基于高通量测序技术分析患病与健康虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)闭壳肌菌群多样性

本研究取自同一养殖海域不同浮筏养殖笼中健康和患脓包病虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)样品,健康虾夷扇贝样品标记为CK,患病样品分别标记为S1、S2和S3,使用Mi Seq高通量测序技术比较不同生存状态的虾夷扇贝的微生物组成与差异。结果表明:4个样品中菌群多样性表现为S3CKS1S2;4个样品中的细菌可归为24个门,主要门类有变形菌门、拟杆菌门、浮霉菌门、梭杆菌门、厚壁菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、绿菌门和绿弯菌门;在健康虾夷扇贝样品中,变形菌门占绝对优势,占整个菌群的95.9%,患病虾夷扇贝样品中,S1和S3中优势类群均为变形菌门,分别占整个菌群的80.4%和86.8%,S2中优势菌群为拟杆菌门,占56.9%。     

不同苗种来源的中国虾夷扇贝群体的遗传多样性分析

虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)于1982年从日本引入中国并展开规模化养殖.由于引入的亲贝数目有限,使虾夷扇贝在人工育苗养殖过程中群体遗传多样性水平下降.本研究使用7对微卫星引物对日本原种贝(♀、♂)自交后的子代群体(RZ)、国内种贝(♀、♂)自交后的子代群体(DZ)、日本原种贝(♂)与国内种贝(♀)的杂交群体(ZJ)和国内自然海区(中国旅顺月亮湾)天然繁殖群体(HC)4个不同的虾夷扇贝群体的遗传多样性进行了研究.实验结果表明,4个群体的平均有效等位基因数为3.2～3.8,平均期望杂合度为0.6718～0.7017,日本野生群体做为种贝繁殖的苗种(KZ)与中国养殖群体相比,遗传多样性水平较高,除了DZ群体外其他群体的遗传多样性并无显著的变化.     

FISH技术在栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝杂交子代染色体识别中的运用初探

核糖体间隔序列(ITS)是扇贝基因组中进化较快的基因片段,研究利用虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoen-sis)与栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)在核糖体间隔区ITS-1基因的序列差异,构建了虾夷扇贝的种特异性荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization,FISH)探针,并成功地将其运用于两种扇贝杂交子代的染色体识别和遗传变异分析中.研究结果表明,在适当的杂交和洗脱条件下,两扇贝ITS-1基因20.3%的差异已足够使虾夷扇贝ITS-1探针产生明显种特异性,探针只在虾夷扇贝分裂相第3对和第5对亚端部染色体或间期细胞上产生稳定的4个杂交信号,但在栉孔扇贝上并不产生明显的杂交信号;采用该探针对两扇贝的正反交子代染色体进行分析,结果表明所有杂交子代染色体分裂相均产生半数的杂交信号,与杂交种含半数的虾夷扇贝亲本染色体相符,杂交信号在杂交种染色体卜的数目和位置保持恒定,并未产生明显的变异;该结果证实了两扇贝的杂交为真正的精卵结合意义的杂交,子代对双亲遗传物质的继承仍以单倍染色体组的叠加为主;同时研究也表明ITS-1探针可有效地运用于杂交子代中特定染色体识别和跟踪过程中,对今后扇贝遗传变异系的识别和鉴定及进一步育种具有重要意义.     

四种贺兰山紫蘑菇rDNA ITS序列分析

对4种紫蘑菇的rDNA ITS区段进行克隆测序和序列特征比较分析,并与GenBank检索获得的相似性最高菌株的ITS序列一起计算遗传距离并构建系统发育树,旨在探索紫蘑菇的分子鉴定方法及亲缘关系.结果显示,CM-1、CM-2、CM-3及CM-4四种紫蘑菇均属于丝膜菌(Cortinarius),分别与C.rufoolivaceus、C.coerulescens、C.humolens和C.calochrous序列进行比对后,均显示了较高的遗传相似性.贺兰山紫蘑菇隶属于丝膜菌属(Cortinarius).     

