三种底栖淡水鱼类皮肤黏液细胞分布与数量比较

采用常规石蜡切片以及AB-PAS染色方法研究了葛氏鲈塘鳢（Perccottus glenii）、黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）以及泥鳅（Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）3种底栖淡水鱼类的皮肤黏液细胞类型以及分布,计数10个视野下（视野面积为43.5 μm × 32.6 μm）3种鱼类头部、背部、腹以及尾部皮肤的黏液细胞数量,并用单因素方差分析（ANOVA）比较鱼体4种黏液细胞数量差异。结果表明：（1）3种鱼类的主要黏液细胞不同,葛氏鲈塘鳢鱼体黏液细胞中Ⅲ型细胞居多,较Ⅰ型细胞多61.5%,较Ⅱ型细胞多85.8%,较Ⅳ型细胞多85.7%;在黄颡鱼体表,Ⅰ型黏液细胞分布数量最多,较Ⅱ型细胞多9.9%,较Ⅲ型细胞多15.1%,较Ⅳ型细胞多53.5%;而在泥鳅体表以Ⅱ型细胞数量最为丰富,较Ⅰ型细胞多88.3%,较Ⅲ型细胞多33.1%,较Ⅳ型细胞多83.5%。（2）对于葛氏鲈塘鳢,黏液细胞集中分布在头部,比背部黏液细胞数量多15.4%,比腹部黏液细胞数量多出38.0%,比尾部黏液细胞数量多56.7%;黄颡鱼以背部黏液细胞数量为多,比头部黏液细胞数量多42.5%,比腹部黏液细胞数量多46.6%,比尾部黏液细胞数量多51.4%;泥鳅也在背部具有丰富的黏液细胞,比头部黏液细胞数量多49.9%,比腹部黏液细胞数量50.6%。（3）3种鱼类之间的黏液细胞总数不同,泥鳅体表的平均黏液细胞数量最多,相较于葛氏鲈塘鳢多38.9%,较黄颡鱼多39.1%。研究结果表明,不同鱼类的鱼体表面黏液细胞种类不同,可能与其生活环境和鱼体本身的特性有关。     

乌拉坦对大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元自发放电的抑制作用

为了深入研究麻醉药乌拉坦对大鼠海马CA1锥体神经元自发放电的作用及其机制,分析了10 mmol/L乌拉坦对自发放电、电压门控钠通道、电压门控钾通道的作用．从自发放电信号中计算了放电频率、提取了峰峰间隔序列(ISI)并利用样品熵和去趋势波动法对ISI进行了非线性分析．结果表明,乌拉坦不仅抑制了自发放电的频率,而且降低了自发放电ISI序列的复杂度并弱化了其长时程相关性．离子通道研究结果表明,乌拉坦显著地抑制了钠通道电流(I_Na),对延迟整流钾通道电流(I_K)和瞬时外向钾通道电流(I_A)虽然也有抑制作用但无统计学意义．由于乌拉坦不影响突触传递,因此它可能通过抑制I_Na使自发放电的阈值升高而降低放电频率,同时,由于参与的通道数量或活性降低而使得ISI的复杂度下降,长时程相关性弱化．     

电压门控钠离子通道疾病的研究进展

细胞膜上的电压门控钠离子通道（Voltage-gated Sodium Channels,VGSCs）是细胞形成动作电位过程中重要的组成构件,由一个大的α亚基和一个或多个不同的β亚基组成,中央是具高度选择性只允许钠离子通过的亲水通道。电压门控钠离子通道在调节细胞膜电位、维持细胞离子稳态、细胞增殖和凋亡等生理过程中发挥着重要作用,因而钠离子通道自身的异变或是相关基因的变异都可能引起一系列身体病变。本文主要介绍了电压门控钠离子通道的结构与功能,阐述了其与癌细胞侵袭转移和神经病理性疼痛的关系,并介绍了几种典型的由钠离子通道基因变异引起的疾病。随着对电压门控钠离子通道及其异常分子机制研究的不断深入,新成果将为生理学、药理学和病理学等领域的研究提供理论基础和新的研究思路,为离子通道疾病的临床预防、诊断与治疗找到新途径。     

