影响实验动物质量和动物试验结果的因素分析

实验动物质量不仅影响着实验动物本身的生长发育和生产繁殖及子代的健康,更重要的是直接影响动物试验的结果.影响实验动物质量的因素很多,有时是单一因素,更多的是综合因素作用的结果.本文就这些影响因素逐一进行分析评述,其目的是认识这些影响因素,减少这些因素对动物的影响,提高实验动物的质量,从而增进动物试验结果的可靠性和可信度.     

梨果实糖酸含量及比值对其综合品质的影响（简报）

对梨90个品种（品系）果实的糖和酸含量的测定结果表明,含酶量是影响梨综合品质的主要因子之一。当含酸量特别高时,几乎没有优质的果实;而很低时,优质果所占的比重则较大。一般20～60的糖酸比是优质果实所要求的。酸度适中时,糖酸比对品质影响的规律性不明显。怪味、石细胞多少等因素,可使某些品种偏离上述结论。     

地鼠全价颗粒饲料试验

自1992年以来,我们研制了地鼠全价颗粒饲料。经试验,证明该全价颗粒饲料的发育指标、繁殖指标、质量指标或与对照组相当,或优于对照组,有利于提高地鼠的生产效率和地鼠的质量。现将试验结果报告如下。1材料与方法1．1地鼠来源于本所动物室,采用随机交配方式繁殖。1．2饲料     

假苍耳喂饲幼兔试验研究

将入侵植物假苍耳（Iva xanthifolia）粉碎后与常规预混原料按照比例（以质量百分比计）：假苍耳草粉50%、玉米粉11%、豆饼粉20%、麦麸9%、鱼粉3%、骨粉5%、酵母粉1%、食盐1%混合制备成颗粒饲料,分别以相当于假苍耳含70、60、50、40 g等4个实验组和对照组喂饲常规饲料,每天喂饲幼兔。室内单笼60 d饲养后,分别进行血清学检验、血常规检验、解剖实验及增重效果评价,探讨假苍耳对幼兔适口性和毒性的影响,以及不同假苍耳含量的配合饲料对幼兔生长性能的影响。实验结果表明,假苍耳适口性良好、无毒性症状,各项测定数据无显著差异,从饲用价值角度来说,假苍耳代替部分幼兔饲料是可行的。     

家蚕人工饲料的研究:饲料理化因素对家蚕摄食和生长的影响

本文研究了人工饲料某些理化因素对蚕儿摄食和生长的影响,从而阐明家蚕生长发育过程中在摄食行为和营养上的特点和变化。 1.试验表明:绿原酸、桑色素、肌醇可增进蚁蚕摄食:β-谷固醇、没食子酸对保证小蚕正常发育甚为重要,绿原酸、桑色素、肌醇也有良好影响;相比之下,上述一些因子对5龄大蚕的作用较小。此外未看到β-谷固醇对蚁蚕的摄食促进效果。 2.大豆粉的醚溶性成份中,含有影响蚁蚕摄食的忌避物质。大豆粉经90%甲醇处理,可以除去某种水溶性因子,有利小蚕生长;对比之下,上列因素对大蚕的损害较小。比较了二种常见防腐剂对家蚕摄食、成长的影响:山梨酸的饲蚕成绩优于丙酸。 3.在本试验基本组成条件下,收蚁、小蚕、大蚕所用饲料的含水率分别以77%、73%、71%左右为宜。实验说明,蚕儿饲育效果还受饲料中具有成形作用组份的影响。 4.调查了饲料pH和蚕儿摄食、成长的关系:以某些适宜的有机酸(如柠檬酸、抗坏血酸)调节饲料的pH在5左右为好。 5.由于不同发育阶段的蚕儿对摄食、成长促进因子的感受性和对忌避因素的耐受性均不相同,从而提出,对蚕儿作全龄饲育,至少应分别设计为收蚁用、1—4龄小蚕用、5龄大蚕用三种饲料。此外,不同品种家蚕对人工饲料适应性的差别,与对饲料理化条件需求的不同也有一定联系。灵活运用上述结果,将有助于改良饲料组成,降低成本和广辟原料来源。     