基于AFLP技术对中国虾夷扇贝群体种质资源的研究

利用AFLP技术对国内较具代表性的5个群体与日本群体虾夷扇贝相比照进行遗传多样性的分析.采用6对引物组合对6个群体178个个体进行扩增,共得到308个位点,6个群体的多态位点比例为62.66% ～69.81%,其中日本群体最高,小长山群体最低,且呈显著性差异;香农氏指数为0.337 ～0.374,其中日本群体最高,小长山群体最低.凌水桥群体与旅顺群体间遗传相似性最高(0.9810),小长山群体与凌水桥群体间遗传相似性最低(0.9641);相对的遗传距离的计算结果与遗传相似性结果一致.数据分析表明养殖方式对虾夷扇贝遗传多样性影响不大.本试验结果为我国虾夷扇贝种质遗传多样性维持、保护和可持续利用提供参考.     

基于454焦磷酸测序分析虾夷扇贝外套膜菌群多样性

运用454焦磷酸测序技术分析了健康虾夷扇贝和缺刻症状虾夷扇贝外套膜细菌多样性,分别从健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中获得20872和16333条有效序列.结果表明： 缺刻虾夷扇贝样品菌群丰度和多样性分别高于健康虾夷扇贝样品;两个样品中细菌可以分为8个门,即变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、浮霉菌门、螺旋体门和柔膜菌门,其中前7个门类的细菌在健康和缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中均有分布;在健康虾夷扇贝样品中,变形菌门占绝对优势,占整个菌群的97.7%,次优势类群厚壁菌门占0.8%;缺刻虾夷扇贝样品中,优势类群为厚壁菌门,占整个菌群的52.2%,次优势类群变形菌门占47.7%.     

江苏海域几种绿潮藻类rDNA ITS序列分析

于2009年5-7月定点采集了江苏海域绿潮藻类,测定、分析了这些藻类核糖体rDNA ITS序列,并进行分类鉴定。研究结果显示,ITS+5.8S序列片段长度为552-578 bp,其中ITS1序列部分长度为179-182 bp,5.8S序列全长为155-158 bp,ITS2序列全长为180-196 bp,序列的平均GC含量(contents)为61.6%-63.3%,不同ITS序列存在不同的插入/缺失位点。扩增得到27个序列中有7个不同序列,依据NCBI数据库相似性查找、系统进化关系及遗传距离等分析结果,确定有4个种类:浒苔(Ulva prolifeya),缘管浒苔(U.linza),石莼属(Ulva sp.)1种及盘苔属(Blidingia sp.)1种。分析表明,ITS序列可作为石莼科种类鉴定的标记。     

基于ITS序列分析钩苞大丁草九个居群的亲缘关系

该研究对我国西南地区钩苞大丁草(Gerbera delavayi)9个居群rDNA ITS序列进行PCR的扩增和检测序列,并以非洲菊(G.jamesonii)的ITS序列作为外类群,比较了序列之间的差异,同时分析了钩苞大丁草不同居群在地理距离与遗传距离之间的关系,构建了NJ系统发育树。结果表明:(1)钩苞大丁草9个居群的ITS序列全长介于600~700 bp之间,平均长度约为657 bp,其中,ITS1长度为243~246 bp,(G+C)含量为45.67%~46.80%之间,5.8S长度191~193 bp,(G+C)含量为58.60%~58.61%之间,ITS2长度为220~221 bp,(G+C)含量为57.00%~57.45%之间;ITS序列共有22个变异位点,ITS1序列(17个)、5.8S序列(2个)以及ITS2序列(3个)上均有变异。(2)地理距离与遗传距离有正相关(r2=0.652),序列间遗传分化距离为0.001 1~0.024 3,其中普洱居群与其他居群间遗传距离最大。(3)钩苞大丁草9个居群分成三个分支,普洱居群单独成支,丽江和洱源居群聚为一支,富源、武定、德昌、石林、新平和开远6个居群聚为一支。rDNA ITS序列可以用于钩苞大丁草群体遗传研究的分析,该研究结果为其保护性开发提供了参考依据。     

