth males were equally attracted to calling Canadian and South African females despite the fact that Canadian moths had been transported (from Canada to South Africa) for 48 h as both pupae and adults. The data also suggest that at lower field temperatures Canadian moths were more active than South African moths. Results from the release‐recapture field trials indicated that Canadian and South African males were equally attracted to Canadian and South African females. These results suggest that codling moths from Canada and South Africa are fully compatible and indicate that Canadian moths can be used for SIT studies in South Africa. As these studies were conducted with moths from two very different climatic and time zones, it is proposed that populations of codling moth in other pome fruit production areas may also be compatible with the Canadian moths.