EBV感染及TPA处理前后人CR2转染细胞的基因差异表达谱

采用Mouse Atlas^TM cDNA Expression Arrays对EBV感染前后及TPA处理前后的人CR2转染小鼠细胞基因表达进行分析,通过Eagle EyeⅡ图像分析系统进行密度扫描以寻找差异表达基因。结果表明已初步建立EBV和TPA的转染细胞基因差异表达谱,为进一步研究二者对转染小鼠 细胞的影响奠定了良好基础,也为进一步发现转染小鼠细胞中EBV和TPA相关的信号转导通路提供线索。     

细胞间接触是EB病毒自发感染人类上皮细胞的有效途径

选用产EB病毒的绒猴淋巴细胞B95-8系和补体受体2型(complement receptor 2, CR2)与多聚免疫球蛋白受体(polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, pIgR)表达阴性的人永生化上皮细胞Hacat系共培养,进行细胞接触感染实验.一周后去除B95-8细胞,仅留Hacat细胞,并以自行改进的方法鉴定前者是否得以彻底去除.在证实没有B95-8残留后,PCR和原位杂交分别检验剩余Hacat细胞中EB病毒的感染结果.实验结果表明改进的方法能够灵敏和简便地判断B95-8细胞的污染与否,并且与B95-8细胞接触共培养的Hacat细胞能被EB病毒有效地感染,后者暗示了EB病毒对上皮细胞可能存在细胞融合和CR2或pIgR介导之外新的感染途径.本研究在一定程度上简化了前人的细胞接触感染方法,也为建立天然的EB病毒自发有效地感染上皮细胞的模型奠定了基础.     

EB病毒诱导胸腺恶性T细胞淋巴瘤的研究

为研究EB病毒在恶性T细胞淋巴瘤发生中的作用,将EB病毒感染的人胚胸腺细胞移植于Scid鼠皮下,于移植后第3日起在移植处对侧皮下注射TPA50ng／只,每周1次。于移植后第4周起,移植处皮下有结节状隆起形成,并逐渐增大。于6－15周内行病理学检查和免疫组织化学染色,证实为T细胞淋巴瘤8例。其中实验组胸腺细胞＋EBV的成瘤率为25％（1／4）,胸腺细胞＋EBV＋TPA组的成瘤率为53.8%（7／13）,对照组胸腺细胞＋TPA的成瘤率为0（0／5）。PCR和 闰杂交在诱导肿瘤可可检测到EB病毒的基因EBERs、LMP1和BARF1,并有病毒基因LMP1蛋白编码产物的表达。EB病毒可感染人胚胸腺细胞,并使其发生恶性转化,EB病毒可能在恶性T细胞淋巴瘤的发生中起病因作用。     

神经元限制性沉默因子对人胰岛素基因转录调控作用的研究

为了研究神经元限制性沉默因子(NRSF)调控神经元及胰岛细胞中神经特异性基因的表达,进一步寻找胰岛细胞中可能存在的其他NRSF调控基因.先用生物信息学手段对相关基因进行了分析.筛选及序列比对发现,人胰岛素核心启动子区有一段与NRSE相似的序列,提示,它可能受NRSF调控.构建了含NRSF基因的慢病毒载体,将其稳定转染于INS-1细胞.构建了3种荧光素酶报告载体:含有人胰岛素启动子-荧光素酶(hInsP-LUC)的慢病毒载体,pGL3-Basic载体和含有2拷贝NRSE样基序-荧光素酶(NRSE-LUC)的报告载体.利用稳定转染及瞬时转染实验观察NRSF对报告载体中荧光素酶活性的影响.利用电泳迁移率变动分析实验观察NRSE样基序与NRSF蛋白的结合情况,并通过竞争结合实验、引入特异性抗体实验证实探针与蛋白质结合的特异性.RT-PCR检测证实,感染空病毒的INS-1细胞不表达NRSF,感染含目的基因慢病毒的INS-1细胞能表达NRSF.将含有hInsP-LUC的慢病毒载体稳定转染于上述2种细胞,荧光素酶活性分析结果显示,NRSF的过表达能明显降低胰岛素启动子的活性.瞬时转染hInsP-LUC报告系统于上述2种细胞,结果也显示NRSF能明显抑制胰岛素启动子-荧光素酶的活性.将含有NRSE-LUC的报告载体瞬时转染于上述2种细胞,结果表明过表达NRSF的INS-1细胞组的荧光素酶相对值比对照组有明显下降.电泳迁移率变动分析实验进一步证实,此NRSE样序列可以与NRSF蛋白特异结合,这种特异结合可以被标准的NRSE序列所竞争.结果表明,人胰岛素启动子中含有NRSE样序列,该序列通过与NRSF蛋白结合从而抑制人胰岛素启动子的转录活性.这一研究工作有助于进一步了解NRSF在胰岛细胞中的调控作用.     