乳白石蒜rDNA-ITS序列分析及种内系统发育研究

对来源于不同产地的11个乳白石蒜(Lycoris albiflora Koidz.)种源的rDNA-ITS序列进行了扩增、纯化、克隆、酶切和测序,并对各种源的rDNA-ITS序列长度、G+C含量、碱基差异和遗传距离进行了比较分析,构建了系统发育树.结果表明,乳白石蒜11个种源的rDNA-ITS序列具有较高的同源性,但不同种源间的ITS序列长度和碱基变异较大;乳白石蒜rDNA-ITS序列总长度约为700 bp,共有318个变异位点;ITS1、ITS2和5.8S rDNA片段长度分别为222～245、240～252和163 bp;ITS序列中的G+C含量均明显高于A+T含量,ITS1和ITS2片段中的G+C含量分别为53.8%～70.5%和63.4%～73.4%;碱基变异类型多为颠换、转换、插入和缺失.种源间的遗传距离差异较大,其中浙江天目山种源(TM3)与浙江宁波种源(NB2)的遗传距离最小(0.000),其他种源间遗传距离为0.067～0.323.基于ITS序列分析结果可将11个乳白石蒜种源聚为3大类,第1类包括采自浙江天目山(TM1和TM2)和浙江宁波(NB3)的3个种源,花和花丝多为白色;第2类包含来源于不同产地的7个种源,花多为乳白色或乳黄色;第3类仅有采自浙江兰溪(LX)的1个种源,花色变异较大.研究结果表明,乳白石蒜种内有丰富的遗传变异,种源间的ITS序列差异与花的特征变化一致,但与地理分布并不相关;rDNA-ITS序列分析可用于乳白石蒜的亲缘关系、物种鉴别和遗传多样性研究.     

土生空团菌的遗传多样性分析

为了研究土生空团菌的遗传多样性,对来自中国、美国、瑞士和法国等菌株的rDNA ITS区进行序列分析,利用Popgene32和phylip软件进行数据计算和聚类分析。序列分析表明土生空团菌rDNA ITS区的序列长度为422–447bp,遗传距离在0.000–0.051之间。居群结构和聚类分析结果表明:(1)土生空团菌有一定的遗传多样性,且遗传差异主要来自于居群内;(2)基因流Nm>1,遗传漂变不是导致土生空团菌居群遗传分化的主要因素;(3)土生空团菌的遗传分化受到地理环境的影响,而与宿主来源没有明显相关性。     

CONSPECIFICITY AND INDO-PACIFIC DISTRIBUTION OF SYMBIODINIUM GENOTYPES (DINOPHYCEAE) FROM GIANT CLAMS

We previously reported the occurrence of genetically‐diverse symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) within and between 7 giant clam species (Tridacnidae) from the Philippines based on the algal isolates' allozyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns. We also reported that these isolates all belong to clade A of the Symbiodinium phylogeny with identical 18S rDNA sequences. Here we extend the genetic characterization of Symbiodinium isolates from giant clams and propose that they are conspecific. We used the combined DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 regions (rDNA‐ITS region) because the ITS1 and ITS2 regions evolve faster than 18S rDNA and have been shown to be useful in distinguishing strains of other dinoflagellates. DGGE of the most variable segment of the rDNA‐ITS region, ITS1, from clonal representatives of clades A, B, and C showed minimal intragenomic variation. The rDNA‐ITS region shows similar phylogenetic relationships between Symbiodinium isolates from symbiotic bivalves and some cnidarians as does 18S rDNA, and that there are not many different clade A species or strains among cultured zooxanthellae (CZ) from giant clams. The CZ from giant clams had virtually identical sequences, with only a single nucleotide difference in the ITS2 region separating two groups of isolates. These data suggest that there is one CZ species and perhaps two CZ strains, each CZ strain containing individuals that have diverse allozyme and RAPD genotypes. The CZ isolated from giant clams from different areas in the Philippines (21 isolates, 7 clam species), the Australian Great Barrier Reef (1 isolate, 1 clam species), Palau (8 isolates, 7 clam species), and Okinawa, Japan (1 isolate, 1 clam species) shared the same rDNA‐ITS sequences. Furthermore, analysis of fresh isolates from giant clams collected from these geographical areas shows that these bivalves also host indistinguishable clade C symbionts. These data demonstrate that conspecific Symbiodinium genotypes, particularly clade A symbionts, are distributed in giant clams throughout the Indo‐Pacific.     

