葛氏鲈塘鳢与七彩神仙鱼心肌细胞钠离子通道的温度响应特征

温度适应对于动物的生存至关重要，而目前对于鱼类这样的外温动物的温度适应相关研究仍然缺乏。葛氏鲈塘鳢(Perccottus glenii)可以在结冰的环境中生存数天，而七彩神仙鱼(Symphysodon aequifasciatus)是被广泛饲养的热带观赏鱼类，本研究将这2种鱼类作为冷水鱼与热带鱼的代表，探究其温度耐受性。为此，测定了它们的临界温度以及不同温度下(0 ~ 38 ℃)的心率，并利用原代细胞急性分离，结合膜片钳电生理技术与控温技术，测定了上述2种鱼类心肌电压门控钠离子通道在不同温度下的电生理特征。结果显示，葛氏鲈塘鳢和七彩神仙鱼的温度耐受范围具有较大差异，分别为﹣2.0 ~ 27.4 ℃以及13.1 ~ 39.3 ℃。葛氏鲈塘鳢的心率在0 ~ 19 ℃之间随着温度的升高而稳定升高，在19 ℃时达到最高，其后逐渐降低，这与葛氏鲈塘鳢心肌细胞上的电压门控钠离子通道在20 ℃时电流峰值最大且通道的开放概率最大这一电生理特征具有一致性。而七彩神仙鱼的心率则在14 ~ 31 ℃之间稳定升高，这与其心肌细胞电压门控钠离子通道电流峰值和开放概率在15 ~ 30 ℃的实验范围内随温度的升高而升高的电生理特性也一致。以上结果说明，这2种鱼类的心率、心肌细胞电压门控钠离子通道复合电流对于温度的响应与其自身的温度耐受范围以及原产栖息地温度紧密相关。因此，鱼类心肌细胞上的电压门控钠离子通道可能存在对温度的适应机制，保证鱼类循环系统在不同温度下正常运行。     

泥鳅体表粘液超氧化物歧化酶部分性质研究

鱼类体表粘液的存在对鱼体具有一定保护作用：能润滑鱼体，减少水的摩擦力；使皮肤不透水，维持体内渗透压；保护体表不受外来物的侵袭等。许多无鳞鱼如泥鳅、黄鳝、鲶等的体表部覆盖着远比有鳞鱼多的大量粘液。泥鳅（Ｍｉｓｇｕｒｕｓａｎｇｕｉｌｉｃａｕｄａｔｕｓ）的...     

云斑(鱼回)、泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼的含肉率及营养价值比较研究

研究了3种人工养殖的小型经济鱼类云斑(鱼回)(Ictalurus ncbulosus)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco,Richardson)含肉率和肌肉的熟肉率、生化成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸的种类组成,并对其营养价值进行评定.结果表明:云斑(鱼回)和瓦氏黄颡鱼含肉率分别为(74.48±2.01)%和(73.63±3.27)%,二者间无显著性差异,显著高于泥鳅(65.95±1.27)%.泥鳅熟肉率最高为(69.36±2.35)%.泥鳅肌肉中蛋白质含量为(16.24±0.56)%,明显高于云斑(鱼回)的(15.34±0.44)%和瓦氏黄颡鱼的(14.45±0.24)%.瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉中脂肪含量最高为(2.4±0.17)%,与云斑(鱼回)(1.22±0.33)%和泥鳅(1.26±0.60)%有显著性差异.云斑(鱼回)、泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉中,含人体必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例为(40.06±0.63)%、(39.79±0.57)%和(40.36±0.52)%.3种鱼的第一限制性氨基酸均为缬氨酸,F值均在4.90-5.06之间.4种鲜味氨基酸总含量均高于29%,泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼鲜味氨基酸大多明显高于云斑(鱼回).3种鱼肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸含量明显高于饱和脂肪酸,泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼高于云斑(鱼回).云斑(鱼回)肌肉中廿碳五烯酸(C20:5)为(2.52±0.30)%,显著高于泥鳅(0.16±0.05)%和瓦氏黄颡鱼(0.12±0.04)%(P<0.05),廿二碳六烯酸(C22:6)含量泥鳅最高为(4.62±0.30)%,其次为瓦氏黄颡鱼(2.86±0.32)%,云斑(鱼回)最低为(1.84±0.27)%,三者间均有显著性差异.结果表明,泥鳅和瓦氏黄颡鱼具有独特风味,3种小型经济鱼类均为有较高营养价值的人类食品.     