DICE：电压门控离子通道电生理实验数据库

针对现有相关文献中离子通道电生理数据繁多且分散的特点,开发了一套电压门控离子通道电生理实验数据库。数据库中目前主要包括钠离子通道序列数据、调制剂分子结构和序列数据,并收集整理了文献中调制剂和通道相互作用时的电生理学数据和药理学数据。系统实现了数据的收集、录入、存储和查询,为后期进行数据挖掘奠定了基础。用户可以通过网址http：／／biodb．sgst．cn／DICE对数据库进行访问。     

钠离子通道疾病及其抑制剂生物学功能研究进展

电压门控型钠离子通道(Voltage-gated sodium channel,VGSC)广泛分布于兴奋性细胞,是电信号扩大和传导的主要介质,在神经细胞以及心肌细胞兴奋传导等方面发挥重要作用。钠离子通道结构和功能的异常会改变细胞的兴奋性,从而导致多种疾病的发生,如神经性疼痛、癫痫,以及心律失常等。目前临床上多采用钠离子通道抑制剂治疗上述疾病。近些年,研究人员陆续从动物的毒液中分离纯化出具有调控钠离子通道功能的神经毒素。这些神经毒素多为化合物或小分子多肽。现已有医药研发公司将这些天然的神经毒素进行定向设计改造成钠离子通道靶向药物用于临床疾病的治疗。此外,来源于七鳃鳗Lampetra japonica口腔腺的富含半胱氨酸分泌蛋白(Cysteine-rich buccal gland protein,CRBGP)也首次被证明能够抑制海马神经元和背根神经元的钠离子电流。以下针对钠离子通道疾病及其抑制剂生物学功能的最新研究进展进行分析归纳。     

Nav1.4通道的研究进展

电压门控钠离子通道是一类门控状态由细胞膜内外电势差所控制,仅在去极化膜电压下才能被激活打开的跨膜钠通道蛋白。其中,Nav1.4在骨骼肌中高度表达,主要形成肌膜动作电位上升支,参与人体一系列骨骼肌相关的生理病理活动。钠离子通道阻滞药与激活药是治疗心血管系统钠离子通道病的两大类药物,对其进行深入、全面的了解具有重要意义。本文从Nav1.4的分子结构、功能、药物开发等方面出发,对Nav1.4的调节机制、相关疾病以及高选择性药物研究情况进行简要综述,为基于Nav1.4作为靶标研发的药物奠定一定的理论依据。     

钠离子通道参与调节小胶质细胞的生物学功能

小胶质细胞作为常驻的免疫细胞,遍布于大脑和脊髓中,提供持续的免疫监视活动。当中枢神经系统组织细胞受到损伤时,小胶质细胞发生激活从而引起多种生物学效应。近年来研究显示多种亚型的电压门控型钠离子通道在小胶质细胞表面表达,并参与调节小胶质细胞的激活、吞噬、多种细胞因子/趋化因子的释放,迁移以及浸润等生理过程。本文针对电压门控型钠离子通道参与调节小胶质细胞生物学功能的最新进展进行了分析与归纳,并探讨其作用机制及未来研究的发展趋势。     

心肌钠,钾离子通道的分子生物学进展

分子生物学和电生理学（膜片钳技术）的联合应用研究对于阐明心肌钠、钾离子通道的分子结构与功能表达已取得突破性进展。现已证明,心肌钠离子通道主要由基β－亚单位作为功能性单位以表达出钠通道竭尽成分,其α－亚单位的存在可能改变钠电流的动力学性质。多种钾离子通道及其电流成分亦已在心肌细胞上鉴定出来。分子生物学研究已揭示出与心肌钠、钾通道功能表达有关的基因结构。在生理（例如心肌发生学过程中）情况下或病变心肌时     