野生植物叶在肉鸽配合饲料中的应用

我国虽有几千年的养鸽历史,传统的饲养都是用谷物,豆类等原粮为饲料,由于科学技术的发展,现阶段肉鸽的饲养已采取工厂化高密度的闭合式饲养方式。因此,对饲料的要求越来越高,近年来国外肉鸽的饲养都采用了颗粒饲料。我们选用资源丰富、适应性强、生长迅速的野生植物刺槐叶、构树叶等作为部分蛋白源添加到肉鸽颗粒饲料中,经过试喂,证明含蛋白质高的野生植物叶,只要加工得当是可行的,不但节约原粮,而且充分的利用了植物     

反刍动物的食物选择及其影响因素

反食物选择是反刍动物营养生态学的重要研究内容之一。本文阐述了食物选择概念及几种计算方法, 概述性介绍了食物选择的主要影响因素。动物形态学特征、植物营养质量、植物物理和化学因素、动物自身生理特征、行为学特征是影响反刍动物食物选择的主要因素。这些因素间的相互关系及作用机理构成这一领域基本研究内容。     

饲料油脂氧化对养殖鱼类生长及健康的危害

水产养殖成功与否, 除取决于遗传、环境及养殖管理外, 还与水产饲料的质量 (营养素含量、营养素平衡和原料品质) 息息相关。与畜禽饲料相比, 水产饲料的一大典型特征为富含多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFAs)。在饲料生产加工、储存和运输过程中, 饲料中的PUFAs极易发生自由基链式反应, 产生一系列有害的氧化产物。摄食氧化油脂后, 养殖鱼类的摄食、生长性能、营养物质消化吸收、骨骼发育、肌肉品质和体表色素沉积等均会遭受不利影响, 鱼类的生产性能和健康状态面临严峻威胁。文章总结了饲料油脂氧化对养殖鱼类生长性能及健康状态的危害, 概述了油脂氧化产物的产生过程, 剖析了脂肪氧化产物对动物组织细胞的危害机理, 指出了现有研究所忽略的问题, 并对未来相关研究提出了展望。     

含转人乳铁蛋白奶粉对SD大鼠亚慢性毒性的研究

目的:研究人乳铁蛋白奶粉对SD大鼠营养状况、生理、生化指标等亚慢性毒性的影响.方法:取初断乳SD大鼠140只,雌雄各半按照体重随机分为7组.分别饲喂添加比例为7.5%,15%和30%转基因成分奶粉的饲料、添加比例为7.5%,15%和30%不舍转基因成分奶粉的饲料和基础饲料90天.在实验中期和未期采血检测血液常规指标.实验结束时处死实验动物,计算脏器指数,并对主要脏器进行病理组织学观察.结果:试验期间各组动物生长发育情况良好,给予含转基因成分奶粉实验组动物的血常规与不含转基因成分奶粉组和常规饲料组相比均无显著性差异(P≤0.05),未见各组实验动物的脏器组织出现任何病理形态学改变.结论:未发现含转基因成分的奶粉对实验动物有亚慢性毒性.     

食物和饲料中色氨酸的高效液相色谱测定

<正> 色氨酸是人和动物营养中的重要的必需氨基酸,是合成体蛋白的重要原料。在某些动物体内它可以转化为烟酸,对生命的存在起着重要的作用。因而食物和饲料中色氨酸的测定一直受到人们的重视。一般氨基酸分析,常用6mol盐酸水解样品,使色氨酸完全破坏。所以在测定色氨酸时,最常用的仍然是用不同浓度,不同碱对样品进行水解,然后用各种方法,如比色     