瓦氏黄颡鱼线粒体全基因组序列分析及系统进化

鲿科鱼类种类繁多, 外形相似, 形态学分类较为困难。为了给鲿科鱼类乃至鲇形目鱼类的系统进化研究积累基础资料, 文章采用参照近缘物种线粒体基因组设计覆盖全基因组引物的方法, 利用16对引物对瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)线粒体全基因组进行扩增, PCR产物转化到质粒后测序, 最终获得线粒体基因组全序列, 其全长为16 527 bp, 包括2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因、13个编码蛋白质基因和一个非编码控制区。瓦氏黄颡鱼(P. vachelli)线粒体基因组结构和基因排列顺序与现已公布的鲇形目鱼类完全一致, 序列分析表明, 与鲇形目其他种属间具有较高的同源性, 与拟鲿属的同源性最高(91%)。利用鲇形目共4科6属9种及3个外群的线粒体全基因组序列, 从线粒体基因组水平探讨了鲿科鱼类及其在鲇形目的系统进化地位, 结果表明: 鲿科鱼类的瓦氏黄颡鱼(P. vachelli)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)及越南拟鲿(Pseudobagrus tokiensis)构成一单系群; 拟鲿属与黄颡鱼属的关系较近; 黄颡鱼属中瓦氏黄颡鱼(P. vachelli)与光泽黄颡鱼(P.nitidus)的关系近于黄颡鱼(P. fulvidraco)。     

饲料脂肪水平对瓦氏黄颡鱼生长及脂蛋白脂酶基因表达的影响

研究采用脂肪水平分别为4.7%、7.9%、10.9%、15.4%、18.9%的五种等氮配合饲料饲喂瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼,进行了为期30d的生长实验,探讨了瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼的脂肪需求。并克隆了瓦氏黄颡鱼脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)cDNA序列片段,采用实时荧光定量PCR研究了饲料脂肪水平对肝脏LPL基因表达水平的影响。结果表明,饲料脂肪水平从4.7%增加到10.9%显著促进了瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼的生长(P<0.05)。饲料脂肪水平显著影响了实验鱼的鱼体体成分,随着饲料脂肪水平的升高,鱼体干物质和脂肪含量显著增加而蛋白含量显著下降(P<0.05)。高脂诱导了瓦氏黄颡鱼肝脏LPL基因表达,摄食15.4%、18.9%这两组较高脂肪水平的实验鱼肝脏LPLmRNA表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。根据特定生长率通过折线回归分析得出瓦氏黄颡鱼早期幼鱼最适脂肪水平为11.2%。       

应用DNA分子标记鉴定黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼及其杂交种的研究

为区分黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson）、瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus vachelli Richardson）及其杂交种,前期研究构建了一个YY超雄黄颡鱼的BAC文库并筛选到了一个包含性别连锁标记Pf62-Y的BAC克隆。研究对该BAC克隆进行测序并鉴定到了一个新基因Inad-like,而且Inad-like的外显子序列在X和Y染色体上基本一致。通过黄颡鱼Inad-like的外显子序列及序列的保守性我们设计引物在瓦氏黄颡鱼中扩增获得了其部分内含子序列。通过内含子序列比对,发现瓦氏黄颡鱼比黄颡鱼少了一个DNA片段。基于黄颡鱼和瓦氏黄颡鱼的显著遗传差异,设计了一对引物,该引物在黄颡鱼和瓦氏黄颡鱼基因组中分别扩增出1908和1178 bp DNA片段,而且在杂交黄颡鱼中同时扩增出这两个DNA片段。总之,这个新的遗传标记提供了一种稳定、高效识别黄颡鱼及其与瓦氏黄颡鱼杂交种的方法。     

贵州雷公山国家级自然保护区鱼类物种多样性及其资源保护

2005年4月至2006年11月,对雷公山自然保护区的鱼类资源状况进行了调查.调查表明,保护区共有鱼类35种,隶属4目10科30属.该区的鱼类多数为适应于山区溪流生活的种类,鲤科鱼类是其中最大的类群,构成鱼类区系成分的主体.该区有一定经济价值的鱼类包括泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicandatus)、马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)、黄鳝(Monopterus albus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、刺鲃(Spinibarbus caldwelli)、南方白甲鱼(Onychostoma gerlachi)、月鳢(Channa asiatica)等.通过实地调查,对保护区内两条主要水系(长江水系和珠江水系)的物种相似度进行了对比.     