心肌细胞兴奋收缩耦联的分子机制

肌细胞兴奋时,动作电位通过电压门控钙通道激活肌质网钙释放,由此引发的细胞内钙离子的瞬时升高驱动细胞收缩,这个过程叫做兴奋收缩耦联．21世纪以来,随着钙成像技术和分子细胞生物学技术的联合应用,心肌兴奋收缩耦联的分子机制逐步阐明．本文结合本实验室的相关研究,系统总结该领域的前沿进展,包括钙释放通道的分子性质、电压门控钙通道激活肌质网钙释放通道的动力学过程、生理调控以及病理变化．     

大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元I_A和I_K在出生后早期的变化

大脑快速发育期(brain growth spurt,BGS)是神经元生长、突触连接的关键时期;电压门控性K+通道是维持细胞兴奋性和神经元间信息传递的关键通道。本文旨在探究BGS期内大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元电压门控性K+通道电流及其通道动力学特性的变化,以期找出大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元电压门控性K+通道发育的关键期。采用全细胞膜片钳技术,研究出生后0~4周大鼠海马CA1区脑片上的锥体神经元全细胞电压门控性K+通道电流及其通道动力学特性。结果显示:在测试电压为+90mV下,以出生后0周为参照,出生后1~4周的瞬时外向K+通道电流(IA)的最大电流密度的增幅分别为(16.14±0.51)%、(81.73±10.71)%、(106.72±5.29)%、(134.58±8.81)%(n=10,P<0.05);延迟整流K+通道电流(IK)的最大电流密度增幅分别为(16.75±3.88)%、(134.01±2.85)%、(180.56±8.49)%、(194.5±8.53)%(n=10,P<0.05),显示K+通道电流密度于1~2周增幅最大;IA的激活曲线向左移,半数激活电压随周龄增加逐渐减小,分别为14.67±0.75、13.46±0.64、8.39±0.87、4.60±0.96、0.54±0.92(mV,n=10,P<0.05);IK的激活曲线向左移,半数激活电压随周龄增加逐渐减小,分别为8.94±0.85、6.65±0.89、0.47±1.15、1.80±0.89、8.56±1.08(mV,n=10,P<0.05)。IA的失活曲线向左移,0周龄与1周龄之间的半数失活电压没有显著性差异,而出生后1~4周随周龄增加半数失活电压逐渐减小(P<0.05),分别为45.68±1.26、46.81±0.78、48.64±0.81、51.96±1.02、58.31±1.35(mV,n=10)。以上结果表明,随着鼠龄的增加,IA和IK电流密度逐渐增加,电压门控性K+通道半数激活、失活电压降低,尤其是出生后1周至2周变化明显,上述变化与海马神经元的逐渐发育成熟及其功能的完善有关。     

主动脉球内囊反搏在心脏手术后心功能不全患者中的应用价值

目的:探讨主动脉球内囊反搏置入在心脏手术后心功能不全患者中的临床应用价值。方法:收集我院收治的心脏术后患者60例,随机分为对照组和实验组,每组各30例,患者均给予相应常规对症治疗,包括吸氧、强心、利尿、扩血管治疗,实验组患者在对照组基础上给予主动脉球囊反搏置入。治疗结束后,对两组患者治疗前后的连续心输出量(CCO)、心脏指数(CI)、人氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)、中心静脉压(CVP)水平以及临床疗效进行检测并比较。结果:治疗后,两组患者的CCO以及CI水平与治疗前相比均升高(P0.05),NT-pro BNP以及CVP水平均下降(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患者治疗后CCO以及CI水平较高,NT-pro BNP以及CVP水平较低(P0.05);实验组患者的治疗总有效率与对照组患者相比较高(P0.05)。结论:主动脉球内囊反搏植入能够显著升高心脏手术后心功能不全患者患者的心输出量,降低心脏后负荷,提高心脏功能,具有较好的临床疗效。     

Cardiac metastasis of malignant melanoma: a case report

The heart is regularly involved in metastatic neoplasms with cardiac metastases being found in up to 20 % of autopsies. We present a case about a 42-year-old Caucasian female with a fatal metastatic melanoma to the heart. The five- year survival rate for stage IV melanoma (melanoma with metastases to other organs) is 15 to 20 %. If patients with malignant melanoma present with new onset of cardiac symptoms, clinicians should always be aware of the possibility of cardiac metastases and perform further investigations.     

