黑线仓鼠繁殖输出与基础代谢率的关系

为了解黑线仓鼠繁殖输出与基础代谢率(BMR)的关系,阐明最大持续能量收支(SusMR)的限制水平, 揭示哺乳期能量收支对策,本文测定了哺乳期黑线仓鼠的体重、摄食量、BMR 和身体组成,以及哺乳期的胎仔数、胎仔重和泌乳能量支出(MEO)。结果显示,黑线仓鼠哺乳期体重降低了15.0 ± 0.8% , 摄食量显著增加, 哺乳高峰期平均摄食量为13.9 ± 0.3 g /d, 摄入能为222.1 ± 5.3 kJ/ d, 比哺乳初期增加121% , 比对照组高288% ;哺乳高峰期MEO 为62.4 ± 2.3 kJ/ d, 哺乳末期BMR 为49.7 ± 1.1 kJ/ d; 断乳时平均胎仔数4.7 ± 0.2、窝胎仔重50.5 ±1.6 g; 哺乳末期BMR 比对照组增加48% ,BMR 与消化系统各器官的相关性高于对照组; BMR 与胎仔数、胎仔重、乳腺重量和MEO 显著正相关。结果表明:初次繁殖的黑线仓鼠哺乳期SusMR 限制为4.47 ×BMR, 在自身维持和繁殖输出之间采取了“权衡分配”的原则,通过体重降低以减少BMR 的增加幅度, 从而有利于繁殖输出。     

三种微生物学级别的SSB小鼠生长和繁殖性能的比较

本文对无菌，清洁和普通三种微生物学级别的近交系ＳＳＢ小鼠核心群的生长，繁殖性能的观察结果进行比较分析。在哺乳期风无菌小鼠生长优于清洁级和普通级小鼠；而在离乳后育成初期体重增长又慢于者。计算机统计分析表明：三种级别种鼠的各胎次胎间隔无显著差异。清洁和无菌种鼠的产仔数和离乳率均无显著差异；而普通种鼠的繁殖性能不如清洁和无菌种鼠。     

半胱胺对大鼠泌乳量及血液,组织几种激素含量的影响

选用４０只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ泌乳大鼠进行配对实验。哺乳期第８天起,实验母鼠灌服半胱胺（ｃｙｓｔｅａｍｉｎｅ,ＣＳ）８０ｍｇ／ｋｇＢ．Ｗ,每隔５天一次,直至哺乳第３０天。实验中记录泌乳量、仔鼠体重及采食量,并用放免法测定血液及组织生长抑素（ＳＳ）、生长激素（ＧＨ）、催乳素（ＰＲＬ）的含量。结果表明,ＣＳ使母鼠哺乳期第１０、１５、２０天的泌乳量明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,第２５天泌乳量有所增加（Ｐ＞０．０５）,第３０天差异不明显;母鼠哺乳期采食量略有增加（Ｐ＞０．０５）,料／奶比明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）;哺乳期第１５天的血液、下丘脑和大脑皮层ＳＳ含量明显下降,血液ＧＨ含量显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,但第２５天无明显变化;母鼠哺乳期血液ＰＲＬ含量明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示,ＣＳ能促进大鼠泌乳,而抑制体内ＳＳ,提高内源性ＧＨ水平,可能为ＣＳ的主要作用机制。     

近交系HFJ大鼠的培育及其部分表型观察

目的培育高繁殖力近交系HFJ大鼠并观察其部分表型特征。方法以一对Wistar大鼠为基代,通过全同胞近亲交配方式,采用选优法培育高繁殖力近交系HFJ大鼠。采用生化标记法、皮肤移植实验进行遗传质量检测;观察比较其部分表型特征。结果HFJ种群符合近交系标准;其窝产仔数、离乳率、胎次间隔显著高于Wistar大鼠;HFJ大鼠12周龄后生长缓慢,体重低于同龄Wistar大鼠;HFJ大鼠部分血液常规指标及血液生化指标与Wistar大鼠有显著差异。结论HFJ大鼠繁殖力强,是具有独特生物学特性的近交系大鼠。     