DNA存储中的编码技术

脱氧核糖核酸(Deoxyribonucleic Acid, DNA)是一种天然的信息存储介质,具有存储密度高、存储时间长、损耗率低等特点。在传统存储方式不能满足信息增长的需求时,DNA数据存储技术逐渐成为研究热点。DNA编码是用尽可能少的碱基序列无错的存储数据信息,包括压缩(尽可能少的占用空间)、纠错(无错存储)和转换(数字信息转为碱基序列)3部分。DNA编码是DNA存储中的关键技术,它的结果直接影响存储性能的优劣和数据读写的完整。本文首先介绍DNA存储的发展历史,然后介绍DNA存储的框架,其中重点介绍DNA编码技术,最后对DNA存储中的编解码技术的未来发展方向进行讨论。     

Design a cloud storage platform for pervasive computing environments

An increasing number of personal electronic handheld devices (e.g., SmartPhone, netbook, MID and etc.), which make up the personal pervasive computing environments, are playing an important role in our daily lives. Data storage and sharing is difficult for these devices due to the data inflation and the natural limitations of mobile devices, such as the limited storage space and the limited computing capability. Since the emerging cloud storage solutions can provide reliable and unlimited storage, they satisfy to the requirement of pervasive computing very well. Thus we designed a new cloud storage platform which includes a series of shadow storage services to address these new data management challenges in pervasive computing environments, which called as “SmartBox”. In SmartBox, each device is associated its shadow storage with a unique account, and the shadow storage acts as backup center as well as personal repository when the device is connected. To facilitate file navigation, all datasets in shadow storage are organized based on file attributes which support the users to seek files by semantic queries. We implemented a prototype of SmartBox focusing on pervasive environments being made up of Internet accessible devices. Experimental results with the deployments confirm the efficacy of shadow storage services in SmartBox.     

The influence of nitrogen availability on carbon and nitrogen storage in the biennial Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. II. The cost of nitrogen storage

The cost of nitrogen storage to current growth was examined in relation to N availability in the biennial Cirsium vulgare. Plants were grown outdoors, in sand culture, with continuous diel drip irrigation of fertilization medium containing one of five different N concentrations. Plants grown at the highest N concentration stored twice as much N in their tap roots as did plants grown at the lowest N concentration. In high-N-grown plants, the storage of N reserves occurred during the period of maximum growth, at the same time as tap-root production. At the time of maximum biomass, stored N was also at a maximum. During the period following maximum biomass, no additional storage of N occurred. This pattern was observed despite frequent late-season leaf senescence which resulted in a large pool of potentially mobile N which could have been stored at no cost to growth. In low-N-grown plants, the production of tap-root storage tissue and the filling of that tissue with stored N were staggered. Tap-root production and growth occurred during the period of maximum growth, as in the high-N-grown plants. However, filling of the storage tissue with N occurred late in the growing season, when the pool of mobile N from senescent leaves was large. The utilization of this late-season N source occurred with little or no cost to growth, and this N is labelled, according to previous definitions, as ‘accumulated’. The costs of storing N in plants of the different N treatments were calculated using two models based on different growth constraints. In one model, the cost of N storage was represented as lost growth due to allocation of N to storage, rather than to the photosynthetic shoot (i.e. growth was assumed to be limited by carbon acquisition). In the second model, the storage cost was calculated as lost growth due to allocation of N to storage, rather than to the nitrogen-acquiring fine-root system (i.e. growth was assumed to be limited by nitrogen acquisition). In both models, the total cost of N storage was predicted to decrease as N availability decreased due to smaller storage pool sizes in plants of the low-N treatments. The cost of filling the tap root with stored N as a percentage of the total storage cost was also reduced as N availability decreased due to the occurrence of late-season accumulation. By relying, at least in part, on late-season accumulation, plants grown at the lowest three levels of N availability reduced total storage costs by 15 to 22%. The results demonstrate that plants are capable of adjusting their storage patterns in response to low nitrogen availability such that the costs of storage are reduced.     