含HIV-1 gag、gagV3基因的重组腺病毒伴随病毒的构建及其免疫原性的研究

将HIV－1中国株42（B亚型）gag基因及gag与gp120 V3区的嵌合基因gag V3插入腺病毒伴随病毒（AAV）表达载体（pSNAV）质粒中,构建重组质粒pSNAV-gag及pSNAV-gagV3;采用脂质体转染的方法分别将重组质粒转入BHK细胞,G418筛选得到转入重组质粒并能表达外源基因的细胞系,命名为BHK－gag及BHK－gagV3。用具有重组腺病毒伴随病毒（rAAV）包装功能的一种重组单纯疱疹病毒（rHSV）分析感染这两株细胞系,纯化后得到rAAV,电镜观察可见到大量实心病毒颗粒,核酸杂交检测重组病毒滴度达到10^12病毒颗粒／ml,重组病毒感染293细胞,ELISA检测有gag及gagV3基因的表达。用重组病毒免疫Balb/C小鼠,检测抗体及细胞免疫水平,证明重组病毒可以在小鼠体内诱导产生细胞及体液免疫。     

细胞间接触是EB病毒自发感染人类上皮细胞的有效途径

选用产EB病毒的绒猴淋巴细胞B95-8系和补体受体2型(complement receptor 2,CR2)与多聚免疫球蛋白受体(polymeric immunoglobulin receptor,plgR)表达阴性的人水生化上皮细胞Hacat系共培养,进行细胞接触感染实验。一周后去除B95-8细胞,仅留Hacat细胞,并以自行改进的方法鉴定前者是否得以彻底去除。在证实没有．B95-8残留后,PCR和原位杂交分别检验剩余Hacat细胞中EB病毒的感染结果。实验结果表明：改进的方法能够灵敏和简便地判断B95-8细胞的污染与否,并且与．B95-8细胞接触共培养的Hacat细胞能被EB病毒有效地感染,后者暗示了EB病毒对上皮细胞可能存在细胞融合和CR2或plgR介导之外新的感染途径。本研究在一定程度上简化了前人的细胞接触感染方法,也为建立天然的EB病毒自发有效地感染上皮细胞的模型奠定了基础。     

慢病毒介导的小鼠PINK1基因RNAi载体的构建及在NIH3T3细胞中的筛选

目的:构建筛选靶向特异PINK1-siRNA慢病毒表达载体,感染小鼠胚胎细胞(NIH3T3)验证该病毒载体的敲减效率,为研究帕金森病的发病机制奠定基础。方法:构建2对靶向小鼠PINK1-siRNA序列(KD1和KD2),将这2对序列连接在GV118上,将重组载体和病毒包装的辅助质粒共转染293 T细胞,获得慢病毒颗粒,再将该病毒颗粒转染入NIH3T3细胞,用qRT-PCR验证细胞内PINK1 mRNA表达水平以验证敲减效果。结果:筛选出可以用于后续实验的高效靶向KD2序列,并成功转染到小鼠NIH3T3细胞中,在感染复数(MOI)为50时,KD2的沉默效果最好,敲减率达到66.4%。结论:成功构建了高效靶向小鼠PINK1-siRNA慢病毒载体,其可稳定转染小鼠NIH3T3细胞,可高效抑制PINK1 mRNA的表达。为下一步利用其感染神经细胞或注入动物脑内,进一步研究PINK1基因在帕金森病发病过程中的作用环节和机制提供了分子生物学的技术基础。     

缓激肽B1受体在卡托普利抑制心脏成纤维细胞增殖中的作用

目的：探讨缓激肽（BK）B1受体在ACEI类药物卡托普利（captopril）抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）诱导的新生大鼠心脏成纤维细胞（CR）增殖中的作用及其可能机制。方法：经差速贴壁法培养新生大鼠CFs,随机给予AngⅡ、captopfil、B2受体阻断剂icatibant和BJ受体阻断剂des-Arg^10,Leu^9-kallidin进行干预。采用四氮唑盐（MTT）比色法测细胞数目,流式细胞仪技术（FCM）检测细胞周期,硝酸还原酶法和放射免疫分析技术分别测定培养CR细胞上清液中NO含量和细胞内cGMP水平。结果：与空白对照组比较,AngⅡ10^-7mol／L孵育细胞48h后可显著升高CRS期细胞百分率和MTT比色法测定的CFs吸光度（A490nm）值（P〈0．01）;Captopril 10^-5mol／L可明显降低AngⅡ刺激的CFsS期细胞百分率和A490nm值升高（均P〈0．05）,显著促进CFsNO和cGMP生成,该作用可被icatibant（10^-6mol／L）部分阻断,同时阻断B1和B2受体可进一步减弱captopril的作用。结论：Captopril抑制AngⅡ诱导的CFs增殖作用部分是由BK经其B2受体介导的;同时阻断BK B1和B2受体可进一步减弱captopril抗CR增殖效应,B1受体在B2受体阻断情况下可能起部分代偿作用,抑制CFs生长,该作用与NO、cGMP生成有关。     