DA大鼠的繁殖性能及部分生物学特性参数的测定

目的建立我国新的近交系品系DA种群,观察其生长繁殖性能及部分生物学特性。方法从丹麦M＆B公司引进近交系大鼠DA,建立种群,从其扩大群中随机抽取15对鼠,统计其繁殖率;抽取50只DA鼠（雌雄各半）测其部分血液生化。结果近交系种群扩大成功,DA大鼠平均产仔数为5．5,成活率为90.8％,所测生理生化值接近Wistar大鼠。结论DA大鼠已适应我国环境,种群引进成功;性别对脏器重量、系数和血生化影响显著。     

虫草培养基添加剂对Wistar大鼠生长发育和繁殖性能的影响

目的探讨虫草培养基添加剂对Wistar大鼠生长发育和繁殖性能的影响。方法将虫草培养基添加在正常大鼠饲料中进行大鼠喂养试验,观察Wistar大鼠的生长发育和交配以及产仔情况进行统计分析。取大鼠卵巢和睾丸组织进行病理组织学观察。结果虫草培养基添加剂饲喂大鼠后,大鼠增重缓慢,雄性大鼠的饲料利用率有所增加,大鼠交配成功率和窝产仔数基本与对照组没有差异,大鼠卵巢和睾丸组织未受到器质性显微损伤。结论虫草培养基添加剂对大鼠生长发育和繁殖性能无特殊影响。     

IRM-2近交系小鼠的生殖生长特性

目的获取IRM-2近交系小鼠的生殖生长特性的有关资料.方法ICR/JCL为母本,以615小鼠为父本杂交选育的近交系小鼠IRM-2,现已繁育至第38代.经过对其生殖、生长特性的观察和测定来取得相关资料.结果该小鼠出生后45d性成熟;繁殖能力强,平均每窝产仔数为8只以上,最高可达15只;生长发育迅速,出生后60d体重可达28g以上,各脏器重均高于亲代鼠.结论从各项指标来看,IRM-2小鼠是优良的近交品系小鼠.     

东方田鼠室内繁殖与生长发育观察

目的　探寻室内东方田鼠的繁殖与生长发育规律。方法　以F4代鼠及其仔代(F5)为对象,分别观察其繁殖与生长发育情况。结果　室内东方田鼠一年四季均具有繁殖能力,春(3～4月)秋(10～11月)两季为繁殖高峰期;雌雄单一配对比多性比配对的母鼠繁殖率明显提高;母鼠怀孕期20～21d,窝产仔数3～11只,平均(4.8±1.5)只,初生重2.5～4.4g;幼鼠3　d龄耳壳全部竖立,6～8d龄被毛长全,7～11d龄开眼,10～11d牙齿长齐;15d龄左右具有采食能力,20d龄可完全断奶;60～70d龄可见个别雌鼠阴门开孔,75～90d龄可见多数雌鼠阴门开孔和雄鼠睾丸明显下位;3月龄后体重、身长增长不显著。结论　开放式(普通级)饲养环境下,室内东方田鼠的繁殖季节、窝产仔数及初生重与野生东方田鼠基本相似;种群密度、性比对雌鼠的繁殖率有明显影响;2～3月龄为性成熟期,3～4月龄为体成熟和初配时期。但成熟时间存在个体差异,同时受饲料营养和环境因素的影响。     

蝉棒束孢子实体的致畸性评价及对高血糖小鼠血糖的影响

对妊娠第7-16天Wistar大鼠连续给予口服蝉棒束孢子实体低、中、高3个剂量（0.85、1.70、3.40g/kg）10d,观察给药组对大鼠孕期体重、死胎率、吸收胎率、活胎数、每窝平均胎仔数、胎鼠重、胎鼠身长、前囟宽度、子宫连胎重及胎鼠外观、内脏发育、骨骼发育的影响,研究妊娠动物接触蝉棒束孢子实体后引起的致畸可能性。对正常小鼠、STZ致高血糖模型小鼠给予口服不同剂量的人工培植蝉棒束孢子实体（0.4、0.25、0.125g/kg）,测定空腹血糖及糖耐量,评价蝉棒束孢子实体的降血糖作用。结果表明：与阴性对照组相比,人工培植蝉棒束孢子实体各剂量组在大鼠孕期体重、死胎率、吸收胎率、胎鼠重、胎鼠身长和前囟宽度、胎鼠外观、内脏和骨骼发育等方面均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;与模型对照组（0g/kg BW）相比,人工培植蝉棒束孢子实体中、低两个剂量组均能降低STZ致高血糖模型小鼠给葡萄糖后0.5h血糖水平（P<0.05）,低剂量组能明显降低高血糖模型小鼠0-2h血糖曲线下面积,且对小鼠体重及正常小鼠空腹血糖均无不良影响。提示人工培植蝉棒束孢子实体对大鼠无明显的母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸性;对高血糖小鼠具有降血糖的作用。     