天敌昆虫耐冷藏力研究进展

低温冷藏是延长天敌昆虫货架期的有效方法之一.昆虫的存活率、生殖力、田间寄生(捕食)力等是评估天敌昆虫耐冷藏力的重要指标.昆虫耐冷藏力受冷藏前、冷藏中和冷藏后的各种外源(非生物)因子和内源(生物)因子的影响.这些因子主要包括温度、湿度、光周期、氧浓度、冷藏持续时间、冷藏前的预处理、冷藏过程中的温度处理(混合低温)等外源因子和虫体能量物质的储备、繁殖方式、年龄/龄期、滞育(休眠)状态、营养等内源因子.本文对影响天敌昆虫耐冷藏性的内源因子和外源因子的种类以及产生这些影响的生理学机制等进行了综述,以期为天敌昆虫低温储藏技术研究和生产方案的制定提供依据.     

Having and Holding: Storage, Memory, Knowledge, and Social Relations

Starting from Giddens's concept of mutual knowledge, in this article I argue for an expanded definition of storage as a situated practice through which groups construct identity, remember, and control knowledge as part of a moral economy. Drawing on ethnographic and archaeological examples from a range of societies, including those of the Trobriand Islands, Neolithic Europe, and Mesoamerica, I consider the spatial and social meaning of utilitarian, household storage. Many of the social meanings embodied in utilitarian storage are found to also inform other kinds of storage, especially those categorized as burials and votive offerings, or caches, [storage, mutual knowledge, social memory, inalienable wealth, Mesoamerica]     

Protein storage vacuole acidification as a control of storage protein mobilization in soybeans

Soybean protease C1 (EC 3.4.21.25), the subtilisin-like serine protease that initiates the proteolysis of seed storage proteins in germinating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], was localized to the protein storage vacuoles of parenchyma cells in the cotyledons by immunoelectron microscopy. This was demonstrated not only in germination and early seedling growth as expected, but also in two stages of protein storage vacuole development during seed maturation. Thus, the plant places the proteolytic enzyme in the same compartment as the storage proteins, but is still able to accumulate those protein reserves. Since soybean protease C1 activity requires acidic conditions for activity, the hypothesis that the pH condition in the protein storage vacuole would support protease C1 activity in germination, but not in seed maturation, was tested. As hypothesized, acridine orange accumulation in the protein storage vacuole of storage parenchyma cells was detected by fluorescence confocal microscopy in seedlings before the onset of mobilization of reserve proteins as noted by SDS-PAGE. Accumulation of the dye was reversed by inclusion of the weak base methylamine to dissipate the pH gradient across the vacuolar membrane. Also as hypothesized, acridine orange did not accumulate in the protein storage vacuole of those parenchyma cells during seed maturation. These results were obtained using cells separated by pectolyase treatment and also using cotyledon slices.     

Inactivation of transforming DNA by ultraviolet light. I. Near-UV action spectrum for marker inactivation

The storage effect is defined as an increase of mutational damage after cessation of treatment. It differs from other kinds of delayed effect (replication errors, replicating instabilities) in not requiring replication of DNA. In Neurospora ad3A 38701 inos 37401 diepoxybutane (DEB) yields a storage effect for adenine reversions, but none for inositol reversions. The storage effect takes place in treated washed spores that are sedimented in a centrifuge tube, but not in spores that are agitated in water. Under the latter conditions, response to storage is gradually lost. The storage effect can be imitated by administering very small amounts of DEB to cells that had been previously treated with a moderately high dose (booster effect). During post-treatment shaking in water, responses to booster and to storage conditions disappear together; response to booster disappears at the same rate in spores that are sedimented in centrifuge tubes. No mutagenic action could be detected in eluates from heavily treated cells. We have concluded that treatment with DEB sensitizes the conidia to further small doses of DEB whether these are administered extraneously as booster or present intracellularly during storage. Sensitization is lost in the course of a few hours in shaken as well as in sedimented spores. Thus, while the storage effect is due to traces of mutagen, its gradual disappearance after treatment is not due to loss of these traces.Correlated with the ability to yield a storage effect, and probably part of the storage effect, is the response to temperature between treatment and plating. Conidia that can give a storage effect yield fewer mutations when spread on cold agar than when inplated into warm agar or heat-shocked before spreading; the excess of mutation under the latter two conditions forms part of the final storage effect. The true base line for calculation of the storage effect is therefore mutation frequency among spread spores.For DEB as mutagen, response to storage by the adenine locus and lack of response by the inositol locus are correlated with the responses of these two loci to dose of DEB and to combination treatment of DEB with UV, or DEB with nitrous acid (NA). This makes it possible to fit all observations into the picture of a general hypothesis on the cellular effects of DEB. Because of the differential response of the two loci, storage and plating procedures offer two additional means for manipulating specificity in this system.     