小鼠ameloblastin基因重组慢性病毒表达载体的构建及表达

目的：构建表达小鼠ameloblastin基因的慢性病毒表达载体,生产有感染及表达能力的病毒,为进一步研究ameloblastin基因在牙釉质形成中的功能奠定基础。方法：利用RT．PCR的方法从出生后1d钟状期小鼠牙胚组织totalRNA中扩增ameloblastin编码区cDNA,并克隆到pCRII-TOPO载体中,再亚克隆到pNL-IRES2-EGFP中。将病毒三质粒系统转染293T细胞,收集病毒,并鉴定病毒感染及表达能力。结果：通过酶切和PCR的方法鉴定ameloblastin基因已成功的构建入慢性病毒表达载体pNL-IRES2-EGFP中,经293T细胞生产的病毒感染人牙髓干细胞（DPSCs）,DPSCs有较强荧光发出,并可稳定表达ameloblastin基因。结论：成功的构建了慢性病毒表达载体,并获得有感染及表达能力的病毒。     

光,电镜观察小鼠呼吸道合胞病毒性肺炎的免疫病理改变

Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠经鼻吸入呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）悬液感染成ＲＳＶ肺炎。于感染第５天后连续隔日取肺,光镜与透射电镜检查。感染第５～７天,肺组织病理改变最严重,多数小鼠表现为间质淋巴细胞（ＬＣ）套状浸润,肺泡隔增宽;少数小鼠出现间质内大量ＬＣ浸润与肺泡内大量单个核细胞渗出的两种病理改变。病毒包涵体出现于肺泡上皮细胞内,细胞受感染后发生肿胀、坏死。Ⅰ型细胞核周胞质内有核衣壳复制,表面病毒芽生形成长短不等的丝状体。第９天,肺泡隔增宽与间质ＬＣ浸润逐渐减轻。第１２天,病毒包涵体明显减少。     

Requirement for Cell-to-Cell Contact in Epstein-Barr Virus Infection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells and Keratinocytes

Two nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines and one keratinocyte cell line could be infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by cocultivation with virus-producing cells but not by cell-free virus. Using porous culture inserts to manipulate the cell-to-cell contact, we demonstrated that contact between EBV donor B cells and EBV recipient epithelial cells was required for the infection. Cell-to-cell contact not only provided a CR2-independent route of infection but also enhanced CR2-mediated infection in a synergistic manner. Activity of two EBV promoters (Cp and Wp) and expression of EBNA2 were detected in the infected population. A small proportion of the infected cells spontaneously entered an EBV lytic state, which could be induced prominently by chemical treatment. This study provides information on how EBV may infect epithelial cells in vivo, such as at the onset of NPC development.     

Analysis of epitope expression and the functional repertoire of recombinant complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) in mouse and human cells

We transfected human complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) cDNA containing eukaryotic expression constructs into CR2-negative mouse L cells and human K562 erythroleukemia cells. We subsequently selected stably transformed cells that expressed human CR2, as assessed by flow microfluorimetry analysis and immunoprecipitation of 125I-labeled surface membranes using the monoclonal anti-CR2 antibody, HB5. Utilizing flow microfluorimetry analysis, epitopes recognized by anti-CR2 mAb HB5, OKB7, B2, and four other anti-CR2 antibodies were detected on CR2 expressing transfectants but not parental cells. In addition, CR2 expressing transfected cells efficiently formed rosettes with sheep erythrocyte intermediates bearing human C3bi and C3d, but not C4b or C3b, consistent with the known ligand specificity of CR2. CR2 containing transfectants were also demonstrated to specifically bind EBV. Infection with EBV of CR2 expressing L cells and K562 cells resulted in mean expression of Epstein-Barr nuclear Ag (EBNA) at 48 h in 0.35% of CR2 expressing L cells and 3.7% of CR2 expressing K562 cells. Parental L cells and K562 cells did not express EBNA after EBV infection. These results indicate that CR2 alone is sufficient to transfer both C and EBV receptor functions to heterologous cells. In addition, expression of EBNA was found to be significantly higher in human K562 than mouse L cells, both expressing the same recombinant receptor. These results suggest that mechanisms other than CR2 binding lead to inefficient EBV infection and/or EBNA synthesis in mouse fibroblasts.     