围产期食物限制对子代成年大鼠海马CA1区突触可塑性的影响

围产期食物限制导致子代大鼠学习和记忆能力等的神经生物学变化,但其机制并不清楚。将成年Wistar雌性大鼠与雄性大鼠同笼,受孕后随机分为对照组 (n=9) 和食物限制组 (n=8) 。对照组母鼠在妊娠期和哺乳期自由进食和饮水,食物限制组母鼠从妊娠的第7天到子代大鼠出生后21天进行食物限制,食物限制量为对照组大鼠的50%。子代雄性大鼠成年后,通过Morris 水迷宫测试空间学习和记忆能力。之后,在海马CA1区在体记录场兴奋性突触后电位 (field excitatory postsynaptic potential,fEPSP),并采用免疫组织化学方法观察海马CA1区神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS) 阳性细胞密度的变化。结果表明,围产期食物限制降低了子代大鼠出生后第1、7、10、14和21天的体重,并减弱了成年子代大鼠的学习和记忆能力,海马CA1区fEPSP的斜率和nNOS阳性细胞的密度也明显降低。结果提示,围产期食物限制可能通过抑制NO的产生降低了海马突触可塑性,从而影响了子代大鼠的学习和记忆能力。     

Effect of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) on fertility, pregnancy, and postnatal development of Sprague-Dawley rats

A diet containing 20 ppm (micrograms/g) of purified deoxynivalenol (DON) was fed to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for 60 and 15 days, respectively, before breeding. Rats consuming feed amended with DON throughout pregnancy and lactation showed no clinical signs of toxicity, nor did the control or pair-fed control groups. Male rats in the DON treatment group showed no feed refusal but were less efficient than males in control groups in converting feed into body mass. Feed refusal in female rats varied with stage of pregnancy. Before breeding, overall feed consumption was similar in all groups, but in the DON treatment group there was significant feed refusal for the first 2 days. Feed conversion efficiency was reduced in the DON treatment group. Pregnant and lactating rats fed DON-treated feed ate 6% less than did control rats fed solvent-treated feed. Although pair-fed control rats ate 14 to 21% less than rats in the DON treatment group, their body weights were greater than those of the DON group rats throughout most of the feeding trials, indicating that DON has a toxic effect. Only 50% of the matings between DON group rats resulted in pregnancy, compared with 80% in the control groups. There were no differences detected among groups in ratio of male to female pups, survival rate, or average litter number and weight. Pup weight gains in all groups were comparable through postnatal day 14.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) on fertility, pregnancy, and postnatal development of Sprague-Dawley rats.

A diet containing 20 ppm (micrograms/g) of purified deoxynivalenol (DON) was fed to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats for 60 and 15 days, respectively, before breeding. Rats consuming feed amended with DON throughout pregnancy and lactation showed no clinical signs of toxicity, nor did the control or pair-fed control groups. Male rats in the DON treatment group showed no feed refusal but were less efficient than males in control groups in converting feed into body mass. Feed refusal in female rats varied with stage of pregnancy. Before breeding, overall feed consumption was similar in all groups, but in the DON treatment group there was significant feed refusal for the first 2 days. Feed conversion efficiency was reduced in the DON treatment group. Pregnant and lactating rats fed DON-treated feed ate 6% less than did control rats fed solvent-treated feed. Although pair-fed control rats ate 14 to 21% less than rats in the DON treatment group, their body weights were greater than those of the DON group rats throughout most of the feeding trials, indicating that DON has a toxic effect. Only 50% of the matings between DON group rats resulted in pregnancy, compared with 80% in the control groups. There were no differences detected among groups in ratio of male to female pups, survival rate, or average litter number and weight. Pup weight gains in all groups were comparable through postnatal day 14.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