参松养心胶囊对缺血性心力衰竭患者心率变异性的影响

目的：评价参松养心胶囊对缺血性心力衰竭患者心率变异性的影响。方法：选择缺血性心肌病心衰患者40例,在常规抗心衰治疗（利尿剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂／血管紧张素受体抑制剂、B受体组滞剂、醛固酮拮抗剂及洋地黄制剂）基础上加服参松养心胶囊1．2g,每日3次,连用8周。以超声心动图和24小时动态心电图分别观察治疗前、治疗后8周患者的心脏功能和心率变异性的变化情况。结果：参松养心胶囊治疗8周后,患者左室射血分数较治疗前显著增加（33．5±5．2％vs42．6±5．7％,P〈0．001）,正常R-R间期标准差（SDNN）和连续5分钟正常R-R间期均值的标准差（SDANN）均显著增加（P〈0．05）,分别为（97．4±40．6vs110．6±29-3msecs）和（80．5±29．4vs98．4±30．6msecs）。结论：常规抗心衰治疗基础上给予参松养心胶囊治疗能够有效改善缺血性心肌病心衰患者心率变异性和心脏功能。     

What’s new for ESC Congress 2013? (Amsterdam 30 August – 4 September 2013)

The innovative Spotlight of the Congress is “The heart interacting with systemic organs”. For our patients, the interaction of cardiac conditions with other organs is fundamentally important to outcome, to safety and to clinical management. Related specialty areas have much to learn from each other and the ESC Congress 2013 will attract specialists from other organ systems to help understand disease mechanisms and improve the management of our patients.     

Overlapping Cardiac Programs in Heart Development and Regeneration

Gaining cellular and molecular insights into heart development and regeneration will likely provide new therapeutic targets and opportunities for cardiac regenerative medicine,one of the most urgent clinical needs for heart failure.Here we present a review on zebrafish heart development and regeneration,with a particular focus on early cardiac progenitor development and their contribution to building embryonic heart,as well as cellular and molecular programs in adult zebrafish heart regeneration.We attempt to emphasize that the signaling pathways shaping cardiac progenitors in heart development may also be redeployed during the progress of adult heart regeneration.A brief perspective highlights several important and promising research areas in this exciting field.     

不停跳心内手术对先天性心脏病患者肺功能的保护作用

目的:探讨不停跳心内直视手术对先天性心脏病(Congenital Heart Diseases,CHD)患者肺功能的保护作用。方法:将35例CHD患者按入院时的奇、偶数顺序随机分为停跳组(n=18)和不停跳组(n=17);患者均于CPB前及手术后1h查血气分析,监测呼吸指数(Respiratory Index,RI)及动脉血氧分压(Arterial Partial Pressure of Oxygen,PaO2)。结果:术后1h两组的RI均较术前升高,不停跳组的RI明显低于停跳组(P<0.05);术后1h不停跳组的PaO2明显高于停跳组(P<0.05)。结论:不停跳心内直视手术对CHD患者肺功能具有较好的保护作用。     

Potential of resveratrol in the treatment of heart failure

The concept of food has expanded beyond its traditional role of survival and hunger satisfaction, to include a role in the prevention and treatment of disease. Polyphenols are classes of compounds that are synthesized by plants to serve a wide variety of functions including growth pollination and defense. These compounds have recently received increased attention in medical research. In this group, one of the most studied has been resveratrol (3,5,4,-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenol, which is found predominantly in grapes and berries. Over the past two decades, researchers have studied the ability of resveratrol to prevent or reverse the development of abnormalities in heart structure and function in animal models of heart disease and heart failure. The results from animal studies have been promising, and very recently, this knowledge has been translated into examining the efficacy of resveratrol in humans with heart disease/failure. In this review we will discuss the current status of resveratrol research on cardioprotection.     

