椰心叶甲的生物防治

椰心叶甲是近年来传入我国的危险性有害生物.1994年,我国内陆将椰心叶甲列为禁止入境的二类植物检疫危险性害虫.目前椰心叶甲在我国海南省、广东省、台湾省和香港地区危害严重并有蔓延趋势,严重危害了椰子、槟榔等棕榈科植物.针对椰心叶甲的危害特征,在实际防治应用中,化学防治,物理防治等方法不能起到很好的效果,生物防治是比较重要的防治方法.本文综述了对于椰心叶甲生物防治常用的几种防治方法:释放寄生蜂、病源微生物和生物农药等.椰心叶甲的生物学防治措施,关键是开发新的防治措施和提高现有方法的防治技术,达到持续有效控制.     

布鲁氏茵病防治基础研究现状与展望

布鲁氏菌病（简称布病）是由布鲁氏菌属细菌侵入机体引起的人畜共患传染病．近年来,布病疫情在世界范围内呈反弹趋势,我国尤甚．进入2000年以后,人间布病在我国成为报告发病数上升速度最快的传染病之一,令我国布病防治形势严峻．为了明确我国布病防治工作的现状和需求、最新研究现状和研究动态以及面临的挑战和机遇,深入研讨分析我国布病防治研究中的重大科学和关键技术问题,凝练和提出今后我国布病防治研究发展中亟需关注、解决的重要基础科学问题,在国家自然科学基金委员会资助下,由中国疾病预防控制中心地方病控制中心主办,哈尔滨医科大学、中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所和内蒙古地方病防治研究中心共同协办,于2013年6月21日召开了由来自全国布病防治与基础研究领域专家共同参加的“布鲁氏菌病防治基础研究发展战略研讨会”．会议在我国布病疫情最重的省份内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市召开,中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所、军事医学科学院疾病预防控制所、石河子大学、中国兽医药品监察所等19家从事布病防治与基础研究的科研院所、高等院校、疾病防治机构的40余位专家参加了此次会议．现结合文献资料以及本次会议的内容,对国内外布病流行现状、研究进展,以及影响我国布病防治的亟需解决的科学问题和建议作一综述．     

基于@RISK番茄潜叶蛾对我国番茄产业造成的经济损失评估

[目的]新发恶性外来入侵物种番茄潜叶蛾的入侵对我国番茄产业的安全生产造成了极大威胁。本文利用@RISK模型对化学防治、生物防治和理化诱控3种不同防治场景下我国番茄产业的潜在经济损失和投入防治后可挽回的经济损失进行综合评估,结果可为我国番茄潜叶蛾综合防治体系的构建提供参考。[方法]基于国内外文献收集到的番茄潜叶蛾危害数据（危害率、番茄产量损失率、防治成本和防治效果）,结合全国农产品商务信息公共服务平台、FAO获得我国番茄的种植面积、产量及价格等相关数据,利用@RISK模型对不防治场景和3种不同防治场景下的番茄产业的经济损失进行评估。[结果]番茄潜叶蛾在不防治场景下每年给我国番茄产业造成的经济损失总量在（8226165.67~41903398.26）万元,在化学防治（使用合成杀虫剂）、生物防治（释放天敌昆虫和微生物制剂）和理化诱控（基于灯光和合成性信息素的诱杀产品）3种不同防治场景下能有效挽回经济损失,分别为89.83%、87.90%和89.19%。[结论]基于不同的防治场景能够有效挽回番茄潜叶蛾造成的经济损失,面对该害虫在我国的严峻扩散形势,建议各级政府和行业部门应高度重视并进一步加强番茄潜叶蛾的防控,保障我国番茄产业的安全生产。     

甜菜夜蛾性信息素鉴定及应用研究进展

近年甜菜夜蛾在我国大面积频频暴发 ,但缺少有效的防治手段。该文概述了有关甜菜夜蛾性信息素鉴定及应用方面的研究进展 ,认为利用性信息素可有效预测和防治甜菜夜蛾的发生和为害。我国应加强这一技术的研究和开发 ,使其尽快应用于农业生产尤其是无公害蔬菜生产中甜菜夜蛾的防治     