Storage and mobilization as antagonistic functional constraints on seed storage globulin evolution

When seeds germinate nearly all the proteins are degraded in senescing storage tissue cells. All these proteins act as amino acid reserves which are mobilized to nourish the seedling. Nevertheless, the major amount of the seeds' protein reserve consists of a few enzymatically inactive, abundant, genuine storage proteins. In their metabolism the conflicting processes of biosynthesis, protein turnover and breakdown, are temporally separated. No degradation of correctly formed storage proteins was observed at the time of synthesis and accumulation during seed maturation. Breakdown takes place after a (long) period of rest when seeds germinate and seedlings start growing. At that time genuine storage proteins are no longer synthesized. Genuine storage proteins have evolved structural features permitting controlled temporal patterns of protection and proteolysis. The acquisition of inserted sequence stretches as sites accessible to limited proteolysis played a key role in the evolution of this control system and happened in coevolution of genuine storage proteins with specific proteinases. This can be deduced from the results of current research on the mechanisms of limited and unlimited proteolysis of storage globulins and on storage globulin evolution. The evolved system of controlled structure-function interplay between storage globulins and proteinases is part of a syndrome that, in addition, comprises differential compartmentation and gene expression of storage proteins and proteinases for controlling the total spatial and temporal patterns of globulin storage and mobilization in maturing and germinating seeds.     

甘薯块根膨大过程中ATP酶活性、ATP和ABA含量的变化

研究选用鲁薯7号和徐薯18号为材料,对甘薯块根膨大速率变化动态及其块根中可溶性碳水化合物含量、ATP含量、ATP酶活性和脱落酸（ABA）含量的变化进行了研究分析。结果表明：（1）块根膨大速率变化动态呈一双峰曲线,第一个高峰出现在栽秧后50－70d,第二个高峰出现在栽秧后120－165d;（2）块根膨大高峰期,块根中可溶性碳水化合物含量较高,ATP含量则较低;（3）块根中ATP酶活性和ABA含量变化动态与块根膨大速率变化动态相似。讨论了ATP酶和ABA在块根膨大过程中的可能作用。     

小麦种子在不同保存条件下的生活力丧失特性研究

近年来种子在低温种质库和室温保存条件下的生活力丧失特性研究日益受到关注,但是与其重要性相比,目前很少见有文献报道此方面进展。本文中我们监测了在中期库、室温和人工加速老化条件下小麦种子的生活力变化,以了解种子在这些保存条件下的生活力变化特性。结果表明,三种条件下所有种子的存活曲线均呈反S形,这种特点不受保存条件的影响。随着保存温度的降低,种子生活力丧失速度降低,反S形曲线的平台期和种子寿命延长。我们采用T检验来判断平台期和种子生活力快速下降期之间的转折点（Pt）,发现小麦种子在不同条件下保存时,其Pt均十分接近,在82.2%到83.6%之间。本文讨论了将Pt以及其他生理指标作为种子保存过程中生活力快速下降的预警指标的可能性。