改良法建立妊娠期高血压疾病大鼠模型

目的寻找理想的妊娠期高血压疾病动物模型。方法60只雌性Wistar大鼠分为六组,分别为正常妊娠组（A组）、左旋亚硝酸精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）腹腔注射组（B组）、生理盐水注射组（C组）、假手术组（D组）、双侧子宫动脉结扎术组（E组）以及L-NAME腹腔注射联合腹主动脉缩窄术组（F组）,对大鼠血压、尿蛋白值以及胎鼠、胎盘、胎鼠头的重量进行监测并观察肾脏、胎盘的病理改变。结果F组孕鼠于孕13d即出现了蛋白尿、血压升高,较B组及E组出现时间早（P〈0.05）,其胎鼠体重、胎头重量下降较各组更明显（P〈0.05）,肾小球小动脉管壁增厚、管腔狭窄;胎盘出现血管间膜增厚、纤维蛋白沉积等妊娠高血压疾病的典型病理改变。结论L-NAME腹腔注射联合腹主动脉缩窄术是更为理想的建立妊娠高血压疾病动物模型的方法。     

Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the embryo‐fetal development in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is an herbal medicine used for treating neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular insufficiency, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and also vestibular disturbance. Some components of GBE have presented estrogenic effects and, in a previous study, high dosages of GBE caused intra‐uterine growth retardation in fetuses of Wistar rats treated during the fetogenesis period. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were treated, through gavage, with different dosages of aqueous GBE (3.5, 7.0, and 14.0 mg/Kg/day), during the tubal transit and implantation period. Rats were killed on the 15th day of pregnancy and the following parameters were evaluated: clinical symptoms of maternal toxicity; maternal body weight; feed and water intake; maternal liver, kidney, and ovary weights; number of corpora lutea; implants per group ratio; pre‐ and post‐implantation loss per group ratio; live fetuses mean; dead fetuses percentage; fetus and placenta weight per offspring ratio; and fetal external malformation. RESULTS: No significant alteration was found for both the maternal and embryonic parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The GBE treatment in pregnant Wistar rats, during the tubal transit and implantation period, caused no toxic effect on the maternal organism and did not induce embryonic death, growth retardation, and/or fetal malformations. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:133–138, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Apoptosis in Fetal Adrenal Glands

This study investigated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular density, and apoptosis in fetal rat adrenal glands with hyperthyroidism in late gestation. Twelve mature female Wistar albino rats with the same biological and physiological features were used for this study. Rats were divided into two groups: control and hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous injections of L-thyroxine (250 µg/kg) before pregnancy for 21 days and during pregnancy. Rats in the control and hyperthyroidism groups were caged according to the number of male rats. Zero day of pregnancy (Day 0) was indicated when the animals were observed to have microscopic sperm in vaginal smears. Pregnant rats were sacrificed on the 20th day of pregnancy; blood from each animal was collected to determine the concentrations of maternal adrenocorticotropic hormone and thyroxine. Rat fetuses were then quickly removed from the uterus, and the adrenal glands of the fetuses were dissected. VEGF expression, vascular density, and apoptosis were analyzed in fetal rat adrenal glands. Maternal serum levels of the ACTH and free thyroxine were significantly higher in the hyperthyroidism group than in the control group. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of VEGF positive cells and vessel density significantly increased in the hyperthyroidism rat fetal adrenal group compared with the control group. Hyperthyroidism did not change the fetal and placental weights and the number of fetuses. This study demonstrates that hyperthyroidism may have an effect on the development of rat adrenal glands mediated by VEGF expression, angiogenesis, and apoptosis.     

水貂妊娠与泌乳期的能量代谢

孕貂摄入日粮比孕前高8.03%,即摄入总能量高11.70%。产后,母貂摄入日粮与总能量的变化,近似S型曲线。孕貂体重与妊娠时间呈正相关,与泌乳时间呈负相关。妊娠期,孕貂每天摄入总能量超过呼吸量与粪便排出量之总和,则体重增加。泌乳期,母貂每天摄入总能量少于呼吸量、粪便排出量及泌乳量之总和,故体重减轻。     

Effect of maternal malnutrition on surface activity of fetal lungs in rats.