Expression of human complement receptor type 2 (CD21) in mice during early B cell development results in a reduction in mature B cells and hypogammaglobulinemia

Complement receptor (CR) type 2 (CR2/CD21) is normally expressed only during the immature and mature stages of B cell development. In association with CD19, CR2 plays an important role in enhancing mature B cell responses to foreign Ag. We used a murine Vlambda2 promoter/Vlambda2-4 enhancer minigene to develop transgenic mice that initiate expression of human CR2 (hCR2) during the CD43(+)CD25(-) late pro-B cell stage of development. We found peripheral blood B cell numbers reduced by 60% in mice expressing high levels of hCR2 and by 15% in mice with intermediate receptor expression. Splenic B cell populations were altered with an expansion of marginal zone cells, and basal serum IgG levels as well as T-dependent immune responses were also significantly decreased in transgenic mice. Mice expressing the highest levels of hCR2 demonstrated in the bone marrow a slight increase in B220(int)CD43(+)CD25(-) B cells in association with a substantial decrease in immature and mature B cells, indicative of a developmental block in the pro-B cell stage. These data demonstrate that stage-specific expression of CR2 is necessary for normal B cell development, as premature receptor expression substantially alters this process. Alterations in B cell development are most likely due to engagement of pre-B cell receptor-mediated or other regulatory pathways by hCR2 in a CD19- and possibly C3 ligand-dependent manner.     

CpG-methylation silences the activity of the RNA polymerase III transcribed EBER-1 promoter of Epstein-Barr virus

CpG-methylation blocks the activity of RNA polymerase II transcribed promoters in most cases. In contrast, the role of DNA methylation in the regulation of RNA polymerase III transcribed promoters is less clarified. There are two untranslated viral RNAs (EBER-1 and EBER-2) in most malignant cells carrying latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes. We found that in vitro methylation blocked binding of the cellular proteins c-Myc and ATF to the 5'-region of the EBER-1 gene, and silenced the expression of the EBER-1 and EBER-2 genes, transcribed by RNA polymerase III, in transfected cells.     

Epstein-Barr病毒诱导永生化人上皮细胞恶性转化

为了使ＥＢ病毒能直接感染人上皮细胞,将ｐＳＧ－ＣＲ２－Ｈｙｇ载体转入永生化人上皮细胞（２９３细胞）中。通过间接免疫荧光法测定发现,转化的细胞表达ＥＢ病毒受体。用ＥＢ病毒感染ＣＲ２－２９３细胞后,２３％的细胞可表达ＥＢ病毒抗原。用ＴＰＡ作用于这些细胞后,表达病毒抗原的细胞数增加。用ＰＣＲ法从ＥＢ病毒感染细胞ＤＮＡ中扩增出ＥＢ病毒ＤＮＡＷ片段。在ＴＰＡ持续作用下,ＥＢ病毒感染细胞的形态特征发生改变。把ＥＢ病毒感染细胞接种在裸鼠皮下,每周注射ＴＰＡ,可诱导细胞在裸鼠体内形成肿瘤。经组织病理检查确诊,肿瘤为低分化上皮细胞癌。杂交试验证明,肿瘤组织细胞中有ＥＢ病毒ＥＢＥＲｓ存在。上述结果表明,ＥＢ病毒在ＴＰＡ协同作用下,可诱导永生化上皮细胞恶性转化。     

Stable transfection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 in lymphoma cells containing the EBV P3HR1 genome induces expression of B-cell activation molecules CD21 and CD23.