Apoptosis during CABG surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is prominent in ventricular but not in atrial myocardium

Objectives. We aimed to compare the rate of apoptosis after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cardioplegic arrest during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery between atrial and ventricular tissue. Methods. During CABG surgery with CPB and cardioplegic arrest, sequential biopsies were taken from the right atrial appendage and left ventricular anterior wall before CPB and after aortic cross clamp release. Change in number of apoptotic cells and biochemical markers of myocardial ischaemia and renal dysfunction were assessed. Results. CPB was associated with a transient small, but significant increase in CK (1091±374%), CK-MB (128±38%), troponin-T (102±13%) and NT-proBNP (1308±372%) levels (all: p<0.05). A higher number of apoptotic cells as assessed by caspase-3 staining was found in the ventricular biopsies taken after aortic cross clamp release compared with the biopsies taken before CPB (5.3±0.6 vs. 14.0±1.5 cells/microscopic field, p<0.01). The number of apoptotic cells in the atrial appendage was not altered during CPB. Correlation between the duration of aortic cross clamp time and the change in caspase-3 positive cells in the left ventricular wall was of borderline significance (r of 0.58, p=0.08). Similar results were obtained from TUNEL staining for apoptosis. Conclusion. CABG surgery with CPB and cardioplegic arrest is associated with an elevated rate of apoptosis in ventricular but not in atrial myocardial tissue. Ventricular tissue may be more sensitive to detect changes than atrial tissue, and may be more useful to investigate the protective effects of therapeutic intervention. (Neth Heart J 2010;18:236-42.)     

Go but not Gi2 or Gi3 is required for muscarinic regulation of heart rate and heart rate variability in mice

Muscarinic receptor-mediated cardiac parasympathetic activity is essential for regulating heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV). It has not been clear which G(i)/G(o) protein is responsible for these effects. We addressed this question using knockout mice that lack G protein alpha(i2), alpha(i3), or alpha(o) specifically. Unlike previously reported, our alpha(o)-null mice had significantly more survivors with normal life span. Isolated hearts from alpha(o)-null mice demonstrated much less sensitivity to the negative chronotropic effects of the muscarinic agonist carbachol to lower heart rate at baseline and a more profound effect under the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. In the presence of parasympathetic activation indirectly produced by methoxamine, an alpha(1)-adrenergic agonist, alpha(o)-null mice showed markedly decreased HRV compared with wild-type control mice. These differences in heart rate and HRV were not observed in alpha(i2)-null or alpha(i3)-null mice. Our findings establish an essential role for alpha(o) G protein in the anti-adrenergic effect of carbachol on heart rate regulation.     

The anatomical components of the cardiac outflow tract of the gray bichir,Polypterus senegalus: their evolutionary significance

It has been reported that in chondrichthyans the cardiac outflow tract is composed of the myocardial conus arteriosus, while in most teleosteans it consists of the nonmyocardial bulbus arteriosus. Classical studies already indicated that a conus and a bulbus coexist in several ancient actinopterygian and teleost groups. Recent work has shown that a cardiac outflow tract consisting of a conus and a bulbus is common to both cartilaginous and bony fishes. Nonetheless and despite their position at the base of the actinopterygian phylogenetic lineage, the anatomical arrangement of the cardiac outflow tract of the Polypteriformes remained uncertain. The present study of hearts from gray bichirs was intended to fill this gap. The cardiac outflow tract of the bichir consists of two main components, namely a very long conus arteriosus, furnished with valves, and a short, intrapericardial, arterial-like bulbus arteriosus, which differs from the ventral aorta because it is covered by epicardium, shows a slightly different spatial arrangement of the histological elements and is crossed by coronary arteries. Histomorphologically, the outflow tract consists of three longitudinal regions, distal, middle and proximal, an arrangement which has been suggested to be common to all vertebrates. The distal region corresponds to the bulbus, while the conus comprises the middle and proximal regions. The present findings reinforce the notion that the bulbus arteriosus of fish has played an essential role in vertebrate heart evolution as it is the precursor of the intrapericardial trunks of the aorta and pulmonary artery of birds and mammals.