基于线粒体D-loop区和Cyt b基因分析广西禾花鲤三个群体遗传结构

研究基于线粒体D-loop区和Cyt b基因部分序列, 分析了广西全州、融水、环江三地禾花鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的遗传结构。在3个群体中共鉴定到19种D-loop与Cyt b序列的组合单倍型, 总的单倍型多样性(H_d)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.916±0.010和0.008±0.004, 禾花鲤线粒体DNA具有单倍型多样性高和核苷酸多样性低的特点。环江群体单倍型多样性最低, 但是核苷酸多样性却最高, 反映了环江群体存在最明显的谱系混杂。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示遗传变异主要来源于群体内部(71.54%), 禾花鲤三个群体间有显著的遗传分化(F_st=0.285; P<0.01)。系统发育分析表明, 多数样本的线粒体单倍型属于华南鲤(C. carpio rubrefusus)类型, 同时三地禾花鲤中均检测到一定频率的西鲤(C. carpio carpio)或远东鲤(C. carpio haematopterus)类型的线粒体单倍型, 提示禾花鲤可能受到鲤养殖品种的杂交渐渗。研究初步揭示了广西禾花鲤的种质资源现状, 为禾花鲤这一地方特色“稻鱼共作”品种的选育和苗种管理提供了必要的依据。     

Evolution and phylogenetic information content of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit in the Blattodea (Insecta)

The organization, structure, and nucleotide variability of the ribosomal repeat unit was compared among families, genera, and species of cockroaches (Insecta:Blattodea). Sequence comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analyses were used to describe rDNA repeat unit variation at differing taxonomic levels. A reverse similar 1200 bp fragment of the 28S rDNA sequence was assessed for its potential utility in reconstructing higher-level phylogenetic relationships in cockroaches. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of these data strongly support the expected pattern of relationships among cockroach groups. The examined 5' end of the 28S rDNA is shown to be an informative marker for larger studies of cockroach phylogeny. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) among closely related species of Blattella and Periplaneta reveals that ITS sequences can vary widely in primary sequence, length, and folding pattern. Secondary structure estimates for the ITS region of Blattella species indicate that variation in this spacer region can also influence the folding pattern of the 5.8S subunit. These results support the idea that ITS sequences play an important role in the stability and function of the rRNA cluster.     

基于线粒体DNA控制区序列的重庆岩原鲤人工养殖群体遗传多样性分析

为研究重庆市长寿和涪陵地区岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)人工养殖群体的遗传多样性, 采用PCR扩增获得175尾岩原鲤个体的线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)部分序列片段。对其中692 bp序列分析共发现11个单倍型, 其中Hap1为主要单倍型, 占总样本的76.57%。单倍型Hap10演化速率较快, 并且与单倍型Hap6遗传距离最远。长寿及涪陵地区岩原鲤人工群体的单倍型多样性分别为0.4100±0.0550和0.3970±0.0820, 核苷酸多样性分别为0.0013±0.0003和0.0013±0.0004。通过与长江上游江段野生群体(苍溪江段、合江江段、木洞江段、通江江段、万州江段、武隆江段、习水河和唐河)及北碚区人工养殖群体的遗传多样性进行比较, 发现岩原鲤长寿及涪陵地区人工养殖群体遗传多样性明显低于野生群体, 但略高于北碚人工养殖群体。为保持岩原鲤人工养殖群体的遗传多样性, 应尽量选择遗传距离较远的亲本进行配对, 并定期补充不同遗传背景的个体作为后备亲鱼。     