布鲁氏菌病防治基础研究现状与展望

布鲁氏菌病(简称布病)是由布鲁氏菌属细菌侵入机体引起的人畜共患传染病.近年来,布病疫情在世界范围内呈反弹趋势,我国尤甚.进入2000年以后,人间布病在我国成为报告发病数上升速度最快的传染病之一,令我国布病防治形势严峻.为了明确我国布病防治工作的现状和需求、最新研究现状和研究动态以及面临的挑战和机遇,深入研讨分析我国布病防治研究中的重大科学和关键技术问题,凝练和提出今后我国布病防治研究发展中亟需关注、解决的重要基础科学问题,在国家自然科学基金委员会资助下,由中国疾病预防控制中心地方病控制中心主办,哈尔滨医科大学、中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所和内蒙古地方病防治研究中心共同协办,于2013年6月21日召开了由来自全国布病防治与基础研究领域专家共同参加的"布鲁氏菌病防治基础研究发展战略研讨会".会议在我国布病疫情最重的省份内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市召开,中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所、军事医学科学院疾病预防控制所、石河子大学、中国兽医药品监察所等19家从事布病防治与基础研究的科研院所、高等院校、疾病防治机构的40余位专家参加了此次会议.现结合文献资料以及本次会议的内容,对国内外布病流行现状、研究进展,以及影响我国布病防治的亟需解决的科学问题和建议作一综述.     

中国森林害虫化学防治研究进展

近年来我国林业有害生物呈频发重发态势,严重危害林业生态安全。化学防治是目前森林害虫综合治理体系中不可或缺的措施之一。本文基于我国森林害虫发生特点,详实阐述森林害虫化学防治中烟雾防治、注干防治、昆虫生长调节剂防治和行为化学防治的作用、应用技术和存在的问题,并结合化学防治现阶段存在的问题,探讨了森林害虫化学防治未来发展方向,为我国森林害虫化学防治的研发和应用提供参考。     

苹果蠹蛾抗药性研究进展

苹果蠹蛾是世界各国高度关注的严重危害苹果生产的外来有害生物。该虫于20世纪50年代在我国首次报道,目前是我国一类进境检疫性有害生物,正严重威胁我国苹果主产区的水果生产安全。苹果蠹蛾以幼虫钻蛀到果实内部为害,防治难度高,对其主要采用化学农药、交配干扰和苹果蠹蛾颗粒体病毒进行防治。由于农药的长期大量使用,苹果蠹蛾已对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、昆虫生长调节剂、阿维菌素和苹果蠹蛾颗粒体病毒等不同类型的杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本文总结了国内外有关苹果蠹蛾抗药性现状和抗药性机理方面的研究,并分析了其对几种农药产生抗性的主要原因,同时结合国外苹果蠹蛾防治和抗药性相关研究,以及其在我国发生与防治的现状,提出该虫抗药性治理策略,即及时对我国疫区苹果蠹蛾的抗药性现状进行监测,在此基础上,注意科学地使用化学农药,并结合农业防治和生物防治等措施对该虫进行综合治理。     

如何降低大豆病虫害防治成本

大豆是我国重要粮食作物,病虫害防治是确保大豆丰产的重要技术措施之一,其防治成本的高低影响着大豆的质量和收益。本文通过对大豆病虫害、防治技术措施等方面的介绍,进而提出降低大豆病虫害防治成本及相应对策,以期促进大豆生产的高效丰收。     

动态

我国科学家成功解析SARS冠状病毒进化规律全国防治非典科技攻关组和广东省防治非典科技攻关领导小组 1月30日在广州宣布 ,我国科学家经过 8个月的联合攻关 ,在防治SARS基础理论研究中取得重大突破。1月 2 9日美国《科学》杂志全文公布了中国课题组研究SARS的分子流行病学 ,解析     

中国南方害虫生物防治50周年回顾

综述了中国南方50年来害虫生物防治的研究与应用概况,特别是大卵（蓖麻蚕卵）繁殖赤眼蜂防治甘蔗螟虫的成功先例,为后来国内应用柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂提供了宝贵经验。应用平腹小蜂防治荔枝蝽,解决了荔枝生产的主要害虫问题;引进澳洲瓢虫、孟氏隐唇瓢虫、松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂均是我国生物防治成功的例证;以生物防治为主的水稻害虫综合防治研究坚持了20多年,从生产实践和理论方面均取得显著的成绩;在昆虫病原微生物的研究与应用方面,利用苏云金杆菌以色列变种防治蚊虫、松毛虫质多角体病毒的发现和应用、斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的分离以及中试和工厂化生产、昆虫病原线虫的大量繁殖与应用,取得了一批有应用价值的成果;在分子生物学研究方面,利用基因重组扩大了病原微生物的毒力与杀虫谱。总结和继承我国乃至世界上最早的以虫治虫（黄蚁防治柑桔害虫）的经验,对促进我国生物防治事业的发展具有重要意义。     