A set of B-cell activation molecules, including the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) receptor CR2 (CD21) and the B-cell activation antigen CD23 (Blast2/Fc epsilon RII), is turned on by infecting EBV-negative B-lymphoma cell lines with immortalizing strains of the viruslike B95-8 (BL/B95 cells). This up regulation may represent one of the mechanisms involved in EBV-mediated B-cell immortalization. The P3HR1 nonimmortalizing strain of the virus, which is deleted for the entire Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) protein open reading frame, is incapable of inducing the expression of CR2 and CD23, suggesting a crucial role for EBNA2 in the activation of these molecules. In addition, lymphoma cells containing the P3HR1 genome (BL/P3HR1 cells) do not express the viral latent membrane protein (LMP), which is regularly expressed in cells infected with immortalizing viral strains. Using electroporation, we have transfected the EBNA2 gene cloned in an episomal vector into BL/P3HR1 cells and have obtained cell clones that stably express the EBNA2 protein. In these clones, EBNA2 expression was associated with an increased amount of CR2 and CD23 steady-state RNAs. Of the three species of CD23 mRNAs described, the Fc epsilon RIIa species was preferentially expressed in these EBNA2-expressing clones. An increased cell surface expression of CR2 but not of CD23 was observed, and the soluble form of CD23 molecule (SCD23) was released. We were, however, not able to detect any expression of LMP in these cell clones. These data demonstrate that EBNA2 gene is able to complement P3HR1 virus latent functions to induce the activation of CR2 and CD23 expression, and they emphasize the role of EBNA2 protein in the modulation of cellular gene implicated in B-cell proliferation and hence in EBV-mediated B-cell immortalization. Nevertheless, EBNA2 expression in BL/P3HR1 cells is not able to restore the level of CR2 and CD23 expression observed in BL/B95 cells, suggesting that other cellular or viral proteins may also have an important role in the activation of these molecules: the viral LMP seems to be a good candidate.     

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) recombinants: use of positive selection markers to rescue mutants in EBV-negative B-lymphoma cells.

The objective of these experiments was to develop strategies for creation and identification of recombinant mutant Epstein-Barr viruses (EBV). EBV recombinant molecular genetics has been limited to mutations within a short DNA segment deleted from a nontransforming EBV and an underlying strategy which relies on growth transformation of primary B lymphocytes for identification of recombinants. Thus, mutations outside the deletion or mutations which affect transformation cannot be easily recovered. In these experiments we investigated whether a toxic drug resistance gene, guanine phosphoribosyltransferase or hygromycin phosphotransferase, driven by the simian virus 40 promoter can be recombined into the EBV genome and can function to identify B-lymphoma cells infected with recombinant virus. Two different strategies were used to recombine the drug resistance marker into the EBV genome. Both utilized transfection of partially permissive, EBV-infected B95-8 cells and positive selection for cells which had incorporated a functional drug resistance gene. In the first series of experiments, B95-8 clones were screened for transfected DNA that had recombined into the EBV genome. In the second series of experiments, the transfected drug resistance marker was linked to the plasmid and lytic EBV origins so that it was maintained as an episome and could recombine with the B95-8 EBV genome during virus replication. The recombinant EBV from either experiment could be recovered by infection and toxic drug selection of EBV-negative B-lymphoma cells. The EBV genome in these B-lymphoma cells is frequently an episome. Virus genes associated with latent infection of primary B lymphocytes are expressed. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) and the EBNA-3 genes is variable relative to that of EBNA-1, as is characteristic of some naturally infected Burkitt tumor cells. Moreover, the EBV-infected B-lymphoma cells are often partially permissive for early replicative cycle gene expression and virus replication can be induced, in contrast to previously reported in vitro infected B-lymphoma cells. These studies demonstrate that dominant selectable markers can be inserted into the EBV genome, are active in the context of the EBV genome, and can be used to recover recombinant EBV in B-lymphoma cells. This system should be particularly useful for recovering EBV genomes with mutations in essential transforming genes.     

Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in interferon-treated cells. Implications for the regulation of protein synthesis and the antiviral state

This paper presents data on the effects of interferon treatment on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gene expression in latently infected Daudi Burkitt's lymphoma cells, and reviews the possible role of viral gene products in the regulation of translation. In Daudi cells the main virally coded RNAs are the small untranslated RNAs EBER-1 and EBER-2, two mRNAs for the DNA binding protein EBNA-1, and a number of small RNAs containing sequences from the BamHI W repeat region of the viral genome. Interferon treatment does not change the qualitative pattern of EBV gene expression but decreases the levels of the EBNA-1 mRNAs. The chromatographic behaviour of EBV-encoded RNAs on CF11-cellulose indicates that many contain double-stranded regions; these RNAs co-purify with RNA that activates the interferon-induced, dsRNA-sensitive protein kinase DAI. Computer analysis indicates that the exons transcribed from the BamHI W repeats have the potential for formation of very stable secondary structures. Many viruses can counteract the inhibition of protein synthesis mediated by the DAI-catalysed phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2 and our data suggest that the small RNA EBER-1 may fulfil this function in the EBV system. During the infection and immortalization of B lymphocytes by EBV the synthesis of large amounts of EBER-1 RNA might thus allow the virus to circumvent one of the interferon-mediated mechanisms of host cell defence.