瓦氏黄颡鱼和鲢对光照强度和颜色的选择

以野生瓦氏黄颡鱼和人工养殖鲢为研究对象,设置4种光照强度梯度010、1030、100200、700800 lx及4种光照颜色红、白、蓝、绿,采用单因子实验法,研究了瓦氏黄颡鱼和鲢对光的趋避行为。结果表明:在光照强度选择的实验中,瓦氏黄颡鱼在010、1030、100200和700800 lx四个光照强度中出现的次数百分比分别是:78.33%21.51%、10.00%14.86%、7.33%8.27%和4.33%7.74%。瓦氏黄颡鱼在光照强度为010 lx的区域中出现的次数明显多于其他三种光照强度,且差异显著（P0.05）。而鲢在四种光照强度中出现的次数之间不存在显著性差异（P0.05）。在光照颜色选择实验中,瓦氏黄颡鱼在四种光照颜色中出现的次数百分比不存在显著性差异（P0.05）。鲢在红、白、蓝和绿四种光照颜色中出现的次数百分比分别是:12.67%13.63%、30.33%18.47%、35.67%24.73%、21.33%15.02%。鲢在白光、蓝光区域出现的次数显著高于其他两种区域,且差异显著（P0.05）。实验通过研究光照强度和光照颜色对瓦氏黄颡鱼和鲢行为的影响,为鱼类趋光性研究提供一定的参考。       

十二种淡水鱼类血红蛋白与窒息点的相关分析

为了解鱼类耐低氧能力与血红蛋白的相关性,测定了大口鲇(Silurus meridionalis)、乌鳢(Channa argus)、加洲鲈(Micropterus salmoides)、斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punetaus)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、黄鳝(Monopterus albus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)和鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)12种鱼的窒息点,同时分别对其血红蛋白进行电泳分析。12种鱼的血红蛋白电泳图谱各不相同,大口鲇、乌鳢、加洲鲈、斑点叉尾、黄颡鱼、泥鳅、黄鳝、草鱼、翘嘴红鲌、鲢、鳙、鳜的血红蛋白分子量加权平均值分别为92.93、93.91、94.61、97.78、98.66、98.95、101.34、104.10、104.73、108.06、108.23、111.84 ku,窒息点分别为0.15、0.18、0.30、0.27、0.36、0.26、0.24、0.39、0.42、0.51、0.46、0.59 mg/L。分析发现,这12种鱼类的窒息点与血红蛋白分子量呈极显著正相关(r=0.925,P0.01)。     

长江朱杨江段和沱江富顺江段鱼类体内16种多环芳烃的含量

于2010年9-11月在长江朱杨江段采集到9种鱼类标本, 分别为瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli Richardson)、圆筒吻 (Rhinogobio cylindricus Gnther)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus)、鲫(Carassius auratus Linnaeus)、大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri Garman)、铜鱼(Coreius heterodon Bleeker)、圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti Sauvage et Dabry)、大鳍鳠(Mystus macropterus Bleeker)和鲇(Silurus asotus Linnaeus); 在该江段上游支流沱江富顺江段采集到6种鱼类标本, 分别为鲫、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson)、鲤、大眼鳜、大鳍鳠和鲇, 每种鱼的样本量为6-11尾, 共计192尾。采用快速溶剂萃取及气相色谱法对鱼体中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行了检测。结果显示, 在两个江段的各种鱼体样本中均检测到了多种多环芳烃的存在。在长江干流朱杨江段所采集到的9种鱼中瓦氏黄颡鱼体内多环芳烃总量(PAHs)最高, 其含量为(2803.78 215.37) ng/g; 鲇鱼体内PAHs最低, 其含量为(515.8638.80) ng/g。在沱江富顺江段采集到的6种鱼中鲫体内PAHs最高, 为(8498.571128.22) ng/g; 鲇鱼体内PAHs最低, 其含量为(1295.0569.69) ng/g。采集自长江朱杨段和沱江富顺段两采集地的相同种类有5种, 富顺段5种鱼体内PAHs均高于朱杨段同种类鱼体内的含量; 除大眼鳜外, 其余4种鱼的差异均达到显著水平。富顺江段鱼类体内高分子量多环芳烃比例较高, 而朱杨江段鱼类体内富集的低分子量多环芳烃和中分子量多环芳烃的比例较高。通过讨论认为, 长江朱杨段及其支流沱江富顺段的鱼体均受到了多环芳烃的污染, 并且沱江鱼类受多环芳烃的污染程度高于长江干流朱杨段鱼类。此外, 沱江富顺段鱼体所含的高分子量多环芳烃组成百分比高于长江干流朱杨段的鱼体, 但其中、低分子量多环芳烃组成百分比相对于干流鱼类较低, 可能的原因是两个江段多环芳烃的污染源不同。       

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.