The effects of maternal malnutrition on fetal lung growth and surface forces were studied in albino rats. Pregnant albino rats were subjected to one of the following diets: rat chow ad lib. (controls), partial food deprivation (intake one-half that of the controls), complete food deprivation for 4 days (on gestation day 3-7, 9-13, or 17-21), low protein (8%), and fat free. The fetal lungs were studied on the 21st day of gestation (delivered by cesarean section) or at birth (gestation day 22). Fetuses and neonates after maternal food deprivation (FD) on the 17-21 day of pregnancy, and after a low-protein (LP) diet during pregnancy, had significantly smaller body weight and lung wet or dry weight/body weight ratio (hypocellular lungs). The minimum surface tension (gamma min) of fetal lung extracts was significantly increased with FD and LP. This was associated with a reduction of about 35% in lung lecithin content, expressed per lung DNA. The earlier in pregnancy the rat was subjected to 4-day food deprivation the less the effect on the fetus. At birth the gamma min and the lung lecithin content reached control values. This recovery occurred after birth (at age 4-10 h) and prior to first feeding. However, the lungs remained small and hypocellular. The results indicate that the nutritional status of the pregnant rat influences the surface activity and the growth of the fetal lung.     

Effects of bestatin on intrauterine growth of rat fetuses

Pregnant Wistar rats were injected with bestatin, a specific inhibitor of aminopeptidase M. Placental aminopeptidase M activity was inhibited by injection of bestatin, and fetal body weight was statistically lower than that in the saline-injected or control group. Our present data suggest that placental aminopeptidase M plays an important role in fetal growth.     

胎儿生长受限模型及其胎盘的病理学观察

目的证实胎儿生长受限大鼠模型的建立方法;观察胎儿生长受限(FGR)大鼠胎盘的组织形态及超微结构特征。方法健康Wistar雌鼠24只,按妊娠先后顺序随机分为两组:正常对照组(正常组)、模型组(烟酒处理组),采用烟酒混合因素建立大鼠FGR模型;比较两组胎鼠的体重、鼻臀长度、体重系数及FGR发生率,两组胎盘组织行HE染色,并应用光镜和电镜观察其病理变化。结果①模型组胎仔平均体重、鼻臀长度、体重系数较正常组分别减轻46.0%、21.9%、35.0%(P0.01)。对照组FGR发生率仅为12.5%,模型组FGR发生率为79.3%,显著高于对照组(P0.01)。②模型组胎盘形态学明显改变。结论通过烟酒干预的方法,成功建立缺血缺氧性FGR孕鼠模型。烟酒可导致胎盘形态结构的改变,这种病理改变是造成FGR胎盘功能减退的形态学基础。     

Effect of mother’s physical condition during pregnancy and lactation on postnatal growth and reproductive success of offspring in water vole <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arvicola terrestris</Emphasis>

Postnatal growth, life span, and probability of reproduction in the adult state depended on the mother’s physical condition during pregnancy and lactation in water vole. The white fat weight in the female abdominal cavity was shown to significantly increase in pregnancy and to decrease in late lactation. As an indicators for nutritional state of females, their body weight difference after parturition (or in late lactation) and expected from the regression equation relating individual body weight at the beginning and the end of each reproductive stage were used (physical condition indexes in pregnancy or lactation). The correlation of the physical condition index in pregnancy with the storage fat weight was 0.67. The metabolic resources of the mother’s body proved to favor faster offspring development. The female offspring weight at the age of 3 and 10 weeks as well as adult ones positively correlated with the mother’s nutritional state in pregnancy, while the male offspring weight demonstrated a similar correlation at the age of 3 and 6 weeks. Increased negative energy balance during lactation proved to decrease the offspring weight in both sexes after separation from mother and at the age of 6 weeks. High nutritional state of mother in pregnancy favored both the probability of reproduction and life span of female offspring. The reproduction of male offspring did not depend on the mother’s physical condition. The life span peaked in male offspring of mothers in a nutritional state below average in pregnancy and above average in lactation. Thus, the physical condition of the mother’s body is an important sex-dependent factor of phenotypic variation in the offspring body weight, reproductive competence, and life span.