硬软蒺藜rDNA-ITS基因序列的测定和比较

用CTAB法提取总DNA,合成位于18 S rDNA和26S rDNA上的两条各20bp的引物,通过PCR扩增ITS的全序列,对PCR产物直接测序,分别获得了硬蒺藜(Tribulus terrestris L.)和软蒺藜(Atriples centralasiatica Iljin)的核糖体RNA基因-rDNA内转录间隔区(ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer,rDNA-ITS)的序列643 bp和607bp,其碱基总差异率为36.16%,其中,ITS1的碱基差异率为55.81%;5.8 S的碱基差异率为6.59%;ITS2的碱基差异率为56.77%.这种差异,以及基因序列本身,为硬软蒺藜的区别和种质资源鉴定提供了分子依据.     

基于线粒体COⅠ和16S rRNA基因序列比较分析东海带鱼群体遗传多样性

测定了东海带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus)三个群体(命名为A: 122°32′E 29°55′N、B: 123°30′E 26°75N; C: 124°24′E 27°26′N)72个个体的线粒体DNA16S rRNA和COⅠ基因序列,通过单基因序列和联合序列分析, 研究了东海带鱼群体的遗传变异情况。分别得到1130 bp的COⅠ基因序列片段和554 bp的16S rRNA序列片段, 其中COⅠ基因片段的T、C、A、G含量分别为29.0%、28.9%、24.4%和17.7%; 16S rRNA基因片段的T、C、A、G含量分别为22.7%、27.6%、28.0%和21.7%。基于线粒体16S rRNA、COⅠ和16S+COⅠ基因序列分析, 72个个体中分别确定43个, 8个和49个单倍型, 存在单倍型共享现象。群体的单倍型多样性指数为0.9766—0.9992, 显示了群体内的单倍型较为丰富。3个群体间各序列平均核苷酸差异数(K)在5.111—9.024和0.0045—0.0076, 核苷酸多样性指数(π)为0.0048—0.0084, 显示不同带鱼群体遗传多态性丰富。使用邻接法构建的分子进化树揭示同一群体内大部分个体聚在一起。分析结果表明, 群体A遗传背景比群体B、群体C较为丰富, 群体内部个体差异大于群体间差异, 群体间基因交流频率较高, 遗传分化不明显, 初步判定东海带鱼3个群体的遗传多样性偏低。     

冬季赤水河流域刚毛藻多样性调查及系统发育分析

研究于2019年冬季对赤水河流域开展刚毛藻多样性调查, 共设计采样点38个, 覆盖赤水河上、中、下游。调查发现: 21个采样位点分布有刚毛藻目藻类, 其中19个位点有刚毛藻分布。基于核糖体小亚基(SSU rDNA)、核糖体大亚基(LSU rDNA)和内转录间隔区(ITS)对采集样品进行系统发育分析, 结果显示: (1)赤水河流域刚毛藻多样性较高, 且该流域上、中、下游均有刚毛藻分布; (2)目前淡水刚毛藻类群包含至少10个支系, 赤水河流域采集到的刚毛藻覆盖其中6个支系(分别是clade 1、clade 2、clade 4、clade 7、clade 9和clade 10); (3)相比基于SSU+LSU双分子标记构建的系统进化树, 基于SSU+ITS+LSU三分子标记构建的进化树各支系支持度更高, 可以较有效地将淡水刚毛藻不同支系区分开来。研究较好地展示了冬季赤水河流域刚毛藻的广泛分布及其分子多样性, 丰富了中国淡水丝状绿藻的分类研究, 也为赤水河段的水生态环境保护提供了基础数据支持。     