我国农业害虫综合防治研究现状与展望

害虫综合防治作为农业生产的一项重要策略,在农业可持续发展中具有举足轻重的作用。近年来,针对我国害虫防治所存在的技术需求,科技部等部门先后通过973计划、863计划、科技支撑计划和农业行业专项等对重要害虫防治研究立项支持。通过这些项目的实施,我国建成了一支由国家和省级科研单位和大学组成的专业科研队伍和研究平台,对害虫监测预警技术、基于生物多样性保护利用的生态调控技术、害虫生物防治技术、化学防治技术、抗虫转基因作物利用技术等方面的研究取得了一系列的重要进展,研究建立了棉花、水稻、玉米、小麦和蔬菜等作物重要害虫的综合防治技术体系,并在农业生产中发挥了重要作用。以基因工程和信息技术为代表的第二次农业技术革命的到来,推动了害虫综合防治的理论发展,为害虫综合防治技术的广泛应用提供了新的机遇。地理信息系统、全球定位系统等信息技术和计算机网络技术的应用,提高了对害虫种群监测和预警的能力和水平,转基因抗虫作物的商业化种植等技术的应用显著增强了对害虫种群的区域性调控效率。针对产业结构调整和全球气候变化所带来的害虫新问题,进一步发展IPM新理论与新技术将成为我国农业昆虫学研究的重要方向之一。     

Problems Inherent to Augmentation of Natural Enemies in Open Agriculture

Augmentation biological control has successfully replaced a lot of insecticide use in ‘closed system’ agriculture (e.g., greenhouses). The profitable commercialization of biocontrol agents in greenhouses has created an incentive to expand markets for mass-reared beneficial insects into open agricultural systems, often without sufficient scientific justification. However, the semi-contained nature of greenhouse culture is often critical to the success of augmentation and can serve to mask potential pitfalls and intrinsic limitations of this approach in open systems. Factors contributing to greenhouse successes include the reduced biological diversity of contained agroecosystems, the prevention of agent dispersal, the ability to maintain environmental conditions within a range favorable for the agent, the exclusion of competitors and natural enemies of the agent that might otherwise diminish its efficacy, and the absence of alternative prey/hosts that could divert predation/parasitism from the target pest. There are also problems arising from collection of source material from locally adapted populations, and the inadvertent imposition of artificial selection in the course of laboratory rearing. Besides highlighting these pitfalls, this paper aims to encourage more consideration of conservation approaches prior to investment in augmentation programs which entice farmers into perpetual cycles of ‘rear and release.’ I argue that although augmentation can benefit agriculture whenever it replaces pesticide applications, it does not constitute an ecologically sustainable solution because it requires continued inputs, and it can distract research attention away from more sustainable objectives. Sustainable biological control is best achieved through modifications to cultural practices that increasingly ‘naturalize’ agroecosystems, thus facilitating the natural recruitment and persistence of beneficial arthropod fauna, combined with habitat management geared to increasing overall plant and arthropod diversity in the agroecosystem.     

Reprint of: Biological control of rice insect pests in China

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. China has the second largest area of the rice growing in the world and the highest yield of rice produced. Infestation by insect pests, especially rice planthoppers, stem borers and leaf folders, is always a serious challenge to rice production in China. Current methods for controlling insect pests in China mainly include good farming practices, biological control, breeding and growing resistant varieties, and the use of chemical insecticides. However, for farmers, the favorite method for insect pest control is still the application of chemical insecticide, which not only causes severe environmental pollution and the resurgence of herbivores but also reduces populations of the natural enemies of herbivores. To control insect pests safely, effectively and sustainably, strategies encouraging biological control are currently demanded. Here we review the progress that has been made in the development and implementation of biological controls for rice in China since the 1970s. Such progress includes the species identification of the natural enemies of rice insect pests, the characterization of their biology, and the integration of biological controls in integrated pest management. To develop effective ecological engineering programs whose aim is to implement conservation biological controls, further research, including the evaluation of the roles of plants in non-crop habitats in conservation biological controls, volatiles in enhancing efficiency of natural enemies and natural enemies in manipulating insect pests, and education to increase farmers’ knowledge of biological controls, is proposed.     

中国红树林生态系统主要害虫种类、 防控现状及成灾原因

红树林湿地是中国东南沿海的关键生态系统之一。近年来, 我国红树林陆续出现多种害虫种群暴发成灾的现象, 使红树林湿地的可持续利用面临严重挑战。本文归纳了近20年来中国红树林生态系统的主要害虫种类, 危害较严重的有海榄雌瘤斑螟Acrobasis sp., 毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha cellifera, 丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida, 白囊袋蛾Chalioides kondonis, 蜡彩袋蛾Chalia larminati和小袋蛾Acanthopsyche subferalbata等; 对红树林虫害的防控现状进行总结, 目前开展的防控工作主要以生物农药、 昆虫生长调节剂、 昆虫天敌等生物防治方法为主, 结合灯光诱杀等物理防治手段的运用, 对暴发期的害虫种群可以取得较好的控制效果; 并从红树林生态系统健康水平和昆虫群落多样性等方面对害虫种群的成灾原因进行初步探讨; 最终提出以虫害可持续控制为目标的红树林生态系统生境调控策略, 以期为提高红树林湿地虫害管理水平以及促进红树林的可持续发展提供重要的理论参考和科学指导。     

害虫生态调控的原理与方法

害虫生态调控的原理与方法戈峰（中国科学院动物研究所农业虫鼠害综合治理国家重点实验室,北京１０００８０）ＴｈｅＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓａｎｄＭｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｅｓｔｓ．ＧｅＦｅｎｇ（Ｉ...     

Integrated rice insect pest control in the Guangdong Province of China

There are about 13 species of rice insect pests which are common and of major significance in Guangdong Province, China. Rice pest management in China is based on cultural practices, biological control, insecticides, light traps, varietal resistance and other control methods. Natural control by preservation of natural enemies of pests plays a very positive role in the integrated control of rice pests. The major measures and techniques of these control methods are mentioned in this paper. A list of main insect pests of rice, their natural enemies and some examples of the results of rice pest integrated control in Guangdong Province, China, are also given.     

害虫天敌的植物支持系统

保护天敌,使天敌长期有效地控制害虫是保护性生物防治的核心内容。其中,植物在维持和促进天敌控制害虫中的重要性和作用越来越受到关注。本文概述了各种支持天敌发挥效能的植物类群,论述了蜜源植物、储蓄植物、栖境植物、诱集植物、指示植物、护卫植物等在支持天敌生存和繁殖方面的生物功能,评述了研究和应用这些植物时需注意的问题,提出了科学利用这些植物以维持和增强农业生态系统中天敌发挥控害作用的植物支持系统,并指出了由于对这些植物类别的界定和定义模糊所带来的不便,给出了相应的建议。     

Current status and future perspectives on natural enemies for pest control in Taiwan

ABSTRACT

In Taiwan, the agricultural policy, ‘Reduce the consumption of pesticide to half in the next 10 years’, was launched in 2017. Pesticide application, which results in contamination of food by chemical residues, pest resistance, and other adverse ecological effects, is a growing public and environmental concern. Pest control by natural predators is, thus, the best alternative. Biological control methods implemented based on insights obtained from studies on pest behaviour, rearing, and various crop management modes, increase the possibility of controlling pests in modern organic agricultural systems. More than a decade has passed since the first introduction of a predatory insect in Taiwan for pest control (in the 1990s). Predatory and parasitic natural enemies, including lacewing, predatory stink bugs, Orius, and parasitic wasps, were initially used for controlling thrips, aphids, spider mites, whiteflies, and lepidopteran pests. At present, there exists a wide range of integrated pest management (IPM) methods incorporating other non-chemical, biological, and agricultural methods. However, recently, there has been an increase in research and development on the utilisation of natural enemies of insects and the associated food safety issues. Mass production and release, storage, and handling techniques of insect predators and parasitoids have been successful in recent years. The final goal of present day research is to develop natural enemy products and provide an IPM-based model to farmers for using natural enemies in agricultural production systems, thereby reducing pesticide application and ensuring food security.     

Insect conservation and pest management

The issue of insect conservation in pest management has many conflicting aspects. For instance, it is desirable to conserve a pest residue in order to maintain natural enemy population and it is imperative to conserve natural enemies. However, conservation of pest species is not relevant if the pest species is an exotic invader and a candidate for eradication, mainly because eradication, if successful, achieves only regional extinction. Conservation of native pests depends, to a large extent, on whether the species is a direct pest of a high value crop or an indirect pest with an acceptable economic injury level. In this paper, integrated pest management is defined in terms of sustainable agriculture and the conservation of biodiversity, and give five premises that stress the level of disturbance of agricultural communities and the dynamics of pest status for arthropod species in the community. The possible impacts of the main integrated pest management tactics on arthropod conservation are tabulated and the results reached stress that diversification of agricultural systems through maximum use of native plants should benefit both integrated pest management and regional arthropod conservation.     

PROSPECTS FOR THE CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS AND WEEDS IN SOUTHERN CHINA

Abstract  This paper deals with the prospects for the classical biological control of major insect pests and weeds in southern China. One hundred and seventy-four species of insect pests in southern China are nominated and their broad distribution and origin or possibly origin in other countries are discussed. An attempt is made to draw together information relevant to where a search might be made for natural enemies if an arthropod pest is being considered as the target for classical biological control. The success of classical biological control of the six insect pests and five weeds elsewhere in the world has been indicated. It is recommended to take urgent measures to strengthen and expand projects in classical biological control in China.