New taxa refresh the phylogeny and classification of pleurostomatid ciliates (Ciliophora,Litostomatea)

A high diversity of pleurostomatid ciliates has been discovered in the last decade, and their systematics needs to be improved in the light of new findings concerning their morphology and molecular phylogeny. In this work, a new genus, Protolitonotus gen. n., and two new species, Protolitonotus magnus sp. n. and Protolitonotus longus sp. n., were studied. Furthermore, 19 novel nucleotide sequences of SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA and ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 were collected to determine the phylogenetic relationships and systematic positions of the pleurostomatid ciliates in this study. Based on both molecular and morphological data, the results demonstrated that: (i) as disclosed by the sequence analysis of SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA and ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2, Protolitonotus gen. n. is sister to all other pleurostomatids and thus represents an independent lineage and a separate family, Protolitonotidae fam. n., which is defined by the presence of a semi‐suture formed by the right somatic kineties near the dorsal margin of the body; (ii) the families Litonotidae and Kentrophyllidae are both monophyletic based on both SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA sequences, whereas Amphileptidae are non‐monophyletic in trees inferred from SSU rDNA sequences; and (iii) the genera Loxophyllum and Kentrophyllum are both monophyletic, whereas Litonotus is non‐monophyletic based on SSU rDNA analyses. ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 sequence data were used for the phylogenetic analyses of pleurostomatids for the first time; however, species relationships were less well resolved than in the SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA trees. In addition, a major revision to the classification of the order Pleurostomatida is suggested and a key to its families and genera is provided.     

基于Cytb和ITS1基因的两种不同体型湘华鲮遗传差异研究

研究采用Cytb和ITS1基因序列作为分子标记对平背型和高背型湘华鲮的遗传差异进行分析。研究结果表明,基于Cytb与ITS1基因序列,高背型和平背型湘华鲮在碱基组成上均表现出偏向性,且呈现出高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性的特征。遗传距离分析和NJ系统树构建的结果表明,两种不同体型湘华鲮遗传分化程度低,未达到种群分化的水平。综上所述,高背型和平背型属于同一个种群。研究结果丰富了湘华鲮分子生物学数据,为湘华鲮种质资源保护及产业发展提供了理论依据。     

Genetic differences within and between species of deep-sea crabs (chaceon) from the North Atlantic Ocean

The deep-sea red crab Chaceon quinquedens is a commercially important crustacean on the Atlantic continental shelf and slope of North America. To assess genetic subdivision in C. quinquedens, we examined the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal repeat in samples from southern New England and the Gulf of Mexico. We compared those data to sequences from two congeners, a sympatric species from the Florida coast, C. fenneri, and an allopatric eastern Atlantic species, C. affinis. The 16S rDNA data consisted of 379 aligned nucleotides obtained from 37 individuals. The greatest genetic difference among geographical groups or nominal species was between C. quinquedens from southern New England and C. quinquedens from the Gulf of Mexico. Haplotypes from these two groups had a minimum of 10 differences. All 11 C. fenneri samples matched the most common haplotype found in C. quinquedens from the Gulf of Mexico, and this haplotype was not detected in C. quinquedens from southern New England. The three haplotypes of C. affinis were unique to that recognized species, but those haplotypes differed only slightly from those of C. fenneri and C. quinquedens from the Gulf of Mexico. Based on 16S rDNA and ITS data, genetic differences between C. quinquedens from southern New England and the Gulf of Mexico are large enough to conclude that these are different fishery stocks. Our results also indicate that the designation of morphological species within the commercially important genus Chaceon is not congruent with evolutionary history. The genetic similarity of C. affinis from the eastern Atlantic and C. quinquedens from the Gulf of Mexico suggests these trans-Atlantic taxa share a more recent common history than the two populations of "C. quinquedens